PSY3130
Competing environmental stimuli
Paying attention to internal states depends on the degree of environmental stimuli present at the time
Type A personality
People characteristed as time-pressured and hostile. They are less likely to engage in health promotional activities.
Theory of planned behaviour/Theory of reasoned action
People have intentions which are based on attitudes and subjective norms, which predict behaviour.
Factors which lead to stressful appraisals
Personal factors- self esteem, motivation, belief system , hardiness Situational factors- strong demands and imminent events, life transitions, ambiguity, low control, desirability of the situation, change- whether it is good or bad.
Community development approach
Strengthen or empower the community to change
Precipitating factors in insomnia
Stress is the most common
The outcomes of metabolism
Synthesis of new cells, regulation of body processes, the production of energy to fuel heat and processes
The amount of health budget spent on health promotion
1.6%
Persuasion model
Target group identified, target group hears message and pays attention, understand message, accept message, remember message and retain attitude, translate this into sustainable action.
Behavioural approach
Targeted through community wide or individual intervention.
Specificity theory of pain
That the body has a separate sensory system for perceiving pain. Old, discounted theory.
Adults who have a healthy lifestyle can expect to live an average ___ years longer than those who don't.
12
Social action
Acting as an advocate for the community
Angina
Acute, radiating, stabbing chest pain
Self regulation model of self care
The action taken by the individual to improve their health and limit the impact of the illness. There are three models. Medical, Collaborative and Self-Agency
LDL cholesterol
The bad cholesterol which causes build up
Structural approach to disaster/trauma
The dimensions of a disaster are described, including the degree of impact, duration and preparedness of the community.
The continuum model of pain
The idea that pain is made up of physiological and psychological processes
Gate control theory of pain
The present dominant theory of pain. The idea that the gating mechanism is located in the spinal cord's Grey matter. The opening (high pain) and closing (low pain) of the gate is caused by the amount of activity in the pain fibres, the amount of activity in peripheral fibres and messages from the brain.
5 leading causes of deaths in Australia
Cancer, Heart disease, stroke, accidents and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Coping
The process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in a situation. This involves transactions with the environment.
Strain
The reaction to stressors
General Adaption Syndrome
The response of the body to prolonged stress. Initial alarm reaction, followed by a stage of resistance and adaption to the stress, followed by exhaustion.
The hereditability of obesity
Combination of genetics and role modelling
Illness related factors
The seriousness of the illness The extent to which it will impact on a person's life The changes it will bring to the body
Forebrain
Contains the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and telencephalon (limbic system and cerebellum).
What is a factor in the sleep of all animals?
Danger
Motivational interviewing
Enhancing a person's intrinsic motivations to change.
CBT
Focus on modifying maladaptive behaviours and cognitive styles.
Top down approach
Health promotion devised by health professionals and government
AMI
Heart attack
Social planning/technocratic approach
Implementation and advice for communities. Consultative approach.
Thalamus
Important for the flow of information in the NS
Psychological and physical stress are largely___
Independent. The rise in one does not predict the rise in the other.
Lifespan perspective of health psych
People are influenced by prior, current and future development
What factors combine to create perceived threat in the health belief model?
Perceived seriousness and perceived susceptibility
Processes of change
Precontemplation Contemplation action maintenance relapse
Primary prevention
Preventing illness and injury
Sleep consolidation/restriction
Reducing the time spent in bed by setting a specific window for sleep based on self reports. This is a paradoxical treatment for insomnia, however it stops them lying awake in bed and worrying. Will not necessarily increase sleep time but will improve efficiency and quality.
Midbrain
Relays information between the thalamus and forebrain
Peristalsis
The wave like motion of the muscles of the digestive tract that pushes food along
Diastolic pressure
Resting pressure, in between heart beats
CVA
Stroke
Tertiary prevention
Taking steps to control damage and restore health
Emotional aspects of stress
The cognitive appraisal assigned to the stressful event determines the emotional reaction. Fear is common Can lead to depression
Wrist actigraphy
The continuous recording of body movement
Hospice
The focus is on pain mangement and family interaction. The potential life left is maximised, person is made comfortable and has access to a range of medical personnel
HDL cholesterol
The good cholesterol which lowers build up
Chronic care model
The health system tend to focus on secondary and tertiary prevention.
