Exam 3

List three threats that protected areas face from human activity.

1) Commercial harvesting of fish and game 2) Intensive harvesting of natural plant products 3) Illegal logging farming

List two reasons why it is necessary to sometimes manage protected areas.

1) Human modification of environment 2) Often preserves allow for farming logging, mining, hunting, fishing, boating, etc.

What is a corridor? List two benefits of corridors. List three drawbacks to corridor.

Corridor: strip of land running between the reserves Benefits 1) Enhanced dispersal 2) Mya protect animals that migrate seasonally Drawbacks 1) Creates edge 2) Increased predation along corridors 3)

List and describe two ways to reduce the effects of habitat fragmentation (i.e., conservation blocks and corridors).

1) Conservation blocks a. Combine small reserves into larger conservation blocks i. National parks might be surrounded by national forests and national monuments conservation blocks ii. Involve the cooperation among public agencies and private landowners ex. Chicago wilderness project- 150 organizations (zoos, forest preserves, and gov and private conservation organizations) have about 200,00 acres woodland, wetland, and prairie 2) Corridors- s

List and describe two major management strategies (i.e., strategy 1: do nothing [provide an example], strategy 2: active management [provide an example]

1) Do nothing a. Removal of fallen trees and brush may approve appearance, but is at cost of removing protective cover i. Fire suppression- leads to loos of fire-dependent species and massive wildfires of high intensity 2) Aggressive management a. Many species only occupy a specific habitat or successional stage of that habitat b. Without management species would disappear i. American wood cock- rely on early successional forests ii. Woodlands- controlled burs (#1 tool) continues succession because it fives a variety of habitats and eliminates large fuel buildup

There are four main approaches to restoration: no action, replacement, rehabilitation, and restoration. Define and briefly describe each approach.

1) No action a. Too expensive b. Failed previous attempts c. Ecosystem will approve on its own 2) Replacement a. Replace a degraded ecosystem with another productive habitat type (not original habitat) i. But it can serve in ecological processes and provide ecosystem services 3) Rehabilitation a. Repair some of the ecosystem functions and some original species i. Degraded forest tree planation ii. Focus on dominant species that are necessary for ecosystem function 4) Restoration a. Restore the area to its original composition and structure through active modification and reintroduction of species i. Must remove damaging agent ii. Must strive toward becoming a reference site

What are 4 of the 6 elements of ecosystem management?

1) Seeks and understands connections between all levels and scales in ecosystem 2) Ensures viable populations of all species, examples of biological communities and proper ecosystem function 3) Monitor significant components of the ecosystem, gather data, and sue results to adjust management a. Called adaptive management 4) Change the rigid policies of land management agencies and instead have interagency cooperation at all levels local, state, national, international

How is the Chicago Wilderness Project an example of a conservation block?

A carved out area of 200,000 of multiple habitat types are under protection by multiple organization into a large area

What differences in resources do parks in the U.S. and Brazil have? How does this influence the type of protection the parks can receive?

Brazil- has very few numbers of park rangers and lack transportation (jeep, boat, etc.) U.S.- has reasonable number of park rangers for the land area and have transportation This effects the ability of the rangers in Brazil to patrol land and upkeep land

How can parks be designed to minimize edge effects?

Create round-shaped conservation areas minimize edge to area ratio and a center of patch is farthest from edge compared to other shapes.

Explain why prairie restoration relatively easy relative to restoration of other types of habitats.

Involves same technology as agriculture and garden (disking, plowing, raking)

Why are military bases valuable to the protection of biodiversity?

It has about 25 million acres that have 200 endangered species

Why is it important to establish a monitoring program on a reserve?

Key to ensuring objectives is being met Allow for determination of health of the area gives indication of whether monitoring strategy is working

True or False. There is no right or wrong way to manage a reserve, rather management should be based upon the objectives of the site.

True

Explain the unattended consequences that a wooded corridor placed through a grassland might have relative to a wooded corridor placed through a developed area. .

When corridor is placed through grassland then you've fragmented land and added edge to that habitat When corridor is placed through developed area you are connecting areas and adding habitat and allowing for dispersal

Ecosystem Management

integrates scientific knowledge of ecological relationships within a complex socio-political and valuates framework toward the general goal of protecting native ecosystem integrity over the long-term.

landscape ecology

investigates patterns of habitat types on a regional scale and their influence on species distribution and ecosystem processes.

Ecological restoration

is a branch of ecology and represents research and scientific study that investigates methods of carrying out ecological restoration.

landscape_

is an area where a cluster of multiple interacting habitats is repeated in similar form.

Replacement

is when a new site is created or rehabilitated as a substitute for a site destroyed by development; often times these are wetlands.

Explain why restoration typically emphasize the plant community.

· Because contain most of the biomass · Provide structure to rest of community o Soil organism bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates finally herbivores birds pollinators

Explain why park management must account for people using the park.

· Historically parks have been used or basic resources o If ppl are no longer allowed to do that people will become angry and frustrated · Parks can flourish or be destroyed depending on humans that use them o If local residents agree with objectives, obey park rules the park will survive o If bad relations between government and local people or objectives are not agreed upon, citizen may reject · Preservation of the park is crucial with local people

Describe the Community Baboon Sanctuary in Belize and how it is an example of the effective use of corridors.

· In 1985, 450 villagers agreed in protecting Black Howler Monkeys o Decline of species due to habitat loss and inability to cross open fields o Created 20 m wide property boundaries and 20 m wide riparian areas o Protected food (providing trees) o Built bridges over roads (aerial ropes)

Describe the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program. Specifically, define a zone, describe the three zones of MAB and what can occur in each zone, and then describe the benefits of the transitional zone.

· MAB program: attempts to integrate the needs and cultures of local people in park planning and protection · Zoning: set aside designated areas that permit or give priority to certain activities · Three zone of MAB o 1) Core- bio communities and ecosystem are strictly protected o 2) Buffer zone- non-destructive research, traditional activity o 3) Transitional zone- creation of transitional zone allows for sustainable development

Why is a knowledge of landscape ecology important in designing effective reserves?

· Many species do not live in a single habitat they live multiple habitat types · Diff. landscape patterns have diff. effects on microclimate, pest outbreaks, and animal movements

What is the SLOSS debate? Briefly describe two reasons for having a single, large patch and two reasons for having several small patches. Why is it thought that reserve size depends upon the group of species under discussion?

· SLOSS debate: is species ridiness maximized by single large or several small reserves · Single large patch reasons i. The greater the area the greater the number of species encountered ii. Minimize edge effects · Several small patches i. Less susceptible to density dependent factors ii. Less susceptible to stochastic events · Reserve size depends on group of species i. Smaller habitats are adequate for plants, invertebrates, and smaller vertebrates ii. Large reserves are better than small reserves because they contain greater diversity of habitats and maintain population size