Exam 3- Western Civ 102

Charles Lyell: Principles of Geology

(1797-1875) Geologist who specialized in the study of fossils 1830- Principles of Geology 3 vols Rejected the belief that catastrophic events were responsible for changes in the earth's surface Uniformitarianism His work helped prepare the way for Darwin

Aguste Comte: System of Positive Philosophy

(1798-1857) Systems of Positive Philosophy (1839-42) 6 vols. All knowledge and all societies pass through 3 stages: Theological: Fictitious: Supernatural Explanations Metaphysical: Abstract: Explanation of Reality via Theories Scientific: Unchanging Natural Laws: Explanation based on Scientific Observation His scientific study of society led to the discipline of sociology His belief in the natural evolution of society reflects the nineteenth- century belief in constant change or becoming

Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species of Means of Natural Selection

(1809-1882) Became a biologist after first trying to become a medical doctor at Edinburgh and then a theology student at Cambridge December 1831 voyage on the "Beagle" 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection All species developed from a common ancestor Influenced by Malthus to believe in development as the result of struggle and survival of survival of the fittest Through natural selection, individuals most suited to the environment survive and pass on their characteristics to offspring (natural selection is the mechanism for survival of the fittest) Nature becomes part of the historical process in Darwin's theory Development as the result of struggle seemed to suggest no permanent harmony or design in nature Presents a grim view of the natural world: "Nature red in tooth and claw"

Otto Von Bismark

(1815-1898): was appointed to administer government Bismark proceeded to condut government to collect taxes without parliamentary approval He dissolved the lower chamber of the Reichstag and implemented strict censorship Opponets were fired or arrested

1893 J. Kier Hardie Forms the Labour party

- a response to the poor economic conditions of the 1890s. A vehicle for specifically working class interests within the government

1884 Third reform bill

- suffrage for most adult males. Suffrage extended to all men who pay any rents or taxes The first time agricultural laborers can vote**

A. MARIE CURIE (1867-1934)

. Discovered that radium has no constant atomic weight 2. Radium emits particles that change its weight

Matthew Perry: How did he secure US trading rights with Japan?

1. 1853Commodore Matthew Perry: sailed to Tokyo Bay a. Threatened Japan with war b. Received the right to enter 2 ports and trade

Facism: A. AROSE FROM THE COLLAPSE OF LIBERAL GOALS FOLLOWING WWI

1. Abandonment of religion on the part of many had already left a spiritual vacuum that many had tried to fill with nationalism which had now led to destruction of people and hope for a new society 2. Many societies experienced economic difficulties as a result of the war 3. Because largely liberal governments had produced the situations leading to the war, many lost faith in the liberal project and in Enlightenment ideas which were its basis and justification

Nicholas I: Ideology of Nationality

1. Nicholas I (1825-1855): Official Ideology of Nationality a. The Tsar as sacred ruler of the country b. The Orthodox Church as the religion of the Russian people c. The Slavic culture as the expression of Russian ethnic identity

C. EXISTENTIALISM

1. Begins with a denial of anything that transcends individual existence a. Denial of the existence of God b. Denial of the existence of any meaning built into the world c. Denial of the existence of a human nature 2. The personal existence of the individual is the only possible place to begin in discussing human life and behavior: there is nothing outside of oneself to serve as a reference point 3. There is thus no meaning to human existence 4. We can only create some kind of meaning for ourselves through our own choices and actions 5. We create our own self-definition through act 6. Jean-Paul Sartre (1906-1980) a. The existential situation gives humans dignity: we are now responsible for everything b. Being and Nothingness (1943): Expresses the need to create the self. One never simply is, one is always in progress through act. We create a world for ourselves through our own self-perceptions which is radically altered and shattered by being forced to encounter another person. I have now become the object of another person's gaze. 7. Existentialist Terms a. Alienation: we are not at home in the universe, we are like strangers unable to find any meaning in the world we inhabit b. Absurdity: Everything is absurd due to the lack of meaning in the heart of things

A. KARL BARTH (1886-1968)

1. Born in Basel, Switzerland 2. Studied liberal theology: accepted its positive view of human nature and the world 3. WWI created a crisis: how to deal with the level of violence and lack of meaning unleashed by the war? 4. 1916 Began to study the Bible with a friend 5. 1919 Commentary on Romans a. Divided German theologians b. Completely abandoned the existentialist and modern liberal perspective 6. Barth's Theology a. Attempt to recover the Calvinist heritage b. God is wholly other c. Man is finite and sinful d. The human mind is incapable of knowing anything about God except in revelation e. Even in revelation, God is hidden except to the eyes of faith f. As Christ is both God and man, Scripture is the word of God hidden in the words of man g. Only faith can discern the word of God h. Barth also stressed that salvation is solely the result of God's initiative in bestowing faith 7. Barth supported the German Confessing Church founded by Martin Niemoller a. The Barmen Declaration: statement of faith against National Socialism and Hitler b. Christ takes priority over any political ideology

