Exam 2 Developmental Psych

theory of mind module (TOMM)

a hypothesized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings

insecure attachment

a pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a less positive attachment to their caregiver than do securely attached children. Insecurely attached children can be classified as insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented

Universal Grammar

a proposed set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages

insecure/resistant (or ambivalent) attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment. in the strange situation, they tend to get very upset when the caregiver leaves them alone in the room, and they are not readily comforted by a stranger. when they return they are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them

According to attachment theory by John Bowlby, which of the following is an example of a child in the attachment-in-the-making phase? a. Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence b. Ava is easily soothed by anyone who picks her up when she cries c. Devon actively seeks the company of his grandmother and is emboldened to explore the environment in her presence d. Serena shows a clear preference for her mother and demonstrates visible distress upon separation

a. Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence

Which of the following represents the most typical organization of superordinate, and basic category levels that young children tend to form? a. animals/dogs/poodles b. objects/plants/animals c. parents/siblings/grandparents d. dogs/animals/poodles

a. animals/dogs/poodles

Which of the following statements describes the counting principle of abstraction? a. any set of discrete objects or events can be counted b. objects can be counted in any order c. each object must be labeled by a single number word d. the numbers should always be recited in the same order

a. any set of discrete objects or events can be counted

In Krascum and Andrew's experiments, young children were better able to classify wugs and gillies after being told stories explaining each creatures unique appearance. Their findings support the importance of a. naive psychology b. causal relationships c. magical thinking d. false beliefs

a. causal relationships

An infant is startled by a loud noise and begins to cry. her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of ______________. a. co-regulation b. self-comforting c. emotion socialization d. co-ruminization

a. co-regulation

which of the following is not one of the five key dimensions of temperament, according to research by Mary Rothbart? a. disgust b. smiling c. attention span d. fear

a. disgust

Research by Gelman and Kalish suggests that infants tend to divide objects into 3 general categories. Which of the following is not one of the general categories as identified by their research? a. food b. inanimate objects c. people d. other animals

a. food

Stella uses the word food to indicate that she wants to eat. Her tendency to use a single word to communicate an entire phrase suggests that Stella is in which phase of language of development? a. holophrastic period b. critical period c. babbling phase d. semantic phase

a. holophrastic period

Susan Harter argues that a childs sense of self-concept a. is a social construct influenced in large part by the evaluations of others b. is an innate sense that is based entirely on evolutionary mechanisms c. does not begin to emerge until middle childhood, around the ages of 6-9 years d. is fully developed by the time the child enters elementary school, at about age 6

a. is a social construct influenced in large part by the evaluations of others

What is the significance of the false-belief problem? a. It illustrates that very young children do not understand that other people act on their own beliefs, even when those beliefs are false b. it presents evidence that young children do not fully understand causal relationships c. it proves that there are certain false beliefs that an individual will maintain from early childhood into adolescence d. it supports the view that the age at which a child can understand other people's intentions varies by cultures

a. it illustrates that very young children do not understand that other people act on their own beliefs, even when those beliefs are false

The smallest units of meaning in a language, such as the English words dog or mom, are called a. morphemes b. syntactic patterns c. phonemes d. semantics

a. morphemes

2 year old Ravi goes to the zoo with his mother. Even though he has never heard of a giraffe or seen one before, when his mother points to an animal and calls it a "giraffe" Ravi then calls that animal a giraffe. This exchange demonstrates Ravi's use of ______. a. pragmatic cues b. phonemes c. language mixing d. telegraphic speech

a. pragmatic cues

In order to actually learn and use words, infants must first learn to associate words with specific meanings. This concept is referred to as ___________. a. reference b. prosody c. categorical perception d. syntactic bootstrapping

a. reference

2 yo Lani walks by a mirror and notices chocolate around her mouth. She uses the bottom of her shirt to carefully wipe it off. Lani is displaying _______________. a. self-recognition b. self-consciousness c. self-determination d. self-esteem

a. self-recognition

Which category level do children tend to form first? a. superordinate b. subordinate c. basic d. primary

a. superordinate

Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from their famous marshmallow test? a. The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life b. The ability to experience and express emotion is a result of human evolution c. individuals experience emotions in order to manage their relationship to their environment d. infants across all cultures are born with the ability to express the 6 basic human emotion

a. the ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life

The idea that the human brain contains innate and self-contained modules used for specific cognitive functions, such as language, is known as ____________. a. the modularity hypothesis b. the behavioral theory of language development c. connectionism d. symbol theory

