Exam 3 Study Guide

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A mating season specific to each species is a form of prezygotic isolation. a) True b) False

a) True

In what populations does exponential growth tend to occur? a) in populations that are in the early stage of colonizing new habitat b) in populations that experience intense competition c) in populations that experience high rates of predation d) in metapopulations

a) in populations that are in the early stage of colonizing new habitat

When the reproductive structures of plants are treated with the compound colchicine it usually disrupts the movement of chromosomes while pollen and eggs are forming. As a result many of the offspring of these treated plants end up with higher than normal chromosome numbers. Often these offspring can self pollinate, but will not cross-pollinate with their parents or other members of their parent species. These new plants are considered ________ and were created by a process analogous to ___________. (pick the pair of terms that best fill sin the blanks). a) polyploid : sympatric speciation b) diploid : sympatric speciation c) polyploid : allopatric speciation d) diploid : allopatric speciation

a) polyploid : sympatric speciation

It is more likely that a gene will have a mutation that changes its function versus a mutation that will make it dysfunctional. a. True b. False

b. False

The two key factors responsible for speciation among populations are: a) lack of gene flow and mutation b) mutation and genetic drift c) genetic isolation and genetic divergence d) postzygotic isolation and morphological change

c) genetic isolation and genetic divergence

11) The competitive exclusion principle states that: a) It is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist. b) It is possible for two species with the same niche to coexist. c) It is not possible for two species with different niches to coexist.

a) It is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist.

In the "Why sex?" documentary shown in class, what was the significance of parasite load? a) It was a way to measure genetic diversity. b) Clonal fish did not carry parasites. c) Fish that survived a drought had no parasite load. d) It was a way to determine which fish where sexually reporoducers.

a) It was a way to measure genetic diversity.

A storm brings two formerly separated populations of beetles together. They look very similar. Under the biological species concept, which of the following would show that the two populations are different species? a) One population breeds in spring, the other in fall. b) Males of the two populations have different flight patterns in courtship. c) When individuals from the two populations mate with each other in the laboratory, the eggs fail to hatch. d) All of the above are correct. e) None of the above are correct.

a) One population breeds in spring, the other in fall.

A storm brings two formerly separated populations of beetles together. They look very similar. Under the biological species concept, which of the following would show that the two populations are different species? a) One population breeds in spring, the other in fall. b) Males of the two populations have different flight patterns in courtship. c) When individuals from the two populations mate with each other in the laboratory, the eggs fail to hatch. d) All of the above are correct. e) None of the above are correct.

a) One population breeds in spring, the other in fall.

Male reproductive success, measured as the number of offspring surviving to adulthood, is found for two closely related beetle species and graphed below. Which of these statements would you expect to be true of sexual dimorphism in the two species? a) Species A should have greater sexual dimorphism than species B. b) Species B should have greater sexual dimorphism than species A. c) Species A and B should have about equal amounts of sexual dimorphism. d) Neither species should show any sexual dimorphism.

a) Species A should have greater sexual dimorphism than species B.

In the "Why sex?" documentary shown in class, there was a mixed population of both clonal and sexually reproducing individuals. The sexually reproducing species tended to have greater resistance to parasites. What hypothesis best explains the fitness advantage conferred on sexually reproducing individuals? a) The Red Queen b) Inbreeding depression c) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium d) All of the above are equally compelling explanations.

a) The Red Queen

Three populations of birds look very similar, but the males have territorial songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the two populations came in contact? a) a prezygotic isolating mechanism b) a postzygotic isolating mechanism

a) a prezygotic isolating mechanism

In the example described in the previous question, what is the specific benefit relationship? a) Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants. b) Birds benefit from the association and harm the ants. c) Birds and ants benefit from the association. d) Birds do not benefit from the association, but the ants do. e) Neither birds nor ants benefit from the association.

a) birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants

Which of the following is not a reason why population growth declines as population size approaches the carrying capacity? a) Climate becomes unfavorable. b) Competition for resources increases. c) Predation rates increase. d) Disease rates increase.

a) climate becomes unfavorable

The handicap principle of sexual selection states that: a) exaggerated male traits are so costly to produce, that only high quality males can have them. b) low ranking males overcome their handicap by adopting satellite strategies. c) males traits evolve because females have a perceptual predisposition for males with certain traits. d) none of the above.

a) exaggerated male traits are so costly to produce, that only high quality males can have them.