B. JACQUES MARITAIN (1882-1973)

1. Born in Paris, France 2. Son of a Catholic father and Protestant mother: became an atheist and married a Jewish woman 3. Studied at the Sorbonne 4. Longed for spiritual certainty and a sense of purpose a. Was influenced by Catholic writers, especially St. Thomas Aquinas b. Loved the logic, order and beauty of Thomas' work c. Accepted Thomas' arguments for the unity of reason and faith and the spiritual and material 5. 1906 Jacques and Raissa Maritain became Catholic 6. Maritain opposed "anthropocentric humanism" that saw human nature as autonomous 7. Maritain instead advocated the "Christian humanism" of St. Thomas which saw human beings as possessing dignity and worth because they are created by God

How did the British gain a foothold in China in the mid-nineteenth century?

1. By 1815 Britain held India, Australia, Canada 2. (1839-1842) Opium War with China a. British sought a place to purchase Chinese tea and to sell Indian opium b. Using Indian troops, the British occupied a coastal area and forced China to capitulate c. Britain received: Hong Kong, $1,000,000 and the right to trade with 4 cities d. Further hostilities resulted in forcing the Chinese to allow emigration to South Africa and the U. S. to become cheap industrial labor e. The British were soon followed in China by the French, Russians and Germans

A. WWI: THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPEAN CONFIDENCE

1. Devastation caused by the war revealed the destructive nature of excessive nationalism 2. Faith in technological and scientific progress failed as people realized it could not give meaning to lives destroyed by violence 3. The glorification of war that had given meaning to a bored and disintegrating society was seen as causing even greater disintegration of culture 4. The collapse of Western culture that had begun prior to the war continued 5. People were unsure whether life had any meaning at all a. Growing doubt in the rationality and potential goodness of human beings b. Growing acceptance of doubt concerning the existence of God

B. JOSEPH STALIN (1879-1953)

1. Gradually overcame Trotsky and all moderates in the Party after Lenin's death 2. December 1927 Party Congress a. A rubber stamp for Stalin's policies b. Opposition stamped out c. "Revolution from above" 3. The Five Year Plan a. Sought to increase industrial production b. "Collectivization" (1929-1933): forced peasants to give up individual ownership of land and animals and join farm collectives that could be controlled by the government to produce specified allotments of specified crops at specified and predictable times. c. Peasants who resisted were killed or sent to forced labor camps d. Peasants protested by killing animals and burning crops e. (1929-1933) 5-6 million people died f. peasant collectives must meet a grain quota for the state and only after that could they use their produce to take care of their family g. Industrialization Program (1928-1937): Heavy taxes to invest in industry increased output but led to a decline in the standard of living. Few consumer goods but much building of railroads, power plants and armaments. 4. Stalinist Russia a. Terrorism and Purges: mass arrests and executions of party members, army officers and private citizens. Torture to elicit confessions, and forced labor camps for those not directly executed b. Total state control of media and art to produce "socialist realism" in art that glorified the soviet state. c. Poor living conditions d. Continued war against the Orthodox Church

A. LENIN IN POWER (1921-1924): THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY`

1. Lenin's attempt to help Russia recover from the economic devastation of the Civil War 2. Restoration of limited freedom of trade for peasants a. Peasants could keep the land they had seized b. Peasants paid a grain tax but could sell leftover grain at the best price c. Small businesses and private merchants were allowed freedom to sell 3. The NEP was successful but its gains were reversed by Stalin 4. The Comintern (The Communist International): Created to foster the growth of small Communist cells and parties throughout Europe 5. The destruction of the Orthodox Church 6. 1923 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: the new name for the federation of states under the control of Russia

Fundamental Laws

1. May 1906 The Fundamental Laws a. New constitution based on universal male suffrage b. The Tsar had veto power over laws passed by the Duma

What Politics did Bismarck pursue after 1871?

