Exam 2 Organizational Behavior

Sansa and Shuki are managers at ABC Corporation. Shuki is having problems in his department due to lack of innovation. In response, he consults the corporate procedures manual and speaks with his boss about the right way to solve the problem. Sansa is also having a similar problem in her own department but decides to confront it by hosting team luncheons where she can learn new perspectives and discuss new "outside the box" ways to deal with the problem. Shuki is an example of a(n) ________ thinker.

Covergent

Which of the following statements is true about the drives of people?

Drives are innate and universal to human beings

According to expectancy theory, providing counseling and coaching to an employee who lacks self-confidence is most likely to increase the employee's ________ expectancy.

E-to-P

An individual's perceived probability that a particular level of effort will result in a particular level of performance is referred to as the

E-to-P expectancy

According to business leaders, how should people make decisions in organizations?

Effective decision making involves identifying, selecting, and applying the best possible alternative.

Justin is a manager at InnoApp Inc., a web-based applications company. In an attempt to promote new ideas, Justin decides to allow his engineering team to devote 15 percent of their work time to whatever projects they would like to work on and reduces their assigned workload. He then institutes a 30-minute period each morning where the team members are asked to look over their current project list for the day and develop more knowledge about a task before they move on to work on their assigned tasks. Justin is attempting to promote Question options:

Employee Creativity

The company cafeteria had become overcrowded at lunchtime over the last few months, creating slower food lines and less seating. Employees were beginning to grumble. Expanding the lunchroom wasn't in this year's budget, so management called a meeting to discuss the problem and invited any employee who would like to attend. Several production employees attended the meeting and said several months ago they were assigned to eat lunch at the same time. These employees who attended the meeting suggested a way to stagger lunchtimes that wouldn't interfere with productivity. This is an example of

Employee Involvement

Which of the following is an advantage of job specialization?

Employees can become proficient more quickly in specialized jobs

What tends to result in increased continuance commitment?

Employees receive high pay, benefits, and other forms of economic exchange in the employment relationship.

Which of the following statements about job satisfaction and job performance is TRUE?

Employees who are satisfied with their jobs have higher job performance.

In the context of the rational choice view of decision making, which of the following statements is TRUE about the issues in the problem identification stage?

Employees, suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders present (or hide) information in ways that makes the decision maker see the situation as a problem or an opportunity.

In the creative process, which of the following refers to the experience of suddenly becoming aware of a unique idea?

Illumination

Which of the following is NOT a reason people engage in satisficing rather than maximization?

It allows them to choose the alternative with the highest payoff.

Although employee involvement has become a natural process in every organization, what is the optimal level of involvement?

It depends on the situation

Which of the following statements is TRUE about intuition?

It is both an emotional experience and a rapid nonconscious analytic process.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about confirmation bias?

It is otherwise known as postdecisional justification

Which of the following is a benefit of job rotation?

It minimizes health risks from repetitive strain and heavy lifting.

Which of the following statements about job satisfaction is TRUE?

Job satisfaction is an ethical issue that influences an organization's reputation

What conclusion has been drawn by organizational behavior scholars regarding job satisfaction?

Job satisfaction is positively related to job performance

Which of the following unsatisfied needs is the strongest source of motivation, according to Maslow's needs hierarchy theory?

Need for food

________ are the motivational forces of emotions channeled toward particular goals to correct deficiencies or imbalances.

Needs

Which of the following statements was NOT considered by the needs hierarchy theory?

Needs are strongly influenced by each individual's self-concept

Which of the following statements is true about situations involving equity judgments?

People believe that their outcome-input ratio should be similar to the outcome-input ratio of the comparison other.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the rational decision-making model?

Rational choice decision making selects the best alternative by calculating the probability that various outcomes will occur from the choices.

Alvin, the production manager of Paragon Company, wants to select the best supplier of raw materials from among several vendors. He has several choices and has done research into which company provides the best services and products. One company is known to be extremely timely, another is much lower in price but often late in deliveries, and the third is well-known to provide the highest quality products available. According to the rational choice decision making process, Alvin should select the vendor that offers the most

Satisfaction

Which of the following statements about stress is TRUE?