In zoos, lions and tigers mate and produce viable hybrid offspring called tiglons or ligers. Hybrids were never recorded in Asia, however, where their ranges once overlapped. Hybrids probably do not occur in nature because of: a) hybrid inviability b) gametic mortality c) behavioral isolation d) mechanical isolation e) temporal isolation

a) hybrid inviability

What is the amino acid switch in opsin when UV vision evolves in birds? a) serine to cysteine b) cysteine to serine c) glycine to serine d) serine to glycine e) glycine to cysteine

a) serine to cysteine

Peter and Rosemary Grant's measurements of beak depth in a population of Medium Ground Finches (described in lecture) showed that average beak depth grew smaller in wetter-than-normal years, when small seeds were abundant. The Grant's interpreted this change as due to natural selection that occurred because a. cool, wet weather slowed the rate of beak growth. b. birds with unwieldy larger beaks were less agile and drowned at a higher rate than birds with smaller beaks. c. birds with larger beaks could not harvest small seeds as efficiently as birds with smaller beaks. d. sudden storms led to the random deaths of many birds, and beaks become smaller by genetic drift. e. all of the above reasons contributed to the change.

c. birds with larger beaks could not harvest small seeds as efficiently as birds with smaller beaks.

All of the following are sources of genetic variation of evolution, except: a. mutation b. recombination c. genetic drift d. gene flow

c. genetic drift

A population of deer mice has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.04 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Estimate the number of individuals added or lost from a population of 1,000 mice (year 0) in three years (year 3). a) 61.2 added b) 60 added c) 20 added d) 60.8 lost e) 40 lost

a) 61.2 added

What other line of evidence supports the independent evolution of trichromatic vision in Howlers and higher primates? a) Evolution of dim blue light rhodopsin in deep-sea eels and beaked-whales. b) Evolution of wings in birds and insects. c) Presence of hair cells in humans and jellyfish. d) None of the above.

a) Evolution of dim blue light rhodopsin in deep-sea eels and beaked-whales.

The toxicity of strains of Cholera can be weakened by: a) Improvements in waste water treatment, b) Improvements in personal hygiene. c) Antibiotic treatment of the wastewater, d) All of the above.

a) Improvements in waste water treatment,

You carefully study populations of two very similar meadow mice, one from the northeast U.S. and one from southeast US. You want to know whether the populations belong to the same species or to two different species. Based on the Biological Species Concept you could most confidently decide this if you could: a) show that the ranges of the two mice overlap without hybridization occurring. b) bring the two types of mice into the laboratory to see if they will mate. c) demonstrate that the natural ranges of the two types of mice are entirely allopatric. d) show that there are statistically significant color differences between the two types. e) show that the northeastern mice live in wetter habitats than the southeastern mice.

a) show that the ranges of the two mice overlap without

17) The model of exponential population growth presented in class assumes which of the following? a) the growth rate is determined only by r and r is fixed. b) both r and K are fixed. c) r changes as the population size approaches K d) K fluctuates with the amount of interspecific competition. e) None of the above

a) the growth rate is determined only by r and r is fixed.

A small population of white-footed deer mice has the same intrinsic rate of increase as a large population. If everything else is equal, a) the large population will add more individuals per unit of time. b) the small population will add more individuals per unit of time. c) the two populations will add equal numbers of individuals per unit of time. d) the J-shaped growth curves will look identical. e) the growth trajectories will proceed in opposite directions.

a) the large population will add more individuals per unit of time.

13) Refer to the graph above. At the beginning of this study a keystone predator was present in both areas. In one area the keystone was removed (blue line) shortly after the study began. In both areas the number of other species of animals was counted. What does the above graph tell you about a keystone species? a) A keystone species has little interaction with other species in an environment. b) A keystone species removed from a community could have drastic effects. c) A keystone species can be any species. d) A keystone species added to a community can make it more robust.

b) A keystone species removed from a community could have drastic effects.

Use the figure below when answering questions 9 and 10. 9) Looking at the above figure, what conclusions can be drawn? a) Both species eat all sizes of seeds. b) Both species compete for seeds of intermediate size. c) Both species compete for all sizes of seeds. d) Both species compete for all sizes of seeds other than those of intermediate size.

b) Both species compete for seeds of intermediate size.