1. Peace in Europe: Germany is a "satisfied power" 2. The Kulturkampf: aimed primarily at South German Catholics and socialists a. Distrusted as internationalist rather than nationalist b. The Northern Protestant states distrusted Catholics also for religious reasons c. 1870 Pius IX Decree of Papal Infallibility: used by Bismarck as a pretext for anti-Catholic legislation against Catholicism and the Catholic Center Party in the Reichstag *Required government supervision of the Church *Marriages must be performed by the state to be official *The Jesuits were restricted *Clergy who objected were imprisoned or exiled 3. Resolution of the Kulturkampf a. 1878 Pope Leo XIII: was able to negotiate with Bismarck to end the anti-Catholic laws b. After 1879: Bismarck supported high import tariffs on grain c. South German Catholics who were the major grain producers Government revenue increased Bismarck wins support of Conservative Party and Catholic Center Party D. Control of Radical Working Class Outlawed Social Democratic Party Passed laws to benefit workers 1883 National sickness insurance 1884 National accident insurance 1889 Old Age and Retirement Benefits William II (1888-1918) 1890 dismissed Bismarck as Chancellor Allowed return of Social Democratic Party and socialist movement

B. CAUSES OF THE CULTURAL COLLAPSE

1. Scientific ideas of Darwin a. Darwin's ideas seemed to make human life a purely material affair of struggle for survival b. Darwin's theories also seemed to some to explain the existence of life apart from God 2. The growth of irrationalism in European thought a. Europeans abandoned the Western faith in reason and in democratic government based on reason b. The notion of objective truth in any realm that could guide human endeavors was rejected c. Freud's psychological ideas described human beings as essentially irrational and driven by inner, and difficult to control passions 3. Modernism in art rejected the traditional artistic reliance on objective reality, external form and order and glorified the self-expression of the inner states, perceptions and feelings of the artist

The black Hand

1. Serbian Pan-Slavism supported by the secret Serbian nationalist society, "The Black Hand" Union or death. Unify or die trying

D. WERNER HEISENBERG (1901-1976)

1. The "uncertainty principle:" There is no way to know both the speed and location of an electron; and it is impossible to calculate or predict what it will do and when. 2. The return of scientific "probability"

A. IRRATIONALISM: FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)

1. The most violent and influential exponent of the need to reject Western Christian society and its values 2. Famous works: a. Twilight of the Idols b. The Anti-Christ c. The Will to Power 3. Criticized Christianity for creating a weak and spineless culture that produced a slave mentality of meekness, obedience and the desire for peace 4. Christianity was also to blame for creating the notion that all human beings share an equal dignity before God 5. Both democracy and socialism are bad because they see all people as equal and seek to create a society in which all people share equally in the benefits of the society 6. Nietzsche gloried in the fact that Europe was increasingly adrift, like a boat at sea with no land in sight. This provided an opportunity for a new direction. 7. "God is dead" and so is Christian morality and traditional social and moral values: nihilism 8. The time has come for the emergence of the "ubermensch," the "overman" a. He will assert his own will to power and define his own concept of value b. He will know that life is meaningless but this will allow him to live with a fierce joy and daring in the face of the void c. Nietzsche stressed the need for a human person who would harness his own passions and through self-discipline achieve self-perfection according to his own definition d. The intellect is nothing, the will is everything 9. Nietzsche contributed both to the war fervor preceding WWI by stressing the need to release the inner energy of man in violent ways and also to the sense of meaninglessness felt after the war because he struck down all traditional meaning and offered nothing to replace it

C. ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955)

1. Theory of Relativity: time and space are not absolute; they are not the same under all circumstances. 2. Time and space vary with the perspective of the participant or observer 3. Definitely stated that matter and energy are interchangeable: E=mc²

How did Native peoples resist imperialism? Gandhi and civil disobedience

1. Traditional Resistance: Based on Fear of Losing Traditional Cultural Identity Ex: 1900 Boxer Rebellion in China 2. Nationalist Resistance: Based on Creation of Sense of National Identity Ex: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948): led an Indian nationalist movement against the British with civil disobedience and non-violent resistance

B. PSYCHOLOGICAL IRRATIONALISM: SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

1. Unlike Nietzsche, Freud respected reason but believed that often our conscious thoughts are not determined by reason but by unconscious impulses 2. Civilization and Its Discontents a. Portrayed human beings as essentially irrational, driven by passions and desires that they find it difficult to control: primarily desires for sex and violence b. Civilization finds it necessary to restrain the passions and to redirect them to the production of intellectual and artistic pursuits c. Religion and the state impose strict limits on the fulfillment of human desires in order to maintain social stability d. As a result, people suffer and are unhappy. This is the price of civilization

B. MAX PLANCK (1858-1947)

1. c. 1900 began to believe that matter and energy are two forms of the same thing 2. Atoms are not stable, but emit quanta, spurts of sub-atomic energy, not a steady stream

Zollverein

1834: Prussia leads in foundign the Zollverein tariff union: Austria was excluded By 1853 all thirty- nine German statees were in the Zollverein

Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto

1848- Published jointly by Marx and Engels Both men returned to paris until the failure of the 1848 Revolution

How did Bismark explain publicly his preference for war over parliamentary procedures in the process of unification?

