Exam 2: Chapters 5-8
formula to find force
F=ma
the impacts of large objects on the surface of the moon have caused:
craters
the Ancient Greek connected the force exerted. on an object to the objects
speed
Mercury has an axial tilt of:
1/100 of a degree; this causes there to be no seasons and the craters near the pole are never lit by the sun
The earth moon is ___ the size of the earths, which is ______________ for a moon.
1/4; unusually large
The moons orbit is tilted relative to the earth equator by an amount that wobbles a bit, but is never less than _______.
18.5 degrees
Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 12 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?
2 newtons
if the planets are numbered from 1 to 8, going outward from the sun, the planet earth is number
3 : My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas
What total force will cause an object with a mass of 1kg to gain 5 meters per second every second?
5 newtons
what is the distance that the Oort cloud extends?
50,000au
The density of water is 1000kg/m³ while the density of iron is 7800kg/m³. Which of the following values is a plausible value for the density of a terrestrial planet?
5000kg/m^3
When the first human landing on the moon was?
Apollo 11 in 1969
T/F: You can fun water ice on Venus.
False
these planets are: large, made of low density material (gas&ice), far from the sun, lack solid surfaces, have extensive moon systems, all have rings
Jovian/Jupiter-like
What was the first if the 28 spacecrafts to visit Venus?
Mariner 2 in 1962
Which planet is considered to have atmospheric pressure right at the triple point of water?\
Mars
What are the differences between mars' Northern and Southern Hemispheres?
Northern - lowlands, few craters or volcanoes, extensive lava flows South - higher and covered with craters and volcanoes
The first space probe to place a robotic rover on the surface of Mars was
Pathfinder.
What moon rises in the west as seen from its primary planet?
Phobos
The first space probes to land on another planet were from the
Russian Venera series.
these planets that are: small, made of high density material (rock&iron), close to the sun, have solid surfaces, no moons or rings
Terrestrial/ Earthlike
annual solar eclipse
The apparent size of the moon is smaller then the apparent size of the sun. this is caused by the distance from the earth to the moon varying.
a lunar crater
a circular ring wall surrounding a flat area
The magnetic field of Mercury is
about 1% of the Earth's magnetic field.
Galileos used most f the same tools of thought that the ancient greeks had, which of the following approaches fit use that would not have seemed natural to the ancient greeks?
active construction of simplified experiments
which side of the moon has the greater number of Maria on its surface?
almost all of the Maria are on the side on the moon that faces earth
Mercury has _________ atmosphere and rotates ________.
almost no atmosphere; very slowly
Mariner 9: 1971 (orbiter)
at first when entered mars orbit, surface was obscured by a dust storm. later on was Abel to map the surface.
For a planet to have substantial amounts of liquid water on its surface, it must have
atmospheric pressure above the triple point of water.
Kellers laws of planetary motion were originally obtained by fitting accurate observations. Newton explained those laws by a. force that acts on each planets. The force that specifically explains keplers laws:
attracts each planet to the sun
Venus rotates
backwards so that the Sun rises in the West.
asteroids are usually found in the asteroid belt, which is
between the orbit of mars and the orbit of Jupiter
Venus has an atmosphere of:
carbon dioxide with about 90 times the surface pressure of Earth's.
At present (within the last few hundred years), the distance from Mars to the Sun
changes enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 40 percent.
At present, the distance form the earth to the sun:
changes enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 6%
Milankovich cycles refer to
changes in the intensity of sunlight due to shifts in both the Earth's orbit and rotation axis.
as views from the star Polaris, Venus rotates ___________.
clockwise and goes around the sun counter-clockwise
the currently accepted theory of how the moon formed is the
collision theory
when a space probe uses a gravitational slingshot maneuver, it:
comes close to a planet to change the probes speed and direction
what object is most likely to have a long elliptical orbit that takes it from far outside the orbit of mars to a close approach to the sun?
comet
What can you imply the reason is for the moons low density?
complete lack of iron
relative to the distant stars, Venus:
completes less than one full rotation each time it orbits the sun
comets usually follow orbits which are
elliptical with aphelia far outside the orbit of mars
a rocket leaves the earths atmosphere at a speed of 8 miles per second will:
escape the earth gravity forever
Why does Venus have no magnetic field at all?
essentially its rotation is too slow and its iron core may be mostly solid
the surface magnetic field of mercury is
essentially zero; rotates very slowly
each orbit is currently elliptical enough to make the intensity of sunlight cary by 6%. The shortest earth-sun distance currents occur when?
every January
Venera 7: 1970
first spacecraft to actually land on another planet
Mariner 4: 1964
fly by mission; first to successfully send back pictures
Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance and one object is twice as heavy. Who predicted that both objects would hit the ground at the same time?
galileo
freely falling objects with different masses fall with the same acceleration because
gravity exerts more force on the more massive object
Einsteins Theory of Gravity
gravity is actually due to the curvature of space and time
Mercury rotates so that it
has a solar day that last for two complete orbits around the Sun.
The Opportunity Mars rover
has been operating on Mars for fourteen years so far (as of 2018).
The Curiosity Mars rover
has been operating on Mars for six years so far (as of 2018).
The statements that lunar material is much "dryer" than earth material refers to the absence of
hydrated minerals
Kuiper belt objects are usually made of
ice and possibly frozen gas
the surface material from the moon has a chemical composition _______ to that of the earths surface. But, one exception is that the moons surface is _______.
identical; extremely dry
Second Law of Motion:
if a total force (F) on an object produces an amount of acceleration (a), then these quantities are related y the equation
When newton calculated th magnitude and direction of the acceleration fora planet that was following keplers laws, he found that the magnitude of the planets acceleration was
inversely proportional to the square of the planets distance from the earth
What does the tilt of the moons orbit tell us about the moons origins?
involved an outside body. if the moon simply split from the earth, it would be orbiting in the plane of the earth's equator.
