PSY3130

Competing environmental stimuli

Paying attention to internal states depends on the degree of environmental stimuli present at the time

Type A personality

People characteristed as time-pressured and hostile. They are less likely to engage in health promotional activities.

Theory of planned behaviour/Theory of reasoned action

People have intentions which are based on attitudes and subjective norms, which predict behaviour.

Factors which lead to stressful appraisals

Personal factors- self esteem, motivation, belief system , hardiness Situational factors- strong demands and imminent events, life transitions, ambiguity, low control, desirability of the situation, change- whether it is good or bad.

Community development approach

Strengthen or empower the community to change

Precipitating factors in insomnia

Stress is the most common

The outcomes of metabolism

Synthesis of new cells, regulation of body processes, the production of energy to fuel heat and processes

The amount of health budget spent on health promotion

1.6%

Persuasion model

Target group identified, target group hears message and pays attention, understand message, accept message, remember message and retain attitude, translate this into sustainable action.

Behavioural approach

Targeted through community wide or individual intervention.

Specificity theory of pain

That the body has a separate sensory system for perceiving pain. Old, discounted theory.

Adults who have a healthy lifestyle can expect to live an average ___ years longer than those who don't.

12

Social action

Acting as an advocate for the community

Angina

Acute, radiating, stabbing chest pain

Self regulation model of self care

The action taken by the individual to improve their health and limit the impact of the illness. There are three models. Medical, Collaborative and Self-Agency

LDL cholesterol

The bad cholesterol which causes build up

Structural approach to disaster/trauma

The dimensions of a disaster are described, including the degree of impact, duration and preparedness of the community.

The continuum model of pain

The idea that pain is made up of physiological and psychological processes

Gate control theory of pain

The present dominant theory of pain. The idea that the gating mechanism is located in the spinal cord's Grey matter. The opening (high pain) and closing (low pain) of the gate is caused by the amount of activity in the pain fibres, the amount of activity in peripheral fibres and messages from the brain.

5 leading causes of deaths in Australia

Cancer, Heart disease, stroke, accidents and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Coping

The process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in a situation. This involves transactions with the environment.

Strain

The reaction to stressors

General Adaption Syndrome

The response of the body to prolonged stress. Initial alarm reaction, followed by a stage of resistance and adaption to the stress, followed by exhaustion.

The hereditability of obesity

Combination of genetics and role modelling

Illness related factors

The seriousness of the illness The extent to which it will impact on a person's life The changes it will bring to the body

Forebrain

Contains the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and telencephalon (limbic system and cerebellum).

What is a factor in the sleep of all animals?

Danger

Motivational interviewing

Enhancing a person's intrinsic motivations to change.

CBT

Focus on modifying maladaptive behaviours and cognitive styles.

Top down approach

Health promotion devised by health professionals and government

AMI

Heart attack

Social planning/technocratic approach

Implementation and advice for communities. Consultative approach.

Thalamus

Important for the flow of information in the NS

Psychological and physical stress are largely___

Independent. The rise in one does not predict the rise in the other.

Lifespan perspective of health psych

People are influenced by prior, current and future development

What factors combine to create perceived threat in the health belief model?

Perceived seriousness and perceived susceptibility

Processes of change

Precontemplation Contemplation action maintenance relapse

Primary prevention

Preventing illness and injury

Sleep consolidation/restriction

Reducing the time spent in bed by setting a specific window for sleep based on self reports. This is a paradoxical treatment for insomnia, however it stops them lying awake in bed and worrying. Will not necessarily increase sleep time but will improve efficiency and quality.

Midbrain

Relays information between the thalamus and forebrain

Peristalsis

The wave like motion of the muscles of the digestive tract that pushes food along

Diastolic pressure

Resting pressure, in between heart beats

CVA

Stroke

Tertiary prevention

Taking steps to control damage and restore health

Emotional aspects of stress

The cognitive appraisal assigned to the stressful event determines the emotional reaction. Fear is common Can lead to depression

Wrist actigraphy

The continuous recording of body movement

Hospice

The focus is on pain mangement and family interaction. The potential life left is maximised, person is made comfortable and has access to a range of medical personnel

HDL cholesterol

The good cholesterol which lowers build up

Chronic care model

The health system tend to focus on secondary and tertiary prevention.