10% of Caucasians of European ancestry are resistant to HIV. This was due to their ancestor's exposure to which disease? a) Feline HIV b) Bubonic plague c) Swine Flu d) Bird Flu

b) Bubonic plague

Which one of the following is most clearly a case of density-dependent population regulation? a) the drought-induced drying of savanna grass for an insect that feeds on grass sap b) a dangerous new flu strain transmitted among humans by sneezing c) the first hard frost of fall for a population of morning glory (a plant). d) the occurrence of rainstorms for a desert plant e) all of these are examples of density-dependent population regulation

b) a dangerous new flu strain transmitted among humans by sneezing

How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral population? a) sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behavior b) allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

b) allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

The different species of Galapagos finches developed from a single mainland ancestral finch through _____. a) a population bottleneck b) an adaptive radiation c) random mating d) sympatric speciation

b) an adaptive radiation

18) The logistic growth model assumes which of the following? a) the growth rate is determined only by r and r is fixed. b) both r and K are fixed. c) r changes as the population size approaches K d) K fluctuates with the amount of interspecific competition. e) None of the above

b) both r and K are fixed.

Elaborate male courtship displays probably evolve when a) they cause mating to be delayed until the period of optimum fertility. b) females base mate choices on performance of the display. c) all males in a population perform the display equally well. d) male-male contests are especially common. e) the display requires very little energy to perform.

b) females base mate choices on performance of the display.

Which of these is not a density-dependent factor that could act to limit population growth as population size increases? a) waste accumulation b) fire c) disease d) lowered immune function due to stress

b) fire

All of the following could act as reproductive isolating mechanisms except? a) structural differences between male external reproductive organs in different species of millipedes b) difference in the timing of breeding seasons of frogs c) differences in food preferences between two populations of birds d) differences in courtship song between two populations of meadowlarks e) failure of meiosis (gamete formation) in hybrids formed between two populations of insects

c) differences in food preferences between two populations of birds

In the runaway model of sexual selection: a) males chase females and only the fastest males are able to mate. b) females evolve a preference for a male trait after the trait appears in males. c) females have preferences for male traits that are not yet present in the population. d) females chose males that have traits that are honest indicators of the male's quality. e) none of the above

c) females have preferences for male traits that are not yet present in the population

In many species of animals mature males are larger than mature females. The size difference is attributed to: i. Male-Male competition ii. Female choice of larger males iii. Female choice based on extravagant displays iv. Selection for honest indicators v. the mechanism of the Handicap Principle A. i and iii B. i and iv C. i and ii D. ii and v E. ii and iv

c) i and ii

i. small island that is close to the mainland ii. small island that is far form the mainland iii. large island that is close to the mainland iv. large island that is far from the mainland These islands are volcanic islands that all emerged from the ocean floor at the same time and have been around for about 100,000 years. They are in a zone where the climate is the same. 22) Which of these islands will have greatest number of species? a) i b) ii c) iii d) iv

c) iii

In surf perch, what genetically determined trait setup the conditions for speciation by sensory drive? a) the differences in water depth of the two populations. b) the differences in the light environment of the two species. c) limited space in the retina for rod and cone cells. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

c) limited space in the retina for rod and cone cells.

12) The top graph shows niche use when two closely related species first come in contact. The bottom graph shows the niche use after many generations of living in the same location. What is the term used to describe the process shown in the above graphs? a) competition b) species interaction c) resource partitioning (character displacement) d) niche realization

c) resource partitioning (character displacement)

What do we call fossils that show changes from one form of organism to another? a) mutational b) selected c) transitional d) progressive

c) transitional

Which type of natural selection selects for individuals that are at the two ends of a population distribution. For instance, in a hypothetical population of birds with different wing sizes, this type of selection selects for individuals with large and small wings, but against those with intermediate sized wings. a. Directional b. Stabilizing c. Disruptive d. Sexual e. none of the above

c. Disruptive

What is the difference between genes that are directly involved in physiology and those involved in shaping the form (toolbox genes) of an animal? a. Toolbox genes tend to code for vestigial traits. b. Toolbox genes can only affect physiological mechanisms in minor ways. c. Toolbox genes can have major effects impacts on the overall form of an organism d. Toolbox genes are less susceptible to mutations.