a. the modularity hypothesis

A mother magically produces a coin from behind her 6 yo sons ear. Which of the following scenarios describes the response of a typical 6 yo. a. the son searches his mothers hands up her sleeve and behind his ear to try to make sense of the event b. the son does not react to this unusual event c. the son does not find the trick funny and storms out d. the son realizes immediately that the mother has hidden the coin in her hand

a. the son searches his mothers hands up her sleeve and behind his ear to try to make sense of the event

co-regulation

actions that can continuously be modified by a partner

attachment

an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time. Usually attachments are discussed in regard to the relation between infants and specific caregivers, although they can also occur in adulthood

parental sensitivity

an important factor contributing to the security of an infants attachment. Parental sensitivity can be exhibited in a variety of ways, including responsive caregiving when an infant is distressed or upset and engaging in coordinated play with the infant

theory of mind

an organized understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior....children learn that desires influence behavior sooner than they learn beliefs influence behavior ex. 12 mo infants were surprised when experimenter picked up a different kitten other than the one they were just excited over

pragmatic cues

aspects of the social context used for word learning

Critical to an infant's growth is the development of a positive emotional connection to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as __________. a. co-regulation b. attachment c. co-dependency d. imprinting

b. attachment

Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic make-up a. disappears by adulthood b. can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment c. can be changed by altering the levels of oxytocin in the brain d. is proof that genetic markers cause specific attachment security types

b. can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment

Kamar is happily counting all of his holiday candy, reciting a number as he touches each piece "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9" He holds up the final piece and states I have 7 pieces of candy! Kamars counting skills suggests he lacks an understanding of __________. a. stable order b. cardinality c. one-one correspondence d. abstraction

b. cardinality

3 attachment types were initially identified in research by Mary Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did not fit well into Ainsworth's initial 3 categories? a. securely attached b. disorganized/disoriented c. insecure/resistant d. insecure/avoidant

b. disorganized/disoriented

A decreased reliance on self-comforting behaviors, an increased ability to inhibit motor behavior, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed are all the result of developments in _______________. a. emotional intelligence b. emotion regulation c. temperament d. social competence

b. emotion regulation

Ted believes that the reason his dog barks, wags her tail, and likes to go outside is because the dog has an inner dogness. Teds belief is an example of a. false belief b. essentialism c. nativism d. perceptual categorization

b. essentialism

Two 6 yo boys Cal and Sam accompany their class to the library. Sam grabs a book from the shelf and sits quietly to read. Cal is unable to sit still or quietly and ends up disrupting other children. The different reactions that these 2 boys have to this situation are the result of _______________________. a. emotion socialization b. goodness of fit c. toxic stress d. differential susceptibility

b. goodness of fit

Based on your understanding of the chapter, how would a 12 mo respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed positive emotion? a. the infant is likely to stay near his or her parent b. likely to move closer to the novel stimulus c. will stay between the parent and novel stimulus d. will show a fear response and avoid the novel stimulus

b. likely to move closer to the novel stimulus

Self- concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiating his or her feelings from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the a. looking-glass self b. personal fable c. imaginary audience d. introspective mirror

b. personal fable

The first step in children's language learning is mastery of the sound system of their native language. This concept is known as ____________ development. a. pragmatic b. phonological c. semantic d. syntactic

b. phonological

Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched and growling. Tom begins to perspire, his breathing quickens, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of which component of emotion? a. neural responses b. physiological factors c. subjective feelings d. the desire to take action

b. physiological factors

Dual representation refers to ones ability to a. communicate both verbally and nonverbally b. understand a symbolic artifact as both a real object and as a symbol for something else c. understand that a single word may have more than one meaning d. distinguish between the words that someone uses and the intention behind those words

b. understand a symbolic artifact as both a real object and as a symbol for something else

Which of the following statements is not true of infant directed speech (IDS)? a. The exaggerated tone and pitch of IDS is often accompanied by exaggerated facial expressions b. Infants tend to prefer infant-directed speech to adult-directed speech c. Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures d. Infant brains show greater activity when exposed to infant-directed speech than when exposed to adult-directed speech

c. Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures. It is not.