1860-1877: Bismark reconciles with middle class by preserving parliamentary government- Reichstag's: 2 houses Upper house: representatives appointed by governments of the member states Lower house: elected Prussian king still had the right to override decisions of the Reichstag Liberals supported Bismark and passed a retroactive spending bill for 1862-1866

Dual Monarchy: How was this an attempt to settle difficulties in the Austro- Hungarian Empire?

1867 Hungarian pressure causes the empire to become 2 states: the Dual Monarchy The Austrian Emperor, Francis Joseph I, was still acknowledged ruler of both Hungary became independent in domestic government Austria and Hungary share ministers of Finance, Defense and foreign affairs The dual monarchy created a dominant german/magyar empire

What impact did the Crimean War have on Russia and what changes were made by Alexander II after Russia's defeat in 1856?

2. (1853-1856) The Crimean War a. Russia went to war with the Turks ostensibly to protect Russian pilgrims to the Holy Land b. Great Britain, France and Sardinia-Piedmont feared extension of Russian power in the Crimea, sided with the Turks and defeated Russia c. Russia recognizes the need to industrialize B. RUSSIAN MODERNIZATION UNDER ALEXANDER II (1855-1881) 1. 1861 serfs freed: organized into peasant communes with collective payment of taxes 2. 1864 Zemstvo created: local organ of government with members from the nobility, the towns and the peasants 3. Some liberalization of censorship laws, greater emphasis on education and equality before the Law 4. Government encouragement of private building of railroads 5. Railroads led to industrial growth in Moscow and St. Petersburg 6. Growth of an urban working class of factory workers 7. Rapid industrial growth led also to poor working and living conditions 8. Development of reform groups and rapid spread of Marxist thought a. Spurred partly by Alexander's reforms b. 1898 First meeting of the Marxist Social Democratic Party 9. Industrial wealth funds Russian military expansion

Sergei Witte: What were his major accomplishments as Russia's Finance Minister?

2. Sergei Witte (1802-1903) Finance Minister a. Had read List's work on tariff unions and feared Russian lack of industry b. Directed the building of the Trans-Siberian Railroad from Moscow-Vladivostok c. Encouraged foreign investment in Russian industry 3. Autocratic government and a return to the ideals of Nicholas I

Kulturkampf: with whom was Bismarck chiefly concerned in this policy?

2. The Kulturkampf: aimed primarily at South German Catholics and socialists a. Distrusted as internationalist rather than nationalist b. The Northern Protestant states distrusted Catholics also for religious reasons

Three Emperors League 1873

3. 1873 Three Emperors League: Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary a. Combined Russia and Austria-Hungary in an alliance b. Isolates France

Spanish- American War: What did the US gain?

3. 1898 U. S. annexed Hawaii and acquired the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and took Cuba as a U. S. protectorate as result of the Spanish American War 1898-1901.

The Battle of the Marne

3. September 6, 1914 First Battle of the Marne 4. The British find an opening in the German line and force a German retreat 5. The trenches begin to be created: over 400 miles from the North Sea to the Alps a. Matching trenches on either side with barbed wire b. "no man's land" between the trenches 6. Massive casualties to acquire little or no territory

What prompted the US declaration of war in 1917?

4.The Entry of the United States a. German submarine warfare against commercial ships b. May 1915 Sinking of the Lusitania c. January 1917 The Zimmerman Telegram: proposal of a German-Mexican alliance if America entered the war d. Early 1917 Unrestricted German submarine warfare resumes e. April 1917 U.S. declares war on Germany "to make the world safe for democracy"

Alfred Dreyfus: What was the Dreyfus affair and what was the major result

5. 1901-1905 The Catholic Church was made a private institution following "The Dreyfus Affair" a. 1894 Alfred Dreyfus accused of treason: tried and found guilty due to anti-Semitism in the army and the public at large b. The decision was supported by the Church c. Radical Campaign to defend Dreyfus: 1898 J'Accuse was written by Émile Zola d. 1903 Dreyfus was acquitted and given the Legion of Honor

Bloody Sunday

6. January 1905 Bloody Sunday a. Peaceful protestors led by Father Gapon approach the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg b. Tsar Nicolas II (1894-1917) left the palace and ordered his troops to fire on the crowd

Congress of Berlin 1878

7. 1878 Congress of Berlin: Called by Bismarck with Two Goals a. dissolve tensions between Austria and Russia b. create a balance of power in the Balkans c. Austria: allowed to "occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina (balanced Russian interests) d. Bulgaria: divided up into several smaller states at least partly dominated by the Turks

October Manifesto

8. Nicholas issues the "October Manifesto" a. Nicholas promises a new constitution and a representative Duma b. Radical workers want more: December 1905 Workers' Revolt suppressed by the government

Why did Great Britain declare war on Germany in August of 1914?