c. Toolbox genes can have major effects impacts on the overall form of an organism

Why is combination drug therapy more effective at treating infectious diseases? a. The higher the level of anti-malarial drugs in a patient's body, the more malarial cells they are likely to reach. If you use two drugs, there is a higher level of anti-malarial drugs in the patient's body. b. When two drugs are used malaria is unable to develop resistance to either one. c. When two drugs are used it is unlikely that malaria will be resistant to both. d. Both a and c are true. e. Both a and b are true.

c. When two drugs are used it is unlikely that malaria will be resistant to both.

The individuals with the greatest evolutionary fitness are those that a. contribute the most offspring to the next generation. b. are the largest and strongest. c. contribute the most offspring to the next generation that live to reproduce. d. eat the most nutritious food. e. are not well adapted to their environment.

c. contribute the most offspring to the next generation that live to reproduce.

Where do the malaria parasite gametes join? a. human brain cells b. human liver cells c. in the mosquito d. in pond water e. none of the above.

c. in the mosquito

Surf perch have evolved into two reproductively isolated populations by the process of sensory drive. What is the first step necessary for this process? a. the evolution light receptor cells tuned to different aspects of light in each population. b. the evolution of female choice based on make visual characteristics. c. individuals living in two different light environments d. males with visual markings tuned to the female sensory system.

c. individuals living in two different light environments

The lizard displacement experiment of Losos et al. (discussed in class) was a persuasive demonstration of evolution by natural selection because a. lizard populations grew rapidly when transplanted to new habitats that contained no competitors. b. plants and lizards coevolved on almost all of the experimental islands. c. lizards transplanted to new environments evolved to resemble other lizards in similar environments elsewhere. d. lizards transplanted to new environments gave rise to new lizard species. e. all of the above.

c. lizards transplanted to new environments evolved to resemble other lizards in similar

What is the name of the habitat many New England amphibians use to breed each spring? a. amphibian nuptial area b. woodland spring pools c. vernal pool d. forest stream

c. vernal pool

In some jacana species, males take care of the eggs and young, and females compete for territories against one to several females. Female jacanas are significantly larger than males. Which of these statements would you predict to be true of this bird species? 1. Male jacana fitness is primarily limited by ability to take care of eggs and raise young. 2. Female jacana fitness is limited by the number of males with which they can mate. 3. Variation in reproductive success should be greater in male jacanas than in females. 4. Variation in reproductive success should be greater in female jacanas than in males. 5. Males and females have equal variation in reproductive success. a) 1 and 3 b) 2 and 4 c) 1, 2, and 3 d) 1, 2, and 4 e) 5

d) 1, 2, and 4

10) Continuing with the above diagram, which species is more successful in competing for seeds? a) species 1 b) species 2 c) These species do not compete for seeds. d) This graph does not illustrate which species is more successful.

d) This graph does not illustrate which species is more successful.

House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and currently the two populations are nearly in contact. If the two forms are unable to interbreed when their expanding ranges meet, what would this situation illustrate? a) vicariance b) allopolyploidy c) autopolyploidy d) allopatric speciation e) sympatric speciation

d) allopatric speciation

What was the selection pressure that led to the convergent evolution of trichromatic color vision in howler monkeys and old world primates? a) weakening of selection pressure for olfactory genes b) feeding on tender young leaves. c) similar wavelengths of light in the forests they live in. d) both a and b are correct. e) none of the above are correct

d) both a and b are correct

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps the two populations separate? a) temporal reproductive isolation b) lack of hybrid viability c) gametic barrier d) spatial reproductive isolation e) behavioral reproductive isolation

d) spatial reproductive isolation

Which of the following sequences correctly show the nested levels of biological organization from lowest to highest? i. biochemical v. cell ii. ecosystem vi. population iii. ecological community vii. tissue iv. organ viii. physiological system

e) i, v, vii, iv, viii, vi, iii, ii

Which of the following is true of the logistic model of population growth? a) As N approaches K, b increases b) As N approaches K, r increases c) As N approaches K, d increases d) As N approaches K, d remains the same e) none of the above

e) none of the above

Females of sexually reproducing species are generally less selective than males when choosing a mate because: a) females lose a larger investment if a mating fails to produce viable offspring. b) sexual selection acts more strongly in females than in males. c) only selective females can propagate their genes. d) males usually outnumber females. e) none of the above.

e) none of the above.