Set point theory
The idea that we all have a set weight that the body will try to maintain
Systolic pressure
The maximum force in the arteries, when the heart pumps
Pattern theory of pain
There is no separate system for perceiving pain. Receptors for pain are shared. Old, discounted theory.
Sleep hygiene
Plays some role but is not useful on its own.
Physiological arousal
Polygraph, hormonal secretion or cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine
Eustress
Positive, action oriented stress
The process of grieving
Presents a range of challenges and opportunities for the griever. Requires energy and choice. While grief is an emotion over which we don't have control, the process of grieving allows us to have some control.
Australia's approach to health promotion
Primary health care. Based on WHO 10 step model.
Stimulus control in treating insomnia
Re-establish and strengthen the relationship between sleep and bed. Minimize the time awake in bed and eliminate non-sleep activities in bed.
Stages of change model/ Transtheortical model
Readiness to change as the principle factor
Hypothalamus
Regulates motivation, emotions and homeostasis
Cues to action
Reminders about future health problems
Cognitive restructuring
Replacing stressful thoughts with more realistic and helpful thoughts
Antigen
Any substance that can trigger an immune response
3 stages of delayed help seeking
Appraisal- not interpreting symptoms as problematic Illness- time between recognising their ill and deciding to seek treatment Utilisation- time between deciding to seek help and getting help
Psychogenic pain
Arises mostly from psychological causes, no organic cause can be identified.
Predisposing factors for insomnia
Arousability Worrier cognitive style Family history twice as common in women
Patient-centered
Ask open ended questions, avoid the use of medical jargon, participation of client in decision making.
Social cognitive theory
Bandura. Environmental influences. Observational learning.
Health belief model
Based on the idea that behaviour is motivated by beliefs about risk and the relative positives and negatives of changing behaviour.
Dynamic approach to disaster/trauma
Before, during and after an event. Responses are consistent to this model regardless of the type of disaster. Pre-impact (threat or warning) Impact Recoil (secondary threat still exists) Rescue Post-trauma
Sick-role behaviour
Behaviour which is undertaken to get well. Based on the idea that there is certain behaviour associated with being sick which does not involve completing normal activities. May involve seeking sympathy and other secondary gains.
3 types of preventative measure
Behavioural (demonstration and education), Environmental (public health campaigns eg. advertising), Preventative medicine (eg. checkups, screening programs)
Factors affecting sleeping patterns
Behavioural and circumstantial- lifestyle, health and employment factors Intrinsic processes- circadian and sleep homeostatic systems
Medications which can reduce stress
Benzodiazapines- decrease CNS activity Beta-Blockers- block sympathetic activity in PNS
Factors that determine blood pressure
Blood volume, cardiac output (amount of fluid being pumped), peripheral resistance (having to pass blockages) elasticity of arteries, viscosity (thickness of blood)
Asthma
Bouts of impaired breathing due to obstructed airways. Attacks can also be triggered by emotional states.
Atherosclerosis
Build up of fats and plaques in artery walls
Gas exchange in the lungs
CO2 is eliminated and O2 enters blood stream
Current Australian health priorities
CVD, mental health, diabetes, cancer, injuries
Stress
Can be defined as a process- a transaction emphasising the relationship between the individual and the environment Can be defined as a response- the reaction to a stressor Can be defined as a stimulus which causes a response
Cognitive aspects of stress
Can detract attention from other tasks, can inhibit cognitive functioning and can maintain stressful thoughts.
Diabetes
Can lead to the development of many other diseases. Hard to follow dietary and exercise advice- non-complicance is a major issue.
5 chemicals which make up food and the human body
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. + Water
Round middle increases the risk of
Chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease
Insomnia
Chronic- more than 4 weeks Acute- less than 4 weeks. Mostly settles spontaneously with resolving stressors.
Psychologists working with pre-op patients aim to increase...
Cognitive control, behavioural control and information control
Locality development
Community groups take responsibility for solving own health problems
Stress-Inoculation training
Conceptualization of the stress, skills acquisition, rehearsal, application and evaluation.
Cause of hypertension
Consistent high blood pressure. Being overweight/obese, gender (females over 50), family history, aging
Stress hormones
Cortisol, adrenalin and noradrenalin
Restless leg syndrome/periodic limb movement
Crampy, crawly feelings in legs. Rhythmic limb movement during sleep. Leads to waking and poor sleep.
Hardy personality
Defined as being committed, controlled and challenging. More likely to engage in and maintain healthy behaviours.