According to Newton's Law of Gravity, the gravitational attraction of the Earth for other objects, such as the Moon, apples on trees and space shuttles in low earth orbit,
is smaller for objects farther from the earth nit never vanishes entirely
The moons orbit
is somewhat tilted relative to the plane of the earths equator
What is the moons magnetic field?
it does not have one of its own why? the moon rotates slowly and its low density suggests that it does not have na iron core
Mercury rotates so that, relative to the sun
it rotates three times during each orbit around the sun
a planet with a large system of moon would have to be a:
jovian planet
Galileo said that a moving object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always
keep moving at the same speed
Viking 1 & 2: 1975
landed in two different locations on mars. mapped the entire planet from the surface.
Pathfinder: 1996
landed on mars. deployed small rover names sojourner. that rover took pictures of mars.
Akastuki: 2010
launched by Japanese aerospace exploration agency. FAILED. intended to discover more info on Venus's weather.
compared o the rest of the lunar surface, the lunar Maria are
lower and younger
ancient lava flows on the moon and are called what?
lunar maria
Large, circular, dark areas make up the "face" of the "Man in the Moon." What are they are called?
maria
Mars has an atmosphere of:
mostly carbon dioxide with about 1% of the earths atmospheric pressure
In the surface environment of Mars, water exists
mostly ice and water vapor
Galileo said that once an object is set in motion, it will keep moving at the same speed as long as:
no force is acting on it
it is expected that a normal terrestrial planet, with no accidental encounters act could add or subtract moons, should have:
no moon
if the acceleration of an object is zero, its speed is:
not changing
the moon orbits the earth:
once every 27 days; ELLIPTICAL ORBIT
the moon rotates on its axis relative to the distant stars:
once every sidereal month
How long does it take mercury to complete one orbit? one rotation relative to the stars?
one orbit - 88 days rotation - 59 days during one orbit competes 1.5 rotations
Magellan: 1989
produced detailed, three-dimensional maps of the surface
The Earth's magnetic field plays an essential role in
protecting the Earth from charged particles (radiation) from the Sun.
Space probes often visit several planets before getting to their final destinations. The main reason they do this is to
reduce the amount of rocket fuel needed.
asteroids can be made of:
rock possibly iron
The current model for the way that planets acquire magnetic fields requires what combinations of things?
rotation and a core that contains a liquid electrical conductor.
Aristotle said that a moving earthly or :mundane" objects with nothing pushing to pulling on it will always
slow down and stop
Aristotle said that a moving earthly or `mundane' object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always
slow down and stop
What actions have been taken since the last Apollo mission to the moon and the last soviet LUNA sample-return mission.
spacecraft began to be sent there again by 1994
When was the first successful soft landing on the moon?
surveyor 1 in 1966
"race to the moon"
the Apollo program was thought to be a part of this race with the soviet union. It was close. The soviets actually built a moon rocket and tested it.
astronomical unit
the average distance from the earth to the sun
For an object that is moving along a straight path, the acceleration is
the change in the objects speed divided by the time it takes
How are we able to assume that the moon formed in the neighborhood of the earth's orbit?
the earth and the moon have similarities in chemical composition
An artificial satellite such as the International Space Station stays up because
the earth curves out from under it as fast as it falls
The force that acts on a rocket because its engine is firing is exerted by
the exhaust from the rocket
if you are told that an object that weighs 20 newtons is raised a distance of 10 meters you know that;
the force of gravity no the object is 20 newtons
A book, weighing 10 Newtons, sits on a table. Which of the following pairs of forces is an action-reaction pair?
the force that the book exerts on the table and the force that the table exerts on the book
IN comparison to keepers laws of planetary motion, newtons theory of universal gravitation predicted almost the same motions, but with some correction due to:
the gravitational attractions between different planets
f you are told that a 20 kilogram object is raised by 10 meters, you know that
the mass of the object is 20 kilograms
When Newton calculated the magnitude of the acceleration of Earth's Moon, and compared it to the acceleration of falling objects on the surface of the Earth, he found that
the moons acceleration was larger
the key argument the moon forming from the earth alone, by breakup of a single object is that:
the moons orbit is tilted relative to the earths equator
What is one consequence of the moon having an elliptical orbit?
the moons rotation on its acid does not exactly match its position along its orbit and it WOBBLES back and forth
what is a distinctive feature of the earth atmosphere?
the presence of carbon dioxide
What have moon missions since 2007 most have been focused on?
the search for water needed for a moon base
Why couldn't we just fly a space shuttle to the moon for at least a fly-by?
the space shuttle did not have enough fuel to reach escape velocity
why don't we just shoot all of our nasty waste products into the sun where they could not possibly bother anyone?
the sun is actually the hardest part of the solar system to get to from here
which of the following statements about the moons of terrestrial planets is currently accepted?
they sometimes capture moons by accident
When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration for a planet that was following Kepler's Laws, he found that the direction of the acceleration was
toward the sun
T/F: Venus and earth are near twins in size and interior structure
true
T/F: the moon is 1/4 the size of the earth
true
Pioneer Venus Orbiter: 1978
used to further map out planet; used an unfired and ultraviolet cameras that revealed info about upper atmosphere
Mars has a solar day that is :
very close to an Earth day in length.
The temperature at the poles of Mercury is expected to be
very hot all of the time on mountain peaks hit by the Sun and very cold all of the time in craters never hit by the Sun.
Venera 9: 1975
was able to discover the surface pressure of Venus to be about 90 times the pressure of the earth
First Lae of Motion:
when the total force on an object is zero, its acceleration is also zero
Van Allen Belts
where the earths magnetic field traps charged particles form the sun