Males of sexually reproducing species are generally less selective than females when choosing a mate because: a) males lose a larger investment if a mating fails to produce viable offspring. b) sperm cannot successfully fertilize low quality eggs. c) only promiscuous males can propagate their genes. d) males usually outnumber females. e) none of the above.

e) none of the above.

Which of the following are evidence that antifreeze proteins evolved independently in Artic and Antarctic ice fishes? a. The Artic and Antarctic fishes belong to distantly related groups of species. b. The freezing of the Artic and Antarctic seas occurred 10 million years apart. c. There is no trace of any similarity in the digestive enzyme gene that was the source of the Antarctic antifreeze gene. d. The spacer sequences in the sequence of antifreeze in the two species are very different. e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling species have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? a. Natural selection can not account for these changes. b. Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. c. These organisms had the misfortune to experience harmful mutations, which caused the loss of these structures. d. purifying selection no longer maintained the trait. e. Both b and d are correct.

e. Both b and d are correct.

The male long-tailed widowbird (seen in a video excerpt in class) has an extremely long tail (though the female of the species does not). The male's tail is so big that it seems to make flying difficult and energy-consuming, and the long tail must also make the male quite conspicuous to predators. According to the concept of sexual selection, this seemingly detrimental feature evolved because a) the reproductive benefit of a long tail is larger than its cost in reduced survival. b) long tails distract attacking predators, so long-tailed males survive longer than short-tailed males because they are more likely to survive a predator's attack. c) long-tailed males have, on average, a shorter life than short-tailed males, and the long-tailed males, on average, father fewer offspring. d) the long tail is unlikely to negatively affect male survival, because if it did, it would never have evolved. e) a and d are correct.

a) the reproductive benefit of a long tail is larger than its cost in reduced survival.

12) The main difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors is _________. a) whether the effect of the factor changes when the population of organisms increases. b) whether the organisms are plants or animals c) a difference in weather versus natural disasters d) random or determined by causes e) whether the factors are physical or biological

a) whether the effect of the factor changes when the

Two frog populations (same species) living in two neighboring lakes sing slightly different courtship songs. Predict what likely happens to the songs of the two frog populations after increased irrigation makes the land between the two lakes wetter and therefore more suitable to frogs. Females prefer loud frogs to quieter frogs, but do not distinguish between the two slightly different songs. Assume that courtship song differences have a genetic basis. a. The songs become more similar to each other. b. The songs become more different from each other. c. There is no change in the frog courtship songs of the two lakes.

a. The songs become more similar to each other.

The following question refers to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant M. tuberculosis bacteria in a patient. Researchers discovered that the strain of M. tuberculosis taken from the dead patient has a point mutation in the rpoB gene that codes for part of the RNA polymerase enzyme. This mutant form of RNA polymerase does not normally function as well as the more common form, but the mutant rpoB gene is not affected by a commonly used antibiotic called rifampin. A researcher places M. tuberculosis isolated from the patient a year before death (no rpoB mutation) in cell cultures with M. tuberculosis isolated from the dead patient (with rpoB mutation). Half the cell cultures contain just standard nutrients, and the other cell cultures contain rifampin in addition to the standard nutrients. After many cell generations, the researcher finds that (choose one): a. Very few M. tuberculosis in the standard nutrient cell cultures carry the rpoB gene mutation, but almost all of the M. tuberculosis in the cell cultures with rifampin carry the rpoB mutation. b. Almost all M. tuberculosis in the standard nutrient cell cultures carry the rpoB gene mutation, but very few of the M. tuberculosis in the cell cultures with rifampin carry the rpoB mutation. c. Very few M. tuberculosis in any of the cell cultures carry the rpoB gene mutation. d. Almost all of the M. tuberculosis in both types of cell cultures carry the rpoB mutation.

a. Very few M. tuberculosis in the standard nutrient cell cultures carry the rpoB gene mutation, but almost all of the M. tuberculosis in the cell cultures with rifampin carry the rpoB mutation.