9. August 4 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality

THE AGE OF ANXIETY

: THE RESPONSE TO WAR AND INTELLECTUAL DISINTEGRATION (1918-1939)

Sources of Marxist Thought

A synthesis of English economic theory, French Socialism and German philosophy Adam Smith: Marx accepted the labor theory of value and the historical approach to economics David Ricardo: the iron law of wages French socialists: Society must be restructured to benefit workers Government will eventually wither away in an egalitarian society Ideally, workers should be able to perform a number of jobs Meaningful work as an essential part of being human Georg Hegel: Dialectical Theory of History

V. THE EMERGENCE OF TOTALITARIAN IDEOLOGY

A. ARISES IN A DISILLUSIONED WORLD DECIMATED BY WAR B. SEEKS TO PROVIDE AN ALL-EMBRACING IDEOLOGY THAT CLAIMS TO HAVE THE KEY TO ALL OF HISTORY AND A PLAN FOR CREATING A PERFECT WORLD C. TRIES TO ESTABLISH UNITY BY ABOLISHING ALL COMPETING OPINIONS D. PROMOTES ABSOLUTE LOYALTY TO A SUPREME LEADER WHO IS PORTRAYED AS GODLIKE AND INFALLIBLE E. ADVOCATES THE WELFARE OF "HUMANITY" AT THE EXPENSE OF SPECIFIC PEOPLE: THOSE WHO STAND IN THE WAY ARE EXPENDABLE F. ALL AREAS OF LIFE ARE POLITICIZED. NO AREA OF HUMAN LIFE IS PRIVATE.

How did the Belgians frustrate Germany's plans?

A. BELGIAN FRUSTRATION OF GERMAN PLANS 1. Belgium defended their territory and slowed down the Germans 2. Germany was unable to eliminate the French army early in the war 3. Russia invaded Germany more quickly than expected: German troops had to be transferred to the East

What happened between the Russians and the Germans and the Austrians?

A. GERMANY AND RUSSIA 1. August 26-30 Battle of Tannenberg a. Germany defeated Russia b. Russia withdrew from Germany for the duration of the war 2. Spring 1915 Germany aids Austria against the Russians: over 1,000,000 Russian casualties

What events brought WWI to a close in Germany?

A. GROWING DISILLUSIONMENT BY 1916 1. Rebellion against rationing: workers in Germany, France and Great Britain begin to strike and protest 2. Mutinies by soldiers in field 3. Ireland: The Easter Rebellion 4. Socialists: organize revolts and demonstrations against the war 5. Chief minister of Austria is assassinated by a socialist 6. German socialists and Catholics pass a resolution calling for peace with no gains B. THE LAST MILITARY AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1. Spring of 1918: Germany mounts one last offensive 2. July-August 1918 Second Battle of Marne: lost by Germany 3. August 8The British and French break through the German line with tanks 4. The allies of the central powers begin to collapse 5. November 3 German Revolution a. Army and workers seize government b. November 9 Germany is declared a republic: the Kaiser abdicates c. The new government agreed to an immediate end to war d. January 1919 Attempt by radical socialists and communists to seize power is defeated 6. November 3: Austria-Hungary Surrenders 7. November 11: The Armistice is Signed ending the war 8. Various countries declare independence 9. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Bulgaria become republics 10. Yugoslavia is created: led by Serbia

VI. RESULTS OF POOR ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOLLOWING THE GREAT DEPRESSION (1929-1933)

A. MANY DOUBTED THE ABILITY OF THEIR GOVERNMENTS, MOSTLY REPUBLICS, TO PROVIDE ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP. B. THE POOR ECONOMY HELPED PRODUCE A RETURN OF THE DOUBT AND ANXIETY PREVALENT AFTER WWI: PEOPLE WERE LOOKING FOR SOMEONE TO TRUST. C. GOVERNMENT ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE JOBS FOR PEOPLE LED IN MANY CASES TO REARMAMENT

Schlieffen Plan: What were the assumptions on which the plan was based and what did the plan itself hope to accomplish?

A. THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN 1. Assumed a war on two fronts: France and Russia 2. Assumed it would take Russia at least six weeks to mobilize 3. Germany should quickly attack France via Belgium, seize Paris and then rush troops to the eastern front to fight the Russians

New Imperialism 1880-1914: What areas were chiefly its targets?

Africa and Asia

What happened in the Austro Hungarian Empire at the end of the war?

Austria Hungary Surrenders

Austro- Prussian War and Franco- Prussian war: Why did Bismarck think these two wars were necessary and what were the important results of each war?