Which of the following is an example of sociodramatic play? a. Ezra is making car noises while pushing a toy car b. Tanya is using her water bottle as a microphone c. Laila is pretending that she is in school and her friend Tosha is the teacher d. LeDonna is flying a kite with her father

c. Laila is pretending to be in school and her friend is the teacher

Between 6 and 12 months of age, infants typically experience a linguistic perceptual narrowing. What effect does this change have on their language development? a. They become increasingly more sensitive to non-native speech sounds b. They focus more on the words they hear most frequently c. They become increasingly less sensitive to non-native speech sounds d. Their ability to distinguish between speech and other environmental sounds diminishes

c. They become increasingly less sensitive to non-native speech sounds

Chromsky's proposition that humans are born with an understanding of the basic principles and rules that govern all language is known as _________. a. holophrastic theory b. the behavior theory of language development c. Universal grammar d. the modularity hypothesis

c. Universal Language

According to Piaget, children's coding of locations of object relative to their own bodies is referred to as a. landmark representations b. allocentric spatial representations c. egocentric spatial representations d. directional representation

c. egocentric spatial representations

What are the 2 components of mental health? a. genetics and the environment b. physical health and emotion stability c. internal well-being and external relationships d. parents and peers

c. internal well-being and external relationships

Emily is given two pictures: one shows a flower, a word she already knows, and the other shows a unicorn, which is new to her. When asked to point to the "unicorn" Emily points to the unknown image, which is of a unicorn. Which assumption is Emily making in order to learn this new word? a. social contexts b. intentionality c. mutual exclusivity d. grammatical categorization

c. mutual exclusivity

The belief that infants are born with some sense of fundamental concepts, such as time, space and number is a basic component of a. naive psychology b. theory of mind c. nativism d. empiricism

c. nativism *

In front of Sue are 3 balls, 3 teddy bears, 3 pencils, and 3 apples. Sue studies the groups of objects and realizes they all share the property of 3ness. Sue is demonstrating an understanding of what concept? a. stable order b. order irrelevance c. numerical equality d. abstraction

c. numerical equality

In both Harlows work with rhesus monkeys and Ainsworths Strange situation paradigm, researchers observed the baby monkey or child continually return to the mother after exploring an unfamiliar space or situation. This behavior is an example of a. disoriented behavior b. ambivalent attachment c. secure attachment d. parental sensitivity

c. secure attachment

How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter? a. self-conscious emotions are thought to be innate b. self-conscious emotions tend to occur very early in infancy c. self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself as separate from others d. self-conscious emotions have a consistently negative effect on development

c. self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself as separate from others

Researchers conducting Tronicks famous still-face paradigm found that during the distressing still-face episodes, infants spent very little time looking at their mothers. this response is an example of which of the following behaviors? a. anxiety disorder b. self-distraction c. self-comforting d. co-rumination

c. self-distraction

which measure of attachment security pays careful attention to children's reactions to their caregivers after a separation? a. attachment Q-sort b. inventory of parent and peer attachment c. strange situation d. internal working model

c. strange situation

Using the structure of a sentence to derive the meaning of a novel word is known as ___________. a. telegraphic speech b. Universal Grammar c. syntactic bootstrapping d. semantic development

c. syntactic bootstrapping

category hierarchy

categories that are related by set-subset relations, such as animal/dog/poodle

neurons

cells that are specialized for sending and receiving messages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself

egocentric spatial representations

coding of spatial locations relative to one's own body, without regard to the surroundings ex. when a baby finds a toy to their right they will turn to their right to find it even if they are repositioned

Preschoolers Ahmed and Max are talking together. Ahmed says that his father is old. Max says that he likes cars. Ahmed says that his father is probably more than 10 years old. Max says that he likes blue cars the best. According to Piaget, Ahmed and Max are engaging in ___________. a. babbling b. private speech c. dual representation d. collective monologues

d. collective monologues

As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on _______________ characteristics to _________________ qualities. a. physical; concrete b. abstract; personal c. personal; psychological d. concrete; abstract

d. concrete; abstract

The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory? a. discrete emotions theory b. functionalist perspective theory c. the AFFEX approach d. display rules theory

d. display rules theory

____________________ refers to an individuals ability to understand his or her own emotions, as well as the emotions of others a. emotion regulation b. temperament traits c. display rules d. emotion intelligence

d. emotion intelligence

Twin studies conducted by Lemery Chalfant and colleagues have led to which important conclusion regarding temperament? a. temperament is most strongly affected by environmental factors b. temperament is completely determined by genetic factors c. temperament is determined more by genes than environment d. genes and environment play an equal role in determining temperament

d. genes and evironment play an equal role in detrmining temperament

The proposed existence of a theory of mind module, which is the brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings, is most closely associated with advocates of which position? a. empiricism b. existentialism c. essentialism d. nativism

d. nativism

13 month old Christian calls all men "Dad." This is an example of _______. a. pragmatic learning b. syntactic bootstrapping c. mapping d. overextension

d. overextension

A father who responds quickly to the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth by smiling, laughing, and communicating positively to his child is demonstrating a. caregiver responsibility b. reciprocal attachment c. parental security d. parental sensitivity

d. parental sensitivity

Nativists and empiricists have intense debates about the development of spatial thinking, but on which of the following points do these two groups tend to agree? a. infants show little to no understanding of spatial concepts b. self-movement does not appear to aid in the development of spatial learning c. children are unable to use geometric information in locating objects d. the development of the hippocampus is related to improvements in spatial learning

d. the development of the hippocampus is related to imporvements in spatial learning