Stress is caused by stressors.

Which of the following is TRUE at the highest level of employee involvement?

The entire decision-making process is handed over to employees.

During a meeting, senior executives of a consumer products company were addressing the problem of being late in detecting several consumer trends, such as the trend toward using see-through plastics in kitchenware. While trying to determine the source of this problem, one executive said: "The main problem here is that we need to find a better industrial design firm to design our products." Which of the following best describes the decision-making problem that this executive is exhibiting?

The executive is defining the problem in terms of a solution

Which of the following is NOT part of a stage in general adaptation syndrome?

The individual returns to normal state.

What does the expectancy theory explain about employees?

They base their work effort on the performance level they expect

What is an effect of emotions?

They put us into a state of readiness

Which of the following is the final stage of the creative process?

Verification

When the factory needed to get production up, it instituted a reward system that sent the most productive employees on a trip to Florida. Harris, however, hated to travel and didn't know how to swim, so he slacked off on his production. According to the expectancy theory, this reward had ________ for Harris.

a negative outcome valence

Emotional intelligence is best described as

a set of abilities.

The best reinforcement schedule for motivating employees is

a variable ratio schedule

Patricia works for Nike. She wears Nike clothing everywhere she goes, proudly displaying the Nike logo. Patricia's identification with Nike tends to increase her

affective commitment.

Jessie has worked in the same office of DEF Insurance LLC for 6 years. She has always taken extra care to follow the office norms and to ensure that everyone at work is happy. She tries to be friends with everyone at work and hates getting into arguments with people. With the given information, we can conclude that Jessie most likely has a high need for

affiliation

Stress is best described as

an adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening to a person's well-being

In the expectancy theory, valence refers to the

anticipated satisfaction or dissatisfaction that an individual feels toward an outcome.

After working for weeks on a difficult proposal for a client, Kevin learns that the client has accepted the proposal and will award the contract to Kevin's firm. When Kevin hears this from his boss, he yelps "Yahoo!" and automatically thrusts his fisted hand in the air. The acceptance of Kevin's proposal would be considered his

attitude object.

Beliefs, assessed feelings, and behavioral intentions are components of

attitudes.

As soon as we receive sensory information, our brain tags the incoming sensory information with emotional markers. These markers are

automatic and nonconscious emotional responses.

After working for weeks on a difficult proposal for a client, Kevin learns that the client has accepted the proposal and will award the contract to Kevin's firm. When Kevin hears this from his boss, he yelps "Yahoo!" and automatically thrusts his fisted hand in the air. This action is an example of

behavioral intentions directly influencing behavior.

What term refers to established perceptions about an attitude object?

beliefs

Perceptual defense refers to the

blocking out of bad news or information that threatens our self-concept.

To ward off stress, a film director likes to have a good laugh. When under pressure, the director will crack jokes and ensure everyone has a good laugh during the hard work. These actions mainly reduce stress by

changing stress perceptions

LuAnn works for New Ideas Ad Agency, and was just assigned to an advertising project for a cigarette promotion. LuAnn's father, a heavy smoker for years, died last year from heart disease. She feels strongly about the health risks associated with smoking, but LuAnn was recently promoted to her dream job and wants to showcase her skills to management. What is LuAnn experiencing?

cognitive dissonance

Marge really hated dealing with crabby customers, but she put a smile on her face when she was behind the customer service desk and treated everyone the same. The uncomfortable tension Marge felt when her behavior and attitudes were inconsistent with each other is called

cognitive dissonance.

The tendency to define problems in terms of a preferred solution occurs because it

comforts decision makers by providing closure to a problem

Decision structure, source of decision knowledge, decision commitment, and risk of conflict are the

contingencies of employee involvement.