Females of sexually reproducing species are generally more selective than males when choosing a mate because a. females lose a larger investment if a mating fails to produce viable offspring. b. eggs cannot be successfully fertilized by low quality males. c. only choosy females can propagate a male's genes. d. males usually outnumber females. e. all of the above.

a. females lose a larger investment if a mating fails to produce viable offspring.

Wikelski and Romero (2003) found that large marine iguanas had higher reproductive success than smaller iguanas. However, the large iguanas were generally in poor body condition because they could not eat enough; at higher temperatures their foraging efficiency improved, allowing them to eat more. Thus, Wikelski and Romero hypothesize that iguana size will _______________ as global warming gradually increases air and water temperatures in the Galápagos Islands. a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same

a. increase

How many years between mutations that would bring about UV vision in a common species of bird? a) 300 b) 750 c) 1000 d) 75,000 e) 120,000

b) 750

Which of the following demonstrates a clear reproductive isolation between two populations? a) The two populations have an allopatric distribution. b) A blockage of gene flow between two sympatric populations. c) The two populations have sympatric distribution with considerable gene flow between the two populations. d) the inability of a species to continue to reproduce. e) The populations feed in different habitats.

b) A blockage of gene flow between two sympatric populations.

Among spadefoot toads, some male toads exhibit satellite or "sneaker" mating behavior, but the individuals that exhibit this behavior experience significantly lower reproductive success than males that call to attract females. Despite this lack of reproductive success, satellite behavior by males has evolved because a) the total number of offspring produced by all of the satellite males in the population is larger than the total number of males produced by all of the calling males. b) for males too small to reliably attract a female by calling, satellite behavior yields higher reproductive success than calling does. c) some females have evolved a preference for males exhibiting satellite behavior. d) satellite behavior yields a smaller population size that is better for the health and survival of all young spadefoot toads.

b) for males too small to reliably attract a female by calling, satellite behavior yields higher reproductive success than calling does.

i. small island that is close to the mainland ii. small island that is far form the mainland iii. large island that is close to the mainland iv. large island that is far from the mainland When a large intact forest is cut, many parcels of forest are left behind. This process is referred to as forest fragmentation. The remaining stands of forest can be considered habitat islands. These habitats islands have characteristics most like: a) i b) ii c) iii d) iv

b) ii

Surf perch are an example of: a) an adaptive radiation b) sympatric speciation c) speciation by mechanical isolation. d) the sexy-son model of sexual selection.

b) sympatric speciation

Which of the following situations would represent a problem in applying the biological species concept? a) two populations of morphologically similar organisms that differ in breeding habits and physiology b) two populations of asexual clonal organisms that are morphologically similar c) two morphologically similar populations, one in Africa and one in South America, that in spite of their geographic separation exhibit no apparent prezygotic or postzygotic isolation d) Lions and tigers do not interbreed in nature, but they can hybridize in zoos.

b) two populations of asexual clonal organisms that are morphologically similar

A behavior can be influenced by natural selection only if a. it is learned. b. it has a heritable component. c. all individuals in a population exhibit it. d. it has no effect on the reproductive success of individuals that exhibit it. e. few individuals in a population exhibit it.

b. it has a heritable component.

A population of deer mice has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.04 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Estimate the number of individuals added or lost from a population of 1,000 mice in one year. a) 120 added b) 40 added c) 20 added d) 20 lost e) 40 lost

c) 20 added

Which of the following would best be described as a case of speciation in sympatry? a) A population of lizards is subdivided by a natural barrier and subsequently diverges to form two species that cannot interbreed. b) A new, isolated population of fruit flies is founded by a small group of colonists, which then diverge from the ancestral source population. c) An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants. d) Speciation cannot take place in sympatry—only in allopatry, where geography poses a barrier to gene flow.

c) An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.

What is the Pitx1 gene responsible for in the embryonic development of mice? (homologies between stickleback fish and mice will help you with this one)? a) It transforms the developing gill arches into facial muscles and nerves. b) It triggers the development of claws. c) It is responsible for differences in the development of the hind and fore limbs. d) It is a trigger in the development of sexual dimorphisms.

c) It is responsible for differences in the development of the hind and fore limbs.