_______________ refers to the social and cultural norms related to emotion and expression a. emotion regulation b. temperamental traits c. display rules d. emotion intelligence

display rules

emotions

emotion is characterized by neural and physiological responses, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action

The fact that a variety of factors can each lead to a given mental disorder is known as _____________. a. mulifinality b. equifinality c. differential susceptibility d. rumination

equifinality

separation anxiety

feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached

spines

formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites capacity to form connections with other neurons

concepts

general ideas or understandings that can be used to group together objects, events, qualities, or abstractions that are similar in some way

reference

in language and speech, the associating of words and meaning

secure attachment

infants have high quality relationship with caregiver. in strange situation may be upest when caregiver leaves but may be happy to see the carefiver return, recovering quickly from any distress. they can use caregivers as secure base for exploration

insecure/avoidant attachment

infants or young children seem somewhat indifferent towards their caregiver an may even avoid the caregiver. In the strange situation, they seem indifferent towards their caregiver before the caregiver leaves the room and indifferent or avoidant when they return. if the infant gets upset when left alone he or she is as easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent

strange situation

mary ainsworth...to assess infants attachment to their primary caregiver

synapses

microscopic junctions betwen the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another

self-comforting behaviors

might rub their body or clothes, suck their thumbs, clinging to loved objects, 6 mo olds can do this

axons

neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

dendrites

neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses

A deeper understanding of the cultural contexts of language--including shifts in tone and body language, which allow two strangers who speak the same language to successfully communicate--is known as ____________ development. a. semantic b. syntactic c. pragmatic d. phonological

pragmatic

equifinality

refers to how different early experiences in life (e.g., parental divorce, physical abuse, parental substance abuse) can lead to similar outcomes (e.g., childhood depression)

secure base

refers to the idea that presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

generativity

refers to the idea that through the use of the finite set of words and morphemes in humans vocab we can put together an infinite number of sentences and express an infinite number of ideas

disorganized/disoriented attachment

seem confused and hesitate to seek comfort from parent....most likely in abused home

_________________ involves a persons overall subjective evaluation of oneself and the feelings associated with that evaluation a. self esteem b. self concept c. self reflection d. self measure

self-esteem

mulitfinality

specific risk factor may have different outcomes

false-belief problems

tasks that test a child's understanding that other people will act in accord with their own beliefs even when the child knows that those beliefs are incorrect ex. experimenter shows child that there are pencils in the smarties box, child says his friend will think there are pencils as well

bilingualism

the ability to use 2 languages

pragmatic development

the acquisition of knowledge about how language is used

phonological development

the acquisition of knowledge about the sound system of a language

plasticity

the capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

prosody

the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonational patterns, and so forth with which a language is spoken

internal working model of attachment

the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figure and of relationship, in general, that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. the working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

infant-directed-speech (IDS)

the distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children

phonemes

the elementary units of meaningful sound used to produce languages

genotype

the genetic material an individual inherits

perceptual categorization

the grouping together of objects that have similar appearances ex. infants are able to habituate to being shown mammals and dishabituate when they see birds or fish

dual representation

the idea that a symbolic artifact must be represented mentally in 2 ways at the same time--both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself

modularity hypothesis

the idea that the human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning

semantic development

the learning of a system for expressing meaning in a language, including word learning

syntactic development

the learning of the syntax in a language

basic level

the middle level, and often the first level learned, within a category hierarchy, such as dog in the animal/dog/poodle example

synaptic pruning

the normal development process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated

categorical perception

the perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories ex. ba and pa

synaptogenesis

the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

word segmentation

the process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech

emotion regulation

the process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating internal feeling states and related to physiological processes, cognition, and behaviors

emotion socialization

the process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role in their particular culture

experience-dependent plasticity

the process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individuals experiences

experience-expectant plasticity

the process through which the normal writing of the brain occurs in part as a result of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have

neurogenesis

the proliferation of neurons through cell division

critical period for language

the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometimes between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful

essentialism

the view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are. this makes all members of the category similiar to one another ex. children believe that dogs have a certain "dogness" about them

attachment theory

theory based on John Bowlbys work that postis that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

comprehension

understanding what others say