Austro Prussian war: 7 weeks Bismark wanted a war with Austria to unify the norther German states Bismark first secured the neutrality of Russia, Italy, and France. Deliberately provoked by Bismarck using Schleswig- Holstein: jointly seized and administered by Prussia and Austria since 1864 Prussian troops quickly mobilized and overran a number of northern German states considered to be Austrian and defeated Austria at the Battle of Sadowa or Koniggratz The German confederation was dissolved A North German Confederation led by Prussia was created Venetica was given Franco Prussian War: 1870-1871 1870 Spanish Revolution: Isabella II was deposed Revolutionaries offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern The French Object: William I convinced Leopold to withdraw The french insist on a promise never to allow a Prussian to govern Spain William I politely refused to agree but decided to run the telegram by Bismarck first Ems dispatch: Bismarck reworded the telegram to make it seem rude Bismarck wants a war with France to force the southern German states, largely Catholic, into union with Prussia September 1, 1870 Battle of Sedan: Napoleon III was captured and abdicated the throne The S. German states agreed to join empire Paris surrendered to the Prussians in January 1871 after a five Month siege France lost Alsace- Lorraine

What was Leopold II of Belgium attempting to do in the Congo and what were the results?

B. CRISIS IN THE CONGO 1. 1876 Leopold II of Belgium: Sent Henry Stanley to the Congo River Basin to claim territory for his International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa (a private not a national enterprise) 2. The French respond by sending troops to the north bank of the Congo (France and Belgium share a border in Europe) 3. (1876-1884) Tensions begin to escalate as the French and Belgians vie for control of territory

What is meant by total mobilization of resources and what were the social consequences of this in Europe during and after war?

B. GOVERNMENTAL CONTROL OF ALL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 1. Industry produced goods necessary for the war 2. Supplies and food were rationed 3. Government controlled the press and used propaganda to boost morale

Why were Europeans unprepared for this war? What new technological developments made this war so much more destructive than past wars? What was the general European attitude to war leading up to 1914

B. LACK OF PREPARATION FOR WAR IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE 1. First International European War in 100 years 2. First large-scale war since the development of new technologies a. Machine guns b. Longer-range artillery c. Tanks d. Airplanes e. Poison gas 3. Generals Expected to Fight Using 19th-Century Military Techniques 4. The result: Stalemate and trench warfare

Russia war plans: How did these plans contribute to the war?

B. RUSSIAN PLANS 1. Assumed a war on two fronts: Austria and Germany 2. Knew that it would take some time to mobilize troops 3. If war seemed imminent, begin to mobilize: troops could be sent home if not needed

Russian French Alliance

B. THE CREATION OF RIVAL BLOCS 1. (1891-1917) Russian-French Alliance 2. Two Rival Blocs a. Germany, Austria, and Italy b. France and Russia

The pankhursts

Became increasingly militant and violent. Emmeline, Sylvia and Cristabel Panhurst urged public demonstrations and the invasion of the House of commons. They advocated violence.

What is positivism?

Believed science to be the greatest achievement of the human intellect Sought to apply the insights of science to the study of human society Rejected the use of reasoned metaphysics and philosophy apart from empirical evidence

What was Bismark's political plan for unifying Germany?

Bismark wanted war with Austria to unify the northern German states.

1884 Berlin Conference on Africa: Who called it and what were its purpose and results?

C. 1884 BERLIN CONFERENCE ON AFRICA 1. Sponsored by Bismarck and Jules Ferry of France 2. Attempted to maintain a humanitarian agenda a. condemned the slave trade b. prohibited the sale of hard liquor and fire arms in some areas c. expressed the need for mission activity and religious instruction 3. Laid out term of European Competition for African Territory a. claims may not be made to territory without notifying other European powers b. no territory may be claimed unless effectively occupied c. all future disputes will be settled by arbitration d. Leopold would govern the Congo Free State as independent ruler, not as King of Belgium e. The Congo basin was a free trade zone 1960: belgium gave up Congo

What was Bismarck's approach to the Social Democratic Policy and how did he pacify the workers movement?

D. Control of Radical Working Class Outlawed Social Democratic Party Passed laws to benefit workers 1883 National sickness insurance 1884 National accident insurance 1889 Old Age and Retirement Benefits

What kind of imperialism was practiced by Europeans and the US in Latin America?

D. ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM IN LATIN AMERICA 1. Colonized early by Spain and Portugal 2. 18th Century: many rebellions against Spanish control 3. 19th Century: economic imperialism by Britain and France 4. 1903 U. S. supported the secession of Panama from Columbia to facilitate building the Panama Canal

Social Darwinism: What are the major manifestations of this in the nineteenth century?

