exam 3 sociology

In 1971, when there were few opportunities for women to participate in college sports, 300,000 girls participated in high school sports; what was the number as of 2004?

2.6 million

What percentage of the United States is projected to be Hispanic according to Census estimates by the year 2100?

33%

Which of the following statements about multinational corporations is true?

The value of sales of the largest multinational corporations exceeds the total value of goods and services of many peripheral nations.

Inequality exists in:

All societies

The multinational corporation of Walmart made more that the following country:

Australia, Denmark, and Chile

The following country has significant income inequality:

Brazil, USA, and Sweden

Which sociologist originally articulated the concept of the power elite?

C. Wright Mills

Which country will be the world's largest economy in the year 2020?

China

Which perspective would study how "welfare scapgoating" ignored federal handouts to individuals and families?

Conflict

The world systems analysis is

Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.

Cross-cultural studies have suggested which of the following about industrialized and developing nations?

Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries.

What country does the text use as a case study to illustrate colonialism, neocolonialism, and the domination and exploitation of a peripheral, developing country by a core industrialized nation?

Mexico

Which sociologist noted over 90 years ago that enslaved Blacks were in an even more oppressive situation than other subordinate groups because, by law, they could not own property and they could not pass on the benefits of their labor to their children?

W.E.B. Du Bois

Racism is defined as

a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.

As described by C. Wright Mills, the "power elite" is

a small group of leaders who control the fate of the U.S. AND the group that stands at the top of the power structure in the U.S.

Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to

a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.

The commonly used "poverty line" measure of poverty used by the federal government is used to measure which type of poverty?

absolute poverty

Communism is an economic system in which

all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.

Socialism is defined as

an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned.

An ascribed status is a social position

assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents.

Prejudice is to discrimination as

attitude is to behavior.

What are the two basic types of economic systems that distinguish contemporary societies?

capitalism and socialism

Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern U.S. in the pre-civil rights era, an African-American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the White members of the community. This would be an example of a(an)

caste system.

Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Adolf Hitler, and Joan of Arc were all leaders who used their respective power to press for changes in accepted social behavior. Their respective power came from what kind of authority?

charismatic authority

A woman is born into a homeless, single-parent family. She is very talented and as an adult, becomes a wealthy, world-acclaimed pianist. This scenario most closely represents which type of stratification system?

class

Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely, because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(an)

closed stratification system.

The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period is known as

colonialism

Gerhard Lenski argues that social inequality may have once served the overall purposes of society, but the degree of social and economic inequality that now exists far exceeds the need to provide for goods and services. This facet of Lenski's analysis is consistent with which perspective?

conflict perspective

Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies such considerations are not so important?

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most?

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective views race from the macrolevel and purports the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups?

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that the existence of unregulated maquiladoras in Mexico has led to the exploitation of workers with jobs that lack security, possibilities for advancement, and decent wages?

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits?

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that pure monopolies are not a basic element of the economy, although a few dominant enterprises restrict new ones from entering the marketplace to restrict competition?

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletariat class?

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely urge policy makers and the general public to look closely at corporate tax breaks, rather than focusing on the allowances given to welfare mothers and their children?

conflict perspective

What term did Thorstein Veblen use to describe the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination for dinner?

conspicuous leisure

The tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations are called:

corporate welfare

Like the social institutions of religion and the family, economic, and political systems are considered

cultural universals.

Institutional discrimination is the

denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society.

Which of the following is true regarding the treatment of women in many different nations?

denied pay equal to men, sexually harassed in the workplace, and fired from jobs because they are pregnant

Sociologists are quick to note that terms such as "modernization" and "development" contain a(an) __________ bias.

ethnocentric

In sociological terms, members of a minority group

experience unequal treatment.

In a year, Arlie Hochschild concluded women work how much more time compared to men due to the notion of second shift?

extra month of 24-hour days

In Karl Marx's view, a worker who identifies with the wealthy and believes that she can achieve great wealth through hard work is likely to have developed a

false consciousness.

The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women is referred to as

feminism.

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of women as determinants of social rank, thereby elevating the status of males?

feminist perspective

Modernization theory—as a explanation on global inequality—would fall under which sociological perspective?

functionalist

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators?

functionalist perspective

Expecting a woman to be nuturing would be an example of:

gender roles

Social problems associated with China's massive economic growth include

high injury rates in the work place, high labor turnover, and pollution and environmental problems

After a dinner-table argument with his grown children, a man changes his position on the issue of immigrant refugees being granted asylum in the U.S. This would be an example of

influence

In the book The Jungle, Upton Sinclair describes the meatpacking industry in Chicago at the beginning of the twentieth century. The unregulated meatpacking companies had questionable health and safety standards, and they exploited their employees unmercifully. Sinclair was discussing a stage of economic development known as

laissez-faire capitalism

Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women?

matrix of domination

The process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called

modernization

Commercial organizations headquartered in one country that own or control other corporations or subsidiaries throughout the world are referred to as

multinational corporations.

What term for government do we use to refer to a small group of individuals who rule?

oligarchy

Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"?

opening a door for a female

A decline in political participation allows governments to

operate with less accountability.

In Max Weber's view

people hold three distinct ranks in society.

The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo, illustrates the idea that

poverty is relative.

A sociology instructor decides what subject matter will be covered each time the class meets. The fact that the instructor can make these decisions and that the students must follow her lead is an example of

power

Socialist societies differ from capitalist societies in their commitment to

provision of social service programs.

The United States utilizes which type of government?

representative democracy

In Karl Marx's view of class conscious workers in revolt, who will guide the working class in its struggle?

revolutionary leaders

Which of the following is more prevalent in developing nations than in industrialized nations?

rural populations, deaths of children, and total populations

An unreliable generalization about all members of a group which does not recognize individual differences within the group is referred to as

stereotype

Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society?

stratification

An ethnic group is a group

that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

Which group is at the top of the color hierarchy in Mexico?

the criollos

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, passed by Congress in 1996, ended:

the guarantee of assistance to every poor family that meets eligibility requirements

An unlicensed street vendor sells watches, which may have been stolen, from a makeshift stand in New York City's Times Square. Another individual repairs cars for "private" clients in a garage attached to his home. Both of these people are part of

the informal economy.

According to the text, which of the following forces is in part responsible for the domination of the world marketplace by a few nations?

the legacy of colonialism, the advent of multinational corporations, and modernization

Which of the following play an important part in gender-role socialization in the U.S.?

the mass media, religious institutions, and educational institutions

Capitalism is an economic system in which

the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit.

Capitalism is an economic system in which

the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits

What historical tragedy is noted in the text to illustrate the impact of social class on life chances?

the sinking of the Titanic

Ethnocentrism refers to

the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.

In a society based on rational-legal authority, leaders derive their authority from

the written rules and regulations of the political system.