The concept of bounded rationality holds that

decision makers process limited and imperfect information and rarely try to select the best choice

People reduce cognitive dissonance by

developing more favorable attitudes toward specific features of a decision

The ________ of human beings are also called primary needs.

drives

People with more positive emotions typically have higher ________ and are extroverted

emotional stability

Every Day Shoes recently held a "Vision Day" event in which all of its employees formed teams to develop 60-second videos for the management about how the company was making lives better. Shortly after, their CEO was quoted as saying "We try to get the best out of everybody." "Vision Day" was an exercise attempting to increase

employee engagement

The employees at Keyboard Corporation are extremely motivated to achieve their work-related goals, and they believe the company gives them to resources to do so. These employees are high in

employee engagement

Susan is a flight attendant for a large airline. She exclusively works a long flight from Chicago to Vienna, and is expected to constantly maintain a positive attitude no matter what situation arises. Over the years, Susan has noticed that when dealing with Americans, their emotions tend to run higher in stressful situations, as opposed to Austrian passengers who tend to be more reserved in stressful or unhappy situations, and she often feels frustrated. If Susan wants to reduce the amount of psychological damage caused by the emotional dissonance her job creates, she should

engage in deep acting.

What term refers to the necessary stress that activates and motivates people to achieve goals and change their environments?

eustress

Decision makers tend to rely on their implicit favorite when they

evaluate decision alternatives sequentially

Which of these is the final step in the rational choice decision-making process?

evaluating decision outcomes

Alex and Jorge are both employees at a shoe manufacturing plant. They discuss their feelings of dissatisfaction because of a new supervisor who has been a cause of stress at the workplace. Alex says that he has applied for a transfer to another shift in order to deal with this issue. Jorge says that he is going to talk to the department head about the issue and get it resolved. According to the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect (EVLN) model, in which of the following ways is Alex responding to his dissatisfaction?

exit

Selene and Rita are both engineers at a highly innovative technology company. They are both very creative people. Selene has 15 years of engineering background, a high need for achievement, and strong task motivation, whereas Rita prides herself on her high openness to experience, strong self-direction, and her ability to evaluate the potential usefulness of ideas. According to the characteristics of creative people, which are Selene's strongest areas?

experience and persistence

Which of the following reflects the difference between emotions and attitudes?

experiencing something versus judging something

Which of the following represents one's conscious evaluations of an attitude object?

feelings

People tend to be more creative when they

have a reasonable level of job security

Self-concept, social norms, and past experiences help us to

have stronger or weaker needs by amplifying or suppressing drive-based emotions

Self-reinforcement can potentially minimize stress by

helping employees to develop more favorable perceptions of the stressors.

When people are assigned jobs for which they are qualified and receive coaching to improve their self-confidence, employee motivation improves due to the

increase in E-to-P expectancies.

Selene and Rita are both engineers at a highly innovative technology company. They are both very creative people. Selene has 15 years of engineering background, a high need for achievement, and strong task motivation, whereas Rita prides herself on her high openness to experience, strong self-direction, and her ability to evaluate the potential usefulness of ideas. According to the characteristics of creative people, which are Rita's strongest areas?

intelligence and independent imagination

The exit-voice-loyalty-neglect (EVLN) model

is a template for organizing and understanding the consequences of job dissatisfaction.

According to the Circumplex Model of Emotions, high-activation negative emotions include being

jittery

Paula is dissatisfied with her boss for not supporting her work or recognizing her job performance. In spite of these problems, Paula does not complain and does not intend to move elsewhere. Instead, she maintains her level of work effort and hopes the company will eventually correct these problems. According to the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect (EVLN) model, Paula's response is

loyalty.

Carlotta was getting frustrated in her job because she didn't feel she knew enough to do the job well. According to the expectancy theory, behavior modeling and supportive feedback would

mainly increase the effort-to-performance expectancy.

Which of the following is a competency representing the highest level of emotional intelligence?

managing dysfunctional emotions among staff

The highest level of emotional intelligence is

managing other people's emotions.