In the western United States a rodent called a Prairie Dog lives in groups called Prairie Dog towns and they build a system of tunnels in grassland and shrub habitats. This tunnel system provides a means of irrigating the otherwise dry soils. As a result a greater diversity and density of plants can grow in areas with Prairie Dog towns. In addition, the plant growth attracts a whole series of species that feed on the grass. Predators are also attracted to the towns to prey on Prairie dogs and the other species of animals their towns attracts. Prairie Dog numbers and biomass are only a small part of the ecological community this species attracts. Based on the information in the passage above, we can consider Prairie Dogs to be a: a) Predatory Species b) Highly Volant (mobile) species c) Keystone species d) Invasive Species

c) Keystone species

Which group of organisms can not be characterized under the biological species concept? a.) Birds. b) Seed producing plants. c) Parthenogenetic lizards. d) Mammals.

c) Parthenogenetic lizards.

14) Imagine the following sequence of events. Two populations are divided into two geographically isolated subpopulations. The subpopulations begin to accumulate independent genetic changes in their gene pools. Some of those changes result in prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. What process is described above? a) Convergent evolution b) The evolution of homologous traits c) Speciation d) Sexual selection e) Artificial selection

c) Speciation

In the "Why sex?" documentary, why did the sexually reproducing fish become clone-like in their genetic diversity after a drought? As a result of: a) a red Queen genetic transition b) an adaptive radiation c) a bottlenecking event d) All of the above.

c) a bottlenecking event

Which of the following can not act as a reproductive isolating mechanism? a) songs in birds b) proteins on the surface of sperm c) an enzyme that breaks down a toxic chemical d) two populations living in different habitats

c) an enzyme that breaks down a toxic chemical

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. The birds do not eat the ants. This is an example of what kind of species interaction? a) competition b) consumption c) commensalism d) parasitism e) mutualism

c) commensalism

In black-tipped hangingflies, males court females by presenting a dead insect as a nuptial gift. In hammerkop bowerbirds, males court females by building decorated bowers. In both species, biologists have shown that female choice of mates is based on differences in courtship behavior (i.e. the gifts or bowers). For most evolutionary theorists, the evolution of the observed pattern of female choice is harder to explain in the bowerbird than in the hangingfly, because a) the behavior of vertebrates is generally harder to explain than the behavior of insects. b) reproductive success is correlated with strength and body size in the bowerbirds, but not in the hangingfly. c) no one has figured out how to measure reproductive success in bowerbirds. d) the female bowerbird gains no material benefit from her mate. e) all of the above

d) the female bowerbird gains no material benefit from her mate.

Which of the following would not be a good example of prezygotic reproductive isolation? a) two sympatric bird species that, while similar in plumage, engage in dramatically different courtship dances b) two beetle species that are superficially similar in appearance; however, the structure of the male penis and the female genitalia prevent males from one species copulating with females of the other c) two plant species with wind-dispersed pollen that lands on the styles and grows a pollen tube through the ovary of either species; however, in hybrid matings, the sperm cannot fertilize the ovum d) two frog species that meet and can mate with each other, but the hybrid offspring are infertile

d) two frog species that meet and can mate with each other, but the hybrid offspring are infertile

Some members of photosynthetic plant species are genetically resistant to a herbicide, while other members of the same species are not resistant to the herbicide. Maintaining resistance against the herbicide is metabolically expensive for the plants. Which combination of events should cause the most effective replacement of non-herbicide-resistant strain of plants by the resistant strain? i. an abundance of sunny weather ii. an abundance of cloudy weather iii. the presence of the herbicide in the environment iv. the absence of the herbicide in the environment v. the maintenance of the proper conditions for one generation vi. the maintenance of the proper conditions for many generations. a. 2, 4, and 5 b. 2, 3, and 5 c. 1, 4, and 6 d. 1, 3, and 6 e. 2, 3, and 6

d. 1, 3, and 6

The figure above shows the distribution of pocket-mouse coat colors in several Arizona populations found either on light-colored granite substrate or on dark volcanic rock. The map shows the location of the different populations. The background color represents the substrate color. The pie charts show the proportion of individuals in the population with either dark or light coats. Which of the following hypotheses best explains the data? a. Dark coats in mice living on volcanic rock are an adaptation for improved heat absorption. b. Dark coats in mice living on volcanic rock are an adaptation for attracting mates. c. Dark coats in mice living on volcanic rock are an adaptation for UV protection. d. Dark coats in mice living on volcanic rock are an adaptation for camouflage. e. Dark coats in mice living on volcanic rock are an environmental influence due to local foods.

d. Dark coats in mice living on volcanic rock are an adaptation for camouflage.

