PHL 104- Final Exam
The invalid argument form known as affirming the consequent has this pattern:
"If P, then Q. Q. Therefore, P."
Modus ponens has this argument pattern...
"If p, then q. p. Therefore, q."
Terms that signal a deductive argument include...
"Necessarily, it follows that, and absolutely"
Category 2 obstacles to critical thinking include...
"Subjective relativism, social relativism, and skepticism"
Prejudice is...
A judgment or opinion based on insufficient reaosns
"This argument--"If Buffalo is the capital of New York, then Buffalo is in New York. Buffalo is in New York. Therefore, Buffalo is the capital of New York"--is an example of..."
Affirming the consequent
"According to social relativism, the beliefs of a society..."
Cannot be mistaken
Self-interest alone...
Cannot establish the truth of a claim
An inductively strong argument with true premises is said to be...
Cogent
An argument intended to provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion is...
Deductive
This argument--"If Einstein invented the steam engine, then he's a great scientist. Einstein did not invent the steam engine. Therefore, he is not a great scientist"--is an example of...
Denying the antecedent
"A deductively valid argument is such that if its premises are true, its conclusion must be false."
FALSE
(T/F) "Because of the guarantee of truth in the conclusion, inductively strong arguments are said to be truth-preserving."
FALSE
(T/F) It is always wrong to accept a claim that furthers our own interests.
FALSE
(T/F) Psychological impediments to critical thinking are rare.
FALSE
(T/F) The argument form known as hypothetical syllogism is always invalid.
FALSE
(T/F) The argument form modus tollens is always invalid.
FALSE
You are most likely to let your self-interest get in the way of clear thinking when you...
Have a personal stake in the conclusions you reach
Words that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present are known as...
Indicator words
This argument--"If you're eighteen, you're eligible to vote. But you're only seventeen. You're not eligible to vote"--is...
Invalid
A deductive argument is intended to provide...
Logically conclusive support for its conclusion
Seeming to see distinct images in vague visual stimuli is a form of...
Pareidolia
An inductive argument is intended to provide...
Probable support for its conclusion
Self-interested thinking can leave you vulnerable to...
Propaganda and manipulation
"For critical thinkers, the best way to deal with group pressure is to..."
Proportion your belief to the strength of reasons
Social relativism implies that...
Societies are infallible
A deductively valid argument that has true premises is said to be...
Sound
"Consider this argument: Almost everyone at this college is religious; Anita attends this college; therefore, she is probably religious. This way of reasoning is known as _____."
Statistical syllogism
Drawing conclusions about people without sufficient reasons is known as...
Stereotyping
"An inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable, but not conclusive, logical support for its conclusion is said to be..."
Strong
An inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable support for its conclusion is said to be...
Strong
This argument--"If he comes back, it's probably because he wants money. There he is. He wants money"--is...
Strong
(T/F) "The argument form modus tollens has this form: If p, then q; not-q; Therefore not-p."
TRUE
(T/F) "This argument form--"Either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q"--is valid."
TRUE
(T/F) A sound argument is a good argument.
TRUE
(T/F) The counterexample method is used to determine whether an argument is valid or invalid.
TRUE
(T/F) The first step in determining whether an argument is deductive or inductive is to find the argumentâ s conclusion and then its premises.
TRUE
(T/F) The second part of a conditional statement is known as the consequent.
TRUE
(T/F) There are some things about ourselves that are relative because they are one way for us and another way for someone else.
TRUE
(T/F) We know things when they are beyond all reasonable doubt.
TRUE
A deductively valid argument cannot have...
True premises and a false conclusion
"Because of the guarantee of truth in the conclusion, deductively valid arguments are said to be..."
Truth-preserving
A deductive argument that succeeds in providing logically conclusive support is said to be...
Valid
The argument pattern known as modus ponens is...
Valid
The first step in uncovering implicit premises is to search for a credible premise that would make the argument...
Valid