Set point theory

The idea that we all have a set weight that the body will try to maintain

Systolic pressure

The maximum force in the arteries, when the heart pumps

Pattern theory of pain

There is no separate system for perceiving pain. Receptors for pain are shared. Old, discounted theory.

Sleep hygiene

Plays some role but is not useful on its own.

Physiological arousal

Polygraph, hormonal secretion or cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine

Eustress

Positive, action oriented stress

The process of grieving

Presents a range of challenges and opportunities for the griever. Requires energy and choice. While grief is an emotion over which we don't have control, the process of grieving allows us to have some control.

Australia's approach to health promotion

Primary health care. Based on WHO 10 step model.

Stimulus control in treating insomnia

Re-establish and strengthen the relationship between sleep and bed. Minimize the time awake in bed and eliminate non-sleep activities in bed.

Stages of change model/ Transtheortical model

Readiness to change as the principle factor

Hypothalamus

Regulates motivation, emotions and homeostasis

Cues to action

Reminders about future health problems

Cognitive restructuring

Replacing stressful thoughts with more realistic and helpful thoughts

Antigen

Any substance that can trigger an immune response

3 stages of delayed help seeking

Appraisal- not interpreting symptoms as problematic Illness- time between recognising their ill and deciding to seek treatment Utilisation- time between deciding to seek help and getting help

Psychogenic pain

Arises mostly from psychological causes, no organic cause can be identified.

Predisposing factors for insomnia

Arousability Worrier cognitive style Family history twice as common in women

Patient-centered

Ask open ended questions, avoid the use of medical jargon, participation of client in decision making.

Social cognitive theory

Bandura. Environmental influences. Observational learning.

Health belief model

Based on the idea that behaviour is motivated by beliefs about risk and the relative positives and negatives of changing behaviour.

Dynamic approach to disaster/trauma

Before, during and after an event. Responses are consistent to this model regardless of the type of disaster. Pre-impact (threat or warning) Impact Recoil (secondary threat still exists) Rescue Post-trauma

Sick-role behaviour

Behaviour which is undertaken to get well. Based on the idea that there is certain behaviour associated with being sick which does not involve completing normal activities. May involve seeking sympathy and other secondary gains.

3 types of preventative measure

Behavioural (demonstration and education), Environmental (public health campaigns eg. advertising), Preventative medicine (eg. checkups, screening programs)

Factors affecting sleeping patterns

Behavioural and circumstantial- lifestyle, health and employment factors Intrinsic processes- circadian and sleep homeostatic systems

Medications which can reduce stress

Benzodiazapines- decrease CNS activity Beta-Blockers- block sympathetic activity in PNS

Factors that determine blood pressure

Blood volume, cardiac output (amount of fluid being pumped), peripheral resistance (having to pass blockages) elasticity of arteries, viscosity (thickness of blood)

Asthma

Bouts of impaired breathing due to obstructed airways. Attacks can also be triggered by emotional states.

Atherosclerosis

Build up of fats and plaques in artery walls

Gas exchange in the lungs

CO2 is eliminated and O2 enters blood stream

Current Australian health priorities

CVD, mental health, diabetes, cancer, injuries

Stress

Can be defined as a process- a transaction emphasising the relationship between the individual and the environment Can be defined as a response- the reaction to a stressor Can be defined as a stimulus which causes a response

Cognitive aspects of stress

Can detract attention from other tasks, can inhibit cognitive functioning and can maintain stressful thoughts.

Diabetes

Can lead to the development of many other diseases. Hard to follow dietary and exercise advice- non-complicance is a major issue.

5 chemicals which make up food and the human body

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. + Water

Round middle increases the risk of

Chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease

Insomnia

Chronic- more than 4 weeks Acute- less than 4 weeks. Mostly settles spontaneously with resolving stressors.

Psychologists working with pre-op patients aim to increase...

Cognitive control, behavioural control and information control

Locality development

Community groups take responsibility for solving own health problems

Stress-Inoculation training

Conceptualization of the stress, skills acquisition, rehearsal, application and evaluation.

Cause of hypertension

Consistent high blood pressure. Being overweight/obese, gender (females over 50), family history, aging

Stress hormones

Cortisol, adrenalin and noradrenalin

Restless leg syndrome/periodic limb movement

Crampy, crawly feelings in legs. Rhythmic limb movement during sleep. Leads to waking and poor sleep.