Which of the following is a way to increase employee motivation by improving the P-to-O expectancies?

measuring employee performance accurately and distributing more valued rewards

Goal setting influences employee behavior and performance mainly by improving

motivation and clarifying role perceptions

Every time Lucy dropped one of the store's imported chocolates on the floor, the manager yelled at her and made her wipe up the floor. As Lucy became less nervous, she dropped fewer chocolates and the manager yelled at her much less. In time, Lucy stopped dropping chocolates altogether. What principle did the manager use to change Lucy's behavior?

negative reinforcement

People with more negative emotions tend to have higher ________ and are introverted.

neuroticism

To learn about their progress toward goal accomplishment, employees usually prefer

nonsocial feedback sources

The optimal level of difficulty of a goal

occurs when the goal is challenging but not impossible

A learned need in which people want to exercise control over others is referred to as the need for

power.

Justin is a manager at InnoApp Inc., a web-based applications company. In an attempt to promote new ideas, Justin decides to allow his engineering team to devote 15 percent of their work time to whatever projects they would like to work on and reduces their assigned workload. He then institutes a 30-minute period each morning where the team members are asked to look over their current project list for the day and develop more knowledge about a task before they move on to work on their assigned tasks. The time period set aside each morning primarily helps promote ________ stages of the creative process.

preparation and incubation

The director of nursing is looking throughout the hospital for a new format of work schedule for the nurses. She evaluates each schedule system as soon as she learns about it. Eventually, she finds a schedule that is good enough for her needs and ends her search even though there may be better schedules available that she hasn't yet learned about. In this case, the Director of Nursing is engaging in

satisficing.

People with a high need for affiliation tend to Question options:

seek approval from others.

Which of the following is called a "tend and befriend" response to stress?

seeking social support

Which of the following does Maslow's needs hierarchy theory include?

self-actualization

Which of the following proposes that job satisfaction has a positive effect on customer service, which flows on to shareholder financial returns?

service profit chain model

With funding from her family, Sarine is currently developing a new line of dolls for her business, which she hopes will take her company to the next level. At first, she encountered some minor problems with the construction of the dolls and spent a fair amount of money engineering them to be the way she had envisioned. Unfortunately, she then found out that there was a patent protecting the way the doll's arms were connected, so she spent more money redesigning the dolls. After an unexpectedly uninterested response from the public toward the dolls, she decided that they needed to be marketed differently in order to sell. So Sarine allocated more resources to marketing and had the packaging of the dolls redesigned and created a new advertising campaign. The cost of manufacturing these dolls has now exceeded four times the initial proposed cost, but she is determined to make it work. She is embarrassed by how this has gone, but she continues to put up a brave front. Sarine should have done all of the following in order to avoid this escalation of commitment EXCEPT

she should have involved fewer people in the decision evaluation process.

Job ________ is the result of division of labor in which work is subdivided into separate jobs and assigned to different people

specialization

Incubation and verification are

stages of the creative process.

The expectancy theory model

states that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes.

Employees at House of Pancakes pretend that they like their boss even though most of the time they do not. These employees are engaging in

surface acting.

Emotional labor refers to

the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions

Escalation of commitment can be effectively minimized by ensuring that

those who make the decision are different from those who implement and evaluate it.

Alex and Jorge are both employees at a shoe manufacturing plant. They discuss their feelings of dissatisfaction because of a new supervisor who has been a cause of stress at the workplace. Alex says that he has applied for a transfer to another shift in order to deal with this issue. Jorge says that he is going to talk to the department head about the issue and get it resolved. According to the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect (EVLN) model, in which of the following ways is Jorge responding to his dissatisfaction?

voice

Amy has a high level of emotional intelligence; therefore it is likely that she is better at all of the following EXCEPT

working without social interaction.

According to the service profit chain model, ________ affect job satisfaction, which influences employee retention, motivation, and behavior. These outcomes influence the company's profitability and growth.

workplace practices

All of the following are sources of multisource feedback EXCEPT

yourself.