Darwin's theories used to support Racial and gender inequality economic inequality political inequality and imperialism Darwinism and Christianity SIgnificance of Darwin for some Traditional Christian Ideas was Evident Challenge to a literal interpretation of Genesis 1 The suggestion of some Darwinists that creation and human beings are accidents Christian responses Total rejection of Darwin: 1864 Oxford Declaration Synthesis of Darwin's Ideas with Christianity: Charles Lyell and Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury Fredrick Temple Most of Europe becomes more secular: a further development of the results of Newton's mechanical universe Growth of "Agnosticism": a term coined by Thomas henry Huxley

Emile Zola: J'Accuse

During the Radical campaign to defend Dreyfus

Extreme Radical Nationalism: Characteristics

Extreme nationalism and belief in the superiority of a dominant ethnic group Antisemitism became common as the universal characteristic of radical nationalism (The Jews were seen not only as outsiders but often as collaborators in a conspiracy to control Europe) Racial intolerance was also aimed at the other ethic minorities The strongest form of racial nationalism developed in Germany with Volkish thought based on the volksgeist Extreme nationalism and racial nationalism will lead to two world wars in the 20th century

The third republic

France was governed by 2 houses: senate and chamber of deputies unions legalized rocked by repeated government scandals

Kingdom of Sardinia- Piedmont

Governed by Victor Emmanuel as a constitutional monarchy had a parliamentary government

Napoleon III: 1850s Conservative government

Government Control of Candidates and Policies Development of industry and job growth Support of Investment banks Building of Railroads Rebuilding of Paris: Baron Georges Haussmann

Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

Gradual simplifying of Class structure into two classes: Small Bourgeoisie and Large Proletariat Proletariat is growing as Bourgeoisie shrinks due to inability to compete When Proletarians become large enough they will bring about a revolution and overthrow the Bourgeoisie and establish a perfect workers state Revolution is necessary to force the Bourgeoisie to give up its control and because only a revolution will allow the complete restructuring of all society according to an egalitarian model

Napoleon III: 1860s More liberal government

Granted in response to pressure at home Foreign problems with Italy and Prussia Economic crash due to a silkworm disease and a lice that attacked the vineyards Workers were allowed to unionize and strike The national assembly acquired more power to influence law and policy Opposition candidates were allowed to run for office 1870 New constitution with Parliamentary government

agnosticism

Growth during Darwinism- term coined by Thomas Henry Huxley

What brought an end to Napoleon III's rule?

He was defeated at the battle of sedan

Natural Selection

Individuals most suited to the environment survive and pass on their characteristics to offspring (natural selection is the mechanism for survival of the fittest)

Survival of the fittest

Influenced by Malthus to believe in development as the result of struggle and survival of the fittest... Natural selection is the mechanism for survival of the fittest)

What were the major trends in British Politics after 1850?

Initially: control of Government by "Country Gentlemen" and a wealthy elite Early 19th Century struggle for Reform continued Competition for Political Support Extends Democracy 1867 Failure of Attempt by the liberal William Gladstone to pass a bill extending voting rights Conservative Benjamin Disraeli promotes a successful bill to grant suffrage to most urban workers Compulsory education is advocated 1884 Third reform bill - suffrage for most adult males. Suffrage extended to all men who pay any rents or taxes The first time agricultural laborers can vote** 1893 J. Kier Hardie Forms the Labour party - a response to the poor economic conditions of the 1890s. A vehicle for specifically working class interests within the government 1906 David Lloyd George and the Liberal party come to power- the peoples budget is passed with help from the Labour party. Taxes are increased on the wealthy to finance Social Legislation. National Health Insurance, Unemployment and Retirement Benefits are provided. The budget is passed with the help from a massive general strike. Parliament Act of 1911. Lords may only delay not permanently stop legislation. Commons becomes the de facto legislative Branch of government: Elected group. Full representative government now.

What was the major issue at stake in the Irish Question and who most opposed Irish independence?

Irish Agitation increased due to British failure to respond during the Potato Famine. The fenians are formed to agitate for Irish independence Liberals respond by Liberal Reform efforts abolition of the tithe to the Anglican Church Land reform Charles Stewart Parnell leads the parliamentary drive for Irish Home rule. William Gladstone proposes Home Rule Bills: Failed Irish Home Rule most strongly opposed by Northern Irish Protestants

Uniformitarianism

Lyell's theory of the very long, slow development of the earth's surface due to erosion by wind and water or changes in heat and cold, etc.

Dialetical Martialism

Marx's adaption of Hegel traces the class struggle from the ancient slave economy of Rome to the medieval land- based economy and through the Bourgeois Revolution of Early Modern Europe. Marx predicts a proletarian Revolution of the future

What are the major characteristics of Realism as artistic movements?

