Exam 2 Study Guide
A splinter pierces through the epidermal layers of the sole of the foot in the following order: 1. stratum basale 2. stratum corneum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum 5. stratum spinosum
2, 4, 3, 5, 1
There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages? 1. bone callus formation 2. bone remodeling 3. fibrocartilage callus formation 4. hematoma formation
4, 3, 1, 2
What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue?
A bands and I bands
Which of these events must occur first to trigger the skeletal muscle to generate an action potential and contract?
Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to receptors on the sarcolemma and allows passage of sodium ions into the cell
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline to prevent continued contraction of the muscle fiber?
Acetylcholinesterase
During skeletal muscle contraction, to what do myosin heads bind?
Actin filaments
Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ______________.
Antagonsists
What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?
Articular cartilage
Two or more bones meet at a location called a(n) __________________.
Articulation (joint)
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the _______________ skeleton.
Axial
The dens is a process projecting from the ____________.
Axis
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that _____________.
Bone length is increasing
Small canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to the central canal are known as ____________.
Canaliculi
Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ___________ muscle.
Cardiac
True or False: Osteoporosis is a bone-thinning disease that often affects young women.
False
Which of these bones articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone?
Femur
What type of burn only involves injury to the superficial epidermis?
First
Which type of rib lacks an attachment to the sternum?
Floating ribs
The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is the _______________.
Foramen magnum
A smooth, sustained contraction, with no evidence of relaxation, is called _______________.
Fused, or complete, tetanus
Skeletal muscle, as a whole, can generate different amounts of force, and different degrees of shortening, in response to stimuli. What is this concept called?
Graded response
An incomplete bone break, known as a(n) _______________ fracture, is commonly seen in children.
Greenstick
The first step in bone healing involves the formation of blood-filled swelling known as a(n) _________________.
Hematoma
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Hyaline cartilage
The skin and its derivatives (nail, glands, and hairs) form the ____________.
Integumentary system
Contractions in which muscles shorten and produce movement are known as ________________.
Isometric contractions
Which of the following abnormal skin colors results from liver disorders?
Jaundice
Although you get wet while swimming, which tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge?
Keratin
What is the main function of the quadriceps group?
Knee extension
Which of the following consists of two large, flat muscles that cover the lower back?
Latissimus dorsi
The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ____________.
Long bones
Which of the following are pigments that contribute to skin color?
Melanin; carotene; hemoglobin
Which of the following membranes lines body cavities that are open to the exterior?
Mucous
According to the sliding filament theory, how does muscle contraction occur?
Myosin heads form cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide
The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the _____________.
Neuromuscular junction
The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the ________________.
Origin
The process of bone formation is known as _______________.
Ossification
What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs?
Osteoblast
When growing bones widen through appositional growth, what kind of cells add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis?
Osteoblasts
Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the _____________.
Papillary layer of the dermis
A connective tissue covering on the diaphysis is the _________________.
Periosteum
Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction?
Pushing against an immovable wall
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Regulation of blood pressure
What organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium?
Sarcomere
A nurse tends to a patient with a sunburn. Upon examination, she sees blisters and red skin. What type of burn does the patient most likely have?
Second-Degree Burn
The pleura and pericardium are examples of _____________ membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior.
Serous
Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer?
Serous
Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ____________ bones.
Short
Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation?
Skeletal
What is released by axon terminals into the synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract?
Sodium ions
What must rush into a muscle cell to promote its depolarization?
Sodium ions
Which of the following bones is considered part of the axial skeleton?
Sternum
In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to ____________.
Store adipose tissue
The epidermis is composed of _______________.
Stratified squamous epithelium
What layer is affected when a scrape affects the most superficial epidermal layer?
Stratum Corneum
Which of the following reduces friction in movable joints, such as the knee?
Synovial Fluid
Which of the following muscles acts as a synergist to masseter and closes the jaw?
Temporalis
A sarcomere is ______________.
The contractile unit between two Z discs
You examine an articulated skeleton in the laboratory and determine the skeleton to be a female since ________________.
The distance between the female ischial spines is greater than a male
What determines where bone matrix will be remodeled?
The pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton and calcium ion levels in the blood
Which bones are commonly referred to as the cheekbones?
Zygomatic bones
From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar
The tailbone is the _____________.
Coccyx
The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum _______________.
Corneum
The heads of the myosin myofilaments are called _____________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction.
Cross bridges
Julie experienced a break in the shaft of her femur. What part of her bone was fractured?
Diaphysis
What type of cutaneous gland produces sweat that cools the body upon evaporation from the skin?
Eccrine Gland
A fracture in the _____________ can impair the lengthwise growth of bones in a child.
Epiphyseal plate
The sebaceous and sweat glands associated with the skin are classified as __________ glands because they release secretions to the skin's surface via ducts.
Exocrine
Which of these muscles is the prime mover of elbow extension?
Triceps brachii
True or False: Teeth are anchored in the maxillary bones and the mandible.
True
True or False: The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and absorb shock are composed of fibrocartilage.
True
True or False: The medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula form the two parts of the ankle.
True
True or False: The spinal cord passes through the body of each vertebra.
True
Which two bones constitute the forearm?
Ulna and radius
What bones protect the spinal cord?
Vertebrae
Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?
Vitamin D
