Exam 2: Chapters 5-8

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formula to find force

F=ma

the impacts of large objects on the surface of the moon have caused:

craters

the Ancient Greek connected the force exerted. on an object to the objects

speed

Mercury has an axial tilt of:

1/100 of a degree; this causes there to be no seasons and the craters near the pole are never lit by the sun

The earth moon is ___ the size of the earths, which is ______________ for a moon.

1/4; unusually large

The moons orbit is tilted relative to the earth equator by an amount that wobbles a bit, but is never less than _______.

18.5 degrees

Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 12 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?

2 newtons

if the planets are numbered from 1 to 8, going outward from the sun, the planet earth is number

3 : My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas

What total force will cause an object with a mass of 1kg to gain 5 meters per second every second?

5 newtons

what is the distance that the Oort cloud extends?

50,000au

The density of water is 1000kg/m³ while the density of iron is 7800kg/m³. Which of the following values is a plausible value for the density of a terrestrial planet?

5000kg/m^3

When the first human landing on the moon was?

Apollo 11 in 1969

T/F: You can fun water ice on Venus.

False

these planets are: large, made of low density material (gas&ice), far from the sun, lack solid surfaces, have extensive moon systems, all have rings

Jovian/Jupiter-like

What was the first if the 28 spacecrafts to visit Venus?

Mariner 2 in 1962

Which planet is considered to have atmospheric pressure right at the triple point of water?\

Mars

What are the differences between mars' Northern and Southern Hemispheres?

Northern - lowlands, few craters or volcanoes, extensive lava flows South - higher and covered with craters and volcanoes

The first space probe to place a robotic rover on the surface of Mars was

Pathfinder.

What moon rises in the west as seen from its primary planet?

Phobos

The first space probes to land on another planet were from the

Russian Venera series.

these planets that are: small, made of high density material (rock&iron), close to the sun, have solid surfaces, no moons or rings

Terrestrial/ Earthlike

annual solar eclipse

The apparent size of the moon is smaller then the apparent size of the sun. this is caused by the distance from the earth to the moon varying.

a lunar crater

a circular ring wall surrounding a flat area

The magnetic field of Mercury is

about 1% of the Earth's magnetic field.

Galileos used most f the same tools of thought that the ancient greeks had, which of the following approaches fit use that would not have seemed natural to the ancient greeks?

active construction of simplified experiments

which side of the moon has the greater number of Maria on its surface?

almost all of the Maria are on the side on the moon that faces earth

Mercury has _________ atmosphere and rotates ________.

almost no atmosphere; very slowly

Mariner 9: 1971 (orbiter)

at first when entered mars orbit, surface was obscured by a dust storm. later on was Abel to map the surface.

For a planet to have substantial amounts of liquid water on its surface, it must have

atmospheric pressure above the triple point of water.

Kellers laws of planetary motion were originally obtained by fitting accurate observations. Newton explained those laws by a. force that acts on each planets. The force that specifically explains keplers laws:

attracts each planet to the sun

Venus rotates

backwards so that the Sun rises in the West.

asteroids are usually found in the asteroid belt, which is

between the orbit of mars and the orbit of Jupiter

Venus has an atmosphere of:

carbon dioxide with about 90 times the surface pressure of Earth's.

At present (within the last few hundred years), the distance from Mars to the Sun

changes enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 40 percent.

At present, the distance form the earth to the sun:

changes enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 6%

Milankovich cycles refer to

changes in the intensity of sunlight due to shifts in both the Earth's orbit and rotation axis.

as views from the star Polaris, Venus rotates ___________.

clockwise and goes around the sun counter-clockwise

the currently accepted theory of how the moon formed is the

collision theory

when a space probe uses a gravitational slingshot maneuver, it:

comes close to a planet to change the probes speed and direction

what object is most likely to have a long elliptical orbit that takes it from far outside the orbit of mars to a close approach to the sun?

comet

What can you imply the reason is for the moons low density?

complete lack of iron

relative to the distant stars, Venus:

completes less than one full rotation each time it orbits the sun

comets usually follow orbits which are

elliptical with aphelia far outside the orbit of mars

a rocket leaves the earths atmosphere at a speed of 8 miles per second will:

escape the earth gravity forever

Why does Venus have no magnetic field at all?

essentially its rotation is too slow and its iron core may be mostly solid

the surface magnetic field of mercury is

essentially zero; rotates very slowly

each orbit is currently elliptical enough to make the intensity of sunlight cary by 6%. The shortest earth-sun distance currents occur when?

every January

Venera 7: 1970

first spacecraft to actually land on another planet

Mariner 4: 1964

fly by mission; first to successfully send back pictures

Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance and one object is twice as heavy. Who predicted that both objects would hit the ground at the same time?

galileo

freely falling objects with different masses fall with the same acceleration because

gravity exerts more force on the more massive object

Einsteins Theory of Gravity

gravity is actually due to the curvature of space and time

Mercury rotates so that it

has a solar day that last for two complete orbits around the Sun.

The Opportunity Mars rover

has been operating on Mars for fourteen years so far (as of 2018).

The Curiosity Mars rover

has been operating on Mars for six years so far (as of 2018).

The statements that lunar material is much "dryer" than earth material refers to the absence of

hydrated minerals

Kuiper belt objects are usually made of

ice and possibly frozen gas

the surface material from the moon has a chemical composition _______ to that of the earths surface. But, one exception is that the moons surface is _______.

identical; extremely dry

Second Law of Motion:

if a total force (F) on an object produces an amount of acceleration (a), then these quantities are related y the equation

When newton calculated th magnitude and direction of the acceleration fora planet that was following keplers laws, he found that the magnitude of the planets acceleration was

inversely proportional to the square of the planets distance from the earth

What does the tilt of the moons orbit tell us about the moons origins?

involved an outside body. if the moon simply split from the earth, it would be orbiting in the plane of the earth's equator.