Hardy personality

Defined as being committed, controlled and challenging. More likely to engage in and maintain healthy behaviours.

The principal mechanism of coping with dying is

Denial

Criticism of the Kubler-Ross model

Does not encompass full range of experiences and emotions People may not experience all stages or in this order

Advantages of medication for pain

Effective in the short term if used correctly

Rational-Emotive therapy

Ellis' view that stress results from irrational thinking. Treatment involves the Activating Experience, Beliefs and Consequences which are disputed for an effect.

Social behaviour and stress

Emergency situations can foster cooperation. Stress can cause withdrawal, hostility and anger Can result in decreases in helping behaviour

Key aspects of motivational interviewing

Empathy Discrepancy- between present and goals, increases motivation to change Avoid argumentation Support self-efficacy

Community organisation

Encourage communities to use own resources

Narcolepsy

Excessive sleepiness and sleep attacks.

Lay referral system

Family and friends network serves as a method of gaining health information

Firmicutes

Fat people have a lot more of these digestive bacteria

Shontz's 3 stages of reaction to diagnosis

Shock- stunned or bewildered, detachment from the situation Encounter reaction- disorganised thinking, feelings of loss, grief and helplessness Retreat- denial and controlled emotional responses. This gives way to reality with adjustment over time.

The pillars of optimal health

Good food, good sleep and fitness

Epilepsy

Grand mal- muscle seizures, petit mal- diminished consciousness. Can cause significant social and emotional distress.

Daily Hassles Scale

Hassles scales- events that occured in the last month Hassles are believed to be counteracted with uplifts- events which bring peace, joy and satisfaction.

How many people suffer chronic pain at some point in their life in Australia?

1 in 5

4 goals of health psychology

1- Promote and maintain health 2- prevent and treat illness 3- determine the behaviour correlates of illness 4- improve the health system and policy

National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for healthy eating

1- healthy weight, exercise, nutrition 2- enjoy a wide variety of foods and drink plenty of water 3- limit intake of salt, fat, sugar and alcohol 4- encourage and support breastfeeding 5- care for food

Kubler-Ross stages of dying (DABDA)

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargening 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Bottom up approach

Health promotion devised by the community and non-health professionals

Approximately how many hospital admissions result from non-compliance?

20%

The average Australian will visit the doctor how many times a year?

5.4

The patient adherence rate is approximately...

60%

Cause of stress

A discrepancy between the demands of a situation and the individual's perception of their capacity to cope with such demands.

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

A habitual sleep-wake pattern which is delayed usually more than 2 hours in comparison to conventional standards. People have trouble falling asleep, but once they are asleep they have no trouble staying asleep. More prevalent in adolescents and young adults.

Optimal stress

A level between eustress and distress which enhances performance

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

A list of events which are rated for the degree of life change they demand. Add up score to determine current stress. Correlation between the stress score and illness is low.

The most effective treatment for hypertension is

A low salt diet

Commonsense model

A model of a particular illness identity which includes symptoms, causes, prognosis and consequences

The inner thoughts on eating questionnaire

A pre-diagnostic tool to determine risk for an eating disorder. Assess biopsychosocial factors.

Health psychologists focus on developing...

A sense of community

Stressor

A stimulus in the the environment which causes stress

Crisis theory

Adjustment depends on a number of factors- illness related, background/personal, physical/social environmental. These determine cognitive appraisals, adaptive tasks and coping skills. Ultimately determine the outcomes a crisis.

Symptom-based behaviour

Health seeking behaviour- determining there is a problem and seeking a solution. Eg. going to the doctor

Insight therapy

Help patients to gain insight into the roots of their problems. Can help in normalising the experiences of chronic illness, and to address relationship issues.

Social ecology

How people interact with their environments

Systems approach

Identifying the systems to which a person belongs and that influence their health

Secondary appraisal

If the situation is viewed as stressful, we make an evaluation of our ability to cope. Positive or negative appraisal. If we believe we can cope this results in negative stress. If we believe we can't, this results in negative/unhelpful stress.

Background and personal factors

Age, gender, SES, beliefs and attitudes to health

Biofeedback

Allows an individual to form voluntary control over their physiological functioning

Primary appraisal

An initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat and degree of stress that the event brings. This is a cognitive process.

