Exam 3 PSY 260

Which popular press headline does NOT suggest that a multiple regression has been used?

"Dog ownership decreases stress."

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following?

A difference in the height between the bars

An independent-groups design is also known as a ________.

Between-subjects design

Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 45 first-graders are shown two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs?

Concurrent-measures design

Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design?

Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes.

Random selection enhances ________ and random assignment enhances ________.

External validity; internal validity

When determining mediation, how many steps are necessary?

Five

Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies?

Internal validity

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim?

Is random assignment affecting the findings?

Martin has found a correlation of r=.18 between the two variables of caffeine consumption and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if:

Martin used a larger number of subjects

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects?

Matched-groups designs

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r=.32. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is:

Moderate

Dr. Uchida's finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following?

Participant sex is a moderating variable.

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

Practice effects

Statistical significance depends on which of the following?

Sample size and effect size

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following?

Selection effects

Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr. Uchida's hypothesis?

Social support

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made?

The fact that the two variables are measured

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

The way the sample was selected from the population

The pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research?

Theory-data cycle

Which of the following is true of moderators?

They can inform external validity.

According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs?

They can only control for third variables that are measured.

Which of the following is NOT true of third variables and mediating variables?

Third variables can be detected using multiple regression techniques, but mediating variables cannot.

Which of the following is NOT true of control variables?

WRONG ANSWER: They help establish internal validity.

In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?

When the study has life-or-death implications