According to Newton's Law of Gravity, the gravitational attraction of the Earth for other objects, such as the Moon, apples on trees and space shuttles in low earth orbit,

is smaller for objects farther from the earth nit never vanishes entirely

The moons orbit

is somewhat tilted relative to the plane of the earths equator

What is the moons magnetic field?

it does not have one of its own why? the moon rotates slowly and its low density suggests that it does not have na iron core

Mercury rotates so that, relative to the sun

it rotates three times during each orbit around the sun

a planet with a large system of moon would have to be a:

jovian planet

Galileo said that a moving object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always

keep moving at the same speed

Viking 1 & 2: 1975

landed in two different locations on mars. mapped the entire planet from the surface.

Pathfinder: 1996

landed on mars. deployed small rover names sojourner. that rover took pictures of mars.

Akastuki: 2010

launched by Japanese aerospace exploration agency. FAILED. intended to discover more info on Venus's weather.

compared o the rest of the lunar surface, the lunar Maria are

lower and younger

ancient lava flows on the moon and are called what?

lunar maria

​Large, circular, dark areas make up the "face" of the "Man in the Moon." What are they are called?

maria

Mars has an atmosphere of:

mostly carbon dioxide with about 1% of the earths atmospheric pressure

In the surface environment of Mars, water exists

mostly ice and water vapor

Galileo said that once an object is set in motion, it will keep moving at the same speed as long as:

no force is acting on it

it is expected that a normal terrestrial planet, with no accidental encounters act could add or subtract moons, should have:

no moon

if the acceleration of an object is zero, its speed is:

not changing

the moon orbits the earth:

once every 27 days; ELLIPTICAL ORBIT

the moon rotates on its axis relative to the distant stars:

once every sidereal month

How long does it take mercury to complete one orbit? one rotation relative to the stars?

one orbit - 88 days rotation - 59 days during one orbit competes 1.5 rotations

Magellan: 1989

produced detailed, three-dimensional maps of the surface

The Earth's magnetic field plays an essential role in

protecting the Earth from charged particles (radiation) from the Sun.

Space probes often visit several planets before getting to their final destinations. The main reason they do this is to

reduce the amount of rocket fuel needed.

asteroids can be made of:

rock possibly iron

The current model for the way that planets acquire magnetic fields requires what combinations of things?

rotation and a core that contains a liquid electrical conductor.

Aristotle said that a moving earthly or :mundane" objects with nothing pushing to pulling on it will always

slow down and stop

Aristotle said that a moving earthly or `mundane' object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always

slow down and stop

What actions have been taken since the last Apollo mission to the moon and the last soviet LUNA sample-return mission.

spacecraft began to be sent there again by 1994

When was the first successful soft landing on the moon?

surveyor 1 in 1966

"race to the moon"

the Apollo program was thought to be a part of this race with the soviet union. It was close. The soviets actually built a moon rocket and tested it.

astronomical unit

the average distance from the earth to the sun

For an object that is moving along a straight path, the acceleration is

the change in the objects speed divided by the time it takes

How are we able to assume that the moon formed in the neighborhood of the earth's orbit?

the earth and the moon have similarities in chemical composition

An artificial satellite such as the International Space Station stays up because

the earth curves out from under it as fast as it falls

The force that acts on a rocket because its engine is firing is exerted by

the exhaust from the rocket

if you are told that an object that weighs 20 newtons is raised a distance of 10 meters you know that;

the force of gravity no the object is 20 newtons

A book, weighing 10 Newtons, sits on a table. Which of the following pairs of forces is an action-reaction pair?

the force that the book exerts on the table and the force that the table exerts on the book

IN comparison to keepers laws of planetary motion, newtons theory of universal gravitation predicted almost the same motions, but with some correction due to:

the gravitational attractions between different planets

f you are told that a 20 kilogram object is raised by 10 meters, you know that

the mass of the object is 20 kilograms

When Newton calculated the magnitude of the acceleration of Earth's Moon, and compared it to the acceleration of falling objects on the surface of the Earth, he found that

the moons acceleration was larger

the key argument the moon forming from the earth alone, by breakup of a single object is that:

the moons orbit is tilted relative to the earths equator

What is one consequence of the moon having an elliptical orbit?

the moons rotation on its acid does not exactly match its position along its orbit and it WOBBLES back and forth

what is a distinctive feature of the earth atmosphere?

the presence of carbon dioxide

What have moon missions since 2007 most have been focused on?

the search for water needed for a moon base

Why couldn't we just fly a space shuttle to the moon for at least a fly-by?

the space shuttle did not have enough fuel to reach escape velocity

why don't we just shoot all of our nasty waste products into the sun where they could not possibly bother anyone?

the sun is actually the hardest part of the solar system to get to from here

which of the following statements about the moons of terrestrial planets is currently accepted?

they sometimes capture moons by accident

When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration for a planet that was following Kepler's Laws, he found that the direction of the acceleration was

toward the sun

T/F: Venus and earth are near twins in size and interior structure

true

T/F: the moon is 1/4 the size of the earth

true

Pioneer Venus Orbiter: 1978

used to further map out planet; used an unfired and ultraviolet cameras that revealed info about upper atmosphere

Mars has a solar day that is :

very close to an Earth day in length.

The temperature at the poles of Mercury is expected to be

very hot all of the time on mountain peaks hit by the Sun and very cold all of the time in craters never hit by the Sun.

Venera 9: 1975

was able to discover the surface pressure of Venus to be about 90 times the pressure of the earth

First Lae of Motion:

when the total force on an object is zero, its acceleration is also zero

Van Allen Belts

where the earths magnetic field traps charged particles form the sun


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