Mid Nineteenth- Century Response to romanticism Dislike of Sentimentality and the idealized view of life as portrayed by the romantics sought to depict human life in all its forms as it really is sought to parallel the scientific study of nature with a scientifically accurate depiction of the details of human life Gustav Courbet (1819-1877)- French realist artist, depicted French people in their daily lives, Burial at Ornans (1849) Charles Dickens (1812-1870)- A realist writer with a social conscience, portrayed the difficult lives of industrial workers, orphans and those accused of crimes, Hard Times (1854)

What were the major divisions of Italy prior to unification and what kingdom led the movement to unify the peninsula?

Naples- Sicily: governed by the Spanish branch of the bourbons ***Papal states: governed by the pope Lombardy and venetia: governed by Austria since 1815 Tuscany, parma, Modena: governed by Hapsburg princes loyal to Austria ***Sardinia- Piedmont: governed by the house of savoy Unification of N. Italy under Sardinia after expelling the Austria

Paris Commune and Communards

Paris refused to surrender to Bismarck The city was controlled by the Communards to created the paris Commune The commune was inspired by the acobins of the radical 1793 revolution The commune was suppressed y Adolphe Thiers, Provisional President of the Republic: 20,000 men and women executed January 1871- paris surrenders to Bismarck

Ulster Volunteers

Private army formed to defend Protestant interests. Ireland seemed poised for civil war

What are the major characteristics of Naturalism as artistic movements?

Realism with an added scientific dimensions. Sought to apply laws of cause and effect to the relationship between environment and human character Generally, but not always, gloomy in its tendency to describe the degradation of human life under pressures from social environment and the actions of other people

Extreme Nationalism: Characteristics

Result of teh divorce of liberalism from nationalism which had been joined in the early 19th century Exalted the natinal state at the expense of any other issue The state was perceived as the expression of the national spirit Was willing to sacrifice liberal ideals for national unity (parlimentary processes were seen as divisive) Nationalists placed loyalty to country above loyalty to God and Religious faith (Nationalism became a new form of religion) ***War came to be seen as holy in and of itself as a way to limit concern for the self and dedicate all to the state (language of redemption for the state through war became common)

Jules Ferry: With what major policies is he associated with?

Served as both Minister of Education and Foreign Affairs Introduced laws to mandate free compulsory education Directed France's imperialistic Policies

What were the major stages of German unification?

Stage one: Economic Unification Stage two: Political Unification

How do kipling's "the white mans buredon" and social darwinism relate to imperialism?

VI. SOCIAL DARWINISM 1. A way of justifying European imperialism 2. Defended both by those who believed their nation to be superior and by those who believed that competition for colonies would strengthen their country in the struggle for survival VII. THE "WHITE MAN'S BURDEN" 1. Summarized in the poem by Rudyard Kipling 2. Europeans have a duty to take the benefits of Christianity and civilization to other people

Theodor Herzel and Zionism

Zionism: The Jewish response to 19th century antisemitism Jews began to believe that the only way to maintain security and identity as a people would come in the form of their own state Theodor Herzel: founder of Zionism The Jewish State argued a Jewish state was the only real solution to the Jewish question Jews had tried to assimilate within various countries and retain their religious beliefs but had been rejected Palestine was the historic homeland of Judaism and should be reclaimed for the Jewish people

What were Bismarck's two major policy goals after 1871?

a. Isolate France from the alliance system to prevent retaliation and attempt to regain Alsace-Lorraine b. Prevent German involvement in a war between Russia and Austria-Hungary over the Balkans

Irish Republican Brotherhood

along with the Gaelic League form in Ireland to press for independence

1885 Khartoum

b. 1885 Khartoum: General Charles Gordan was sent by Gladstone to observe and he and the garrison at Khartoum were annihilated

188 Omdurman:

c. 1888 Omdurman: The new Conservative government sent General Horatio Kitchener 10,000 Sudanese Muslims killed, 13,000 wounded

Horatio Kitchener

c. 1888 Omdurman: The new Conservative government sent General Horatio Kitchener 10,000 Sudanese Muslims killed, 13,000 wounded

1906 David Lloyd George and the Liberal party

come to power- the peoples budget is passed with help from the Labour party. Taxes are increased on the wealthy to finance Social Legislation. National Health Insurance, Unemployment and Retirement Benefits are provided. The budget is passed with the help from a massive general strike.

Evelyn Baring

f. Evelyn Baring: governed Egypt after 1883 and argued that Egyptians needed the benefits of European civilization and governmental reform

Alienation

from the product of labor due to division of labor from the right to meaningful work due to both the conditions of industrialization and the inability of the worker to control working conditions and the means of productions

Surplus value

the difference between what a worker is actually paid and the true value of the labor, stolen by the employer as profit