Exam 4 Chapter 19: Environmental Health

12. Several factors are taken into account when calculating the exposure estimate, including the duration of the exposure, the frequency of exposure, and the bioavailability of the contaminant. What is biomonitoring? A) The amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation B) Process of using medical tests to determine whether a person has been exposed to a contaminant C) Focus on monitoring the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population from exposures in their environments D) Monitoring of number of adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment

B

17. Children may be more vulnerable to environmental exposures than adults. There are several factors that increase children's vulnerability. Which are the factors to consider with children? 1. Body systems are still rapidly developing. 2. Eat less, drink less, and breathe more in proportion to their body size than adults. 3. Body may be less able to break down and excrete contaminants. 4. Behaviors can expose them to more contaminants. A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4

B

19. Environmental justice is an important consideration when working with tribal communities. Many tribal communities still continue to try and practice traditional tribal life ways. In what aspect are traditional practices often directly affected by contaminated land and water? A) Spiritual practices B) Dietary practices C) Work opportunities D) Exercise opportunities

B

20. In the United States, most citizens have access to clean water and sanitation services and often take these services for granted. Worldwide, however, clean water and sanitation are not standard. What percentage of the global population lacks access to improved water sources? A) 7 B) 17 C) 27 D) 37

B

3. Even though new research and developments are occurring at a historically rapid pace, there are still large gaps in peoples' knowledge about certain subjects. What subjects still have large gaps in people's knowledge concerning environmental health? A) How certain contaminants affect human chronic disease progression B) How to assess exposures to contaminants C) How the environment influences cancer occurrence D) How to live as individuals and maintain a healthy lifestyle

B

1. What is an exposure pathway? A) The total amount of a contaminant that comes in direct contact with the body. B) Factors that determine a person's level of exposure to a contaminant. C) Method by which people are exposed to an environmental contaminant that originates from a specific source. D) Process to help determine whether an individual has been exposed to environmental contaminants.

C

10. An exposure pathway helps illustrate that proximity to a contaminant is not the deciding factor in determining its effect on humans. What is the point of the exposure? A) Describe what the contaminants are and where they originate B) Medium that the contaminant is in to determine who is exposed C) Place where people come in contact with the contaminated medium D) How the contaminant enters the body

C

15. Many basic principles of epidemiologic studies can be applied to the field of environmental health for environmental epidemiology to help determine whether the environment is affecting people's health. What is environmental epidemiology? A) Focus on the amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the community B) Monitoring the results of medical tests to determine whether a person has been exposed to a contaminant C) Focus on the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population from exposures in their environments D) Monitoring of the number of adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment

C

5. There are several important pieces of legislation that helped highlight the importance of environmental health and environmental protection. What is the superfund? A) National program to control the damaging effects of air pollution B) Protects and enhances the quality of the nation's air by regulating stationary and mobile sources of air emissions C) Environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites D) Comprehensive framework of standards, technical tools, and financial assistance to address the many causes of pollution and poor water quality

C

8. An exposure pathway helps illustrate that proximity to a contaminant is not the deciding factor in determining its effect on humans. An exposure pathway consists of five parts. What are three of the parts? 1. Point of contamination 2. Route of exposure 3. Receptor population 4. Environmental media and transport A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 4

C

4. The environment and its effect on human health are often considered in two ways. What is an example of how to focus on contaminants in the environment? A) Radon influence on human health B) Neighborhood safety C) Access to grocery stores D) Climate effects on health

A

11. Several factors are taken into account when calculating the exposure estimate, including the duration of the exposure, the frequency of exposure, and the bioavailability of the contaminant. What is bioavailability? A) The amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation B) Process of using medical tests to determine whether a person has been exposed to a contaminant C) Focus on the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population from exposures in their environments D) Number of adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment

A

13. Taking an exposure history can help nurses identify current or past exposures, eliminate exposures, and try and mitigate or reduce a client's adverse health effects from exposures. The nurse asks the client "Do you wear the clothes you wear at work to home?" This is an example of what subject on the exposure history? A) Present work B) Past work C) Home/residence D) Concerns

A

16. The information gained from environmental epidemiologic studies can be very helpful in trying to identify whether an exposure or what particular exposures have made people ill. What is a major challenge to most environmental epidemiology studies? A) Resource intensive in terms of personnel and money B) Period between exposure and illness can be very short C) Limited understanding of how exposure to one contaminant can make people ill D) Limited availability of data on individual contaminant effect on people's health

A

14. The nurse asks the question "Has the exposure pathway been interrupted?" This question would be considered during what phase of the nursing process to examine the impact of the environment on human health? A) Assessment B) Planning C) Intervention D) Evaluation

D

18. Many poorer or minority communities that lack political and economic power bear a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards. What is the most complete description of environmental justice? A) Belief that the majority of people should not bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences regardless of income B) Belief that the majority of people should not bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences regardless of race and culture C) Belief that the majority of people should not bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences regardless of race or culture D) Belief that no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences regardless of race, culture, or income

D

2. What is the process to help determine whether an individual has been exposed to environmental contaminants called? A) Exposure B) Exposure estimate C) Exposure pathway D) Exposure history

D

6. There are several environmental conditions to consider when assessing the environment of a community. What is a risk assessment? A) Assessment of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment. B) Process to help determine whether an individual has been exposed to environmental contaminants. C) Assessment of factors that determine a person's level of exposure to a contaminant. D) Process to determine the likelihood or probability that adverse effects will occur in a group of people because of an exposure to an environmental contaminant.

D

7. There are different methods for conducting risk assessment for environmental contaminants. What is the correct formula for determining the amount of risk? A) Hazard = exposure + risk B) Exposure = risk + hazard C) Risk = contaminant presence + exposure D) Risk = hazard + exposure

D

9. Contaminants that stay in the environment longer may influence health over a greater period of time. What is an example of a radiological contaminant? A) Lead B) Mercury C) Ricin D) Uranium

D