Major criticisms of the theories of health behaviour are that

They assume people are rational and do not just act on impulse. They ignore prior experience They assume that people make predictable use of information available to them Ignore the role of emotions Ignore the role of mental health disorders Ignore automatic behaviors

The theory of planned behaviour predicts that people are most likely to change when...

They feel good about it There is social pressure

Allodynia

Things that didn't hurt before now do.

Hyperalgesia

Things that used to hurt now hurt more

Circadian rhythm disorders

Those which involve a disturbance to bodyclock

Dispositional optimism

Those who have a generally optimistic outlook on life. More likely to engage in health promotion.

The main focus in preventing aids should be...

In women and low SES groups

Vichealth's action agenda

Smoking, alcohol, healthy eating, exercise, mental health

Protective mechanisms of the lungs

Sneezing, coughing, mucous

People who have ___ locus of control are more likely to engage in health promotion behaviours.

Internal

Health promotion

Interventions designed to short circuit illness and injury and enhance quality of life through changing behaviour and conditions of living

Sleep drive

Is related to homeostasis

Sleep as we age

Less deep and REM sleep more wakings and arousal during the night increased sleep disorders supplement poor sleep with naps

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Located in the hypothalamus. Is the master clock of the body. Most people have a natural day length of just over 24 hours.

Physical and social environmental factors

Social support suitability of the environment they live in

Statin drugs

Lower LDL and increase HDL

Perpetuating factors in insomnia

Maladaptive sleep habits and dysfunctional cognitions about sleep loss

Psychosomatic medicine

Medical study of how psychological symptoms can cause physical health problems

Secondary prevention

Treating illness early

Conflict in stress

Two opposing motivational factors Approach/approach- two appealing choices are incompatible Avoidance/avoidance- have to choose between two undesirable Approach/avoidance- there are aspects of both within a single situation

Light and melatonin

Melatonin is secreted in response to darkness. Bright light represses melatonin.

Mindfulness based cognitive therapy

Mindfulness is incorporated with cognitive behavioural therapy. Produces more robust changes than just training. Training in cognitive deactivation.

PTSD

Needs to include flashbacks or intense distress when exposed to the events. Need to have avoidance and arousal symptoms.

Distress

Negative, debilitating stress

Hindbrain

Spinal cord and cerebellum

rational nonadherence

Nonadherence which is deliberate and based on a decision

Disadvantages of medication for pain

Not a cure, has significant side effects, expensive, tolerance and dependency, do not benefit everyone, long term use can can cause an increase in sensitivity to pain

Fatigue

Not the same a sleepiness. Relates to being tired, sore, lacking energy and having a lowered mood.

Polysomnography (PSG)

Overnight sleep study. Measures a range of physiological processes.

PRECEDE and PROCEED

PRECEDE- objectives and criteria for evaluation. PROCEED- developing policy, implementation and evaluation

Neuropathic pain

Pain in the absence of ongoing damage which occurs in flare ups. May include tingling and other strange sensations.

Systematic desensitization

Pairs a stimulus with relaxation instead of stress. Assumption that CC can be reversed

Parasomnia

Undesirable events which disrupt sleep.

Social marketing

Use the four Ps of marketing. Product, promotion, place, price.

Cognitive therapy

Used to treat depression

Family therapy

Using behavioural, cognitive and insight therapies to change patterns of family interaction

Sleep apnea

Very common, affects around 5% of population. Noisy sleepers, poor sleepers. High daytime sleepiness. Obstructed airway causes person to wake up. Ongoing issue places high strain on cardio system and can lead to CVD or stroke.

Hepetitis

Viral inflammation of the liver

The three different types of health behaviour

Well, sick-role and symptom-based

Doctor-centered

When the physician asks questions which only require yes or no answers. Ignore patient attempts to identify symptoms. Establishing a causal relationship between organic cause and illness.

Conflict theory

When threat or opportunity challenges the current course of action we can either engage hypervigilance (frantic searching for a solution) or vigilance (reasoned thinking)

organic pain

Which arises from tissue damage or pressure.

Blood composition

White blood cells, red blood cells, platlets and plasma

Categories of health promotion

behavioural and community development

Arteriosclerosis

hardening and narrowing of artery walls

Peptic Ulcers

open sores in the digestive system lining

Cirrhosis

scarring of the liver- hepatitis or alcohol abuse

Emotion focused coping is used when the situation is ___, while problem focussed coping is used when the situation is ___.

unchangeable, changeable