__________ is when changes in gene frequencies (evolution) occur because of chance events (sampling errors) that occur when populations are small. a. Mutation b. Natural selection c. Sexual Selection d. Genetic Drift e. None of the above

d. Genetic Drift

Which of the following correctly describes a species? a. members of a species can interbreed b. members of a species have a shared gene pool c. members are unable to successfully breed with members of other species d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which types of human cells does the malaria parasite infect? i. heart ii. Brain iii. liver iv. Muscle v. pancreatic vi. Spleen vii. red blood cells viii. White blood cells. a. vii and viii b. i and viii c. ii and v d. iii and vii e. iii and viii

d. iii and vii

Evolutionary biologists hypothesize that sexual dimorphism (differences between males and females in size and/or appearance) is common because a. males eat more than females. b. females are more intelligent than males. c. kin selection favors individuals that help members of the same sex. d. males frequently compete for access to females. e. males and females of a species frequently live in different environments.

d. males frequently compete for access to females.

Imagine the following sequence of events. Two subpopulations of the same species are located in the same area. The subpopulations begin to accumulate independent genetic changes in their gene pools. Some of those changes result in prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms. What process is described above? a) Convergent evolution b) The evolution of homologous traits c) Allopatric Speciation d) Sexual selection e) Sympatric Speciation

e) Sympatric Speciation

Male turkeys have a snood, which is a flap of skin that hangs across their beak. Snood length is negatively correlated with parasite load (e.g., males with longer snoods have fewer parasites), and females prefer to mate with long-snooded males. The snood is an example of: a) the fundamental asymmetry of sex b) sexual selection via resource competition c) sexual selection via male-male competition d) a genetic marker of parental care behavior e) an honest indicator of male quality.

e) an honest indicator of male quality.

The male long-tailed widowbird (seen in a video excerpt in class) has an extremely long tail (though the female of the species does not). The male's tail is so big that it seems to make flying difficult and energy-consuming, and the long tail must also make the male quite conspicuous to predators. According to the concept of sexual selection, this seemingly detrimental feature evolved because a. the reproductive benefit of a long tail is larger than its cost in reduced survival. b. long tails distract attacking predators, so long-tailed males survive longer than short-tailed males because they are more likely to survive a predator's attack. c. even if long-tailed males have, on average, a shorter life than short-tailed males, the long-tailed males, on average, father more offspring. d. the long tail is unlikely to negatively affect male survival, because if it did, it would never have evolved. e. a and c are correct.

e. a and c are correct.

In harem-based mating systems like that of the elephant seal, males compete fiercely for dominance because a. the most dominant male copulates far more frequently than other males. b. the dominant male is the male most likely to pass his genes to subsequent generations. c. males with low positions in the dominance hierarchy may fail to reproduce. d. the extra energy that a dominant male must spend on fighting and the increased risk of injury from fighting are offset by the benefit of extra opportunities to mate. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Animal eggs are generally large and rich in nutrients in comparison to sperm. According to parental investment theory, a consequence of this difference is that a. females will tend to be selective when choosing a mate. b. female reproductive success is limited by ability to produce eggs. c. females are more likely than males to make post-fertilization parental investments. d. female reproductive behaviors will evolve to maximize the success of each fertilization. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

In the artificial selection experiment of Yoo (discussed in lecture), the average number of abdominal bristles declined after the experimenter stopped restricting reproduction to only those flies with the most bristles because a. natural selection now favored flies with fewer-than-average bristles. b. flies with fewer bristles now had greater reproductive success. c. the optimum number of bristles was lower in the new environment (i.e. the environment without artificial selection). d. the cost of having more bristles was no longer offset by higher reproductive success. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

The distinctive structures constructed by males of various species of bowerbirds a. are used by females as a basis for mate choice. b. are the physical manifestation of a sexually selected behavior. c. are part of a reproductive isolating mechanism. d. could be the evolutionary result of female mate choice based on reliable indicators of good genes in males. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

Which parameters negatively impact population growth? i. birds ii. deaths iii. immigration iv. emigration

ii and iv


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