The principal mechanism of coping with dying is
Denial
Criticism of the Kubler-Ross model
Does not encompass full range of experiences and emotions People may not experience all stages or in this order
Advantages of medication for pain
Effective in the short term if used correctly
Rational-Emotive therapy
Ellis' view that stress results from irrational thinking. Treatment involves the Activating Experience, Beliefs and Consequences which are disputed for an effect.
Social behaviour and stress
Emergency situations can foster cooperation. Stress can cause withdrawal, hostility and anger Can result in decreases in helping behaviour
Key aspects of motivational interviewing
Empathy Discrepancy- between present and goals, increases motivation to change Avoid argumentation Support self-efficacy
Community organisation
Encourage communities to use own resources
Narcolepsy
Excessive sleepiness and sleep attacks.
Lay referral system
Family and friends network serves as a method of gaining health information
Firmicutes
Fat people have a lot more of these digestive bacteria
Shontz's 3 stages of reaction to diagnosis
Shock- stunned or bewildered, detachment from the situation Encounter reaction- disorganised thinking, feelings of loss, grief and helplessness Retreat- denial and controlled emotional responses. This gives way to reality with adjustment over time.
The pillars of optimal health
Good food, good sleep and fitness
Epilepsy
Grand mal- muscle seizures, petit mal- diminished consciousness. Can cause significant social and emotional distress.
Daily Hassles Scale
Hassles scales- events that occured in the last month Hassles are believed to be counteracted with uplifts- events which bring peace, joy and satisfaction.
How many people suffer chronic pain at some point in their life in Australia?
1 in 5
4 goals of health psychology
1- Promote and maintain health 2- prevent and treat illness 3- determine the behaviour correlates of illness 4- improve the health system and policy
National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for healthy eating
1- healthy weight, exercise, nutrition 2- enjoy a wide variety of foods and drink plenty of water 3- limit intake of salt, fat, sugar and alcohol 4- encourage and support breastfeeding 5- care for food
Kubler-Ross stages of dying (DABDA)
1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargening 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
Bottom up approach
Health promotion devised by the community and non-health professionals
Approximately how many hospital admissions result from non-compliance?
20%
The average Australian will visit the doctor how many times a year?
5.4
The patient adherence rate is approximately...
60%
Cause of stress
A discrepancy between the demands of a situation and the individual's perception of their capacity to cope with such demands.
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
A habitual sleep-wake pattern which is delayed usually more than 2 hours in comparison to conventional standards. People have trouble falling asleep, but once they are asleep they have no trouble staying asleep. More prevalent in adolescents and young adults.
Optimal stress
A level between eustress and distress which enhances performance
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
A list of events which are rated for the degree of life change they demand. Add up score to determine current stress. Correlation between the stress score and illness is low.
The most effective treatment for hypertension is
A low salt diet
Commonsense model
A model of a particular illness identity which includes symptoms, causes, prognosis and consequences
The inner thoughts on eating questionnaire
A pre-diagnostic tool to determine risk for an eating disorder. Assess biopsychosocial factors.
Health psychologists focus on developing...
A sense of community
Stressor
A stimulus in the the environment which causes stress
Crisis theory
Adjustment depends on a number of factors- illness related, background/personal, physical/social environmental. These determine cognitive appraisals, adaptive tasks and coping skills. Ultimately determine the outcomes a crisis.
Symptom-based behaviour
Health seeking behaviour- determining there is a problem and seeking a solution. Eg. going to the doctor
Insight therapy
Help patients to gain insight into the roots of their problems. Can help in normalising the experiences of chronic illness, and to address relationship issues.
Social ecology
How people interact with their environments
Systems approach
Identifying the systems to which a person belongs and that influence their health
Secondary appraisal
If the situation is viewed as stressful, we make an evaluation of our ability to cope. Positive or negative appraisal. If we believe we can cope this results in negative stress. If we believe we can't, this results in negative/unhelpful stress.
Background and personal factors
Age, gender, SES, beliefs and attitudes to health
Biofeedback
Allows an individual to form voluntary control over their physiological functioning
Primary appraisal
An initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat and degree of stress that the event brings. This is a cognitive process.
Major criticisms of the theories of health behaviour are that
They assume people are rational and do not just act on impulse. They ignore prior experience They assume that people make predictable use of information available to them Ignore the role of emotions Ignore the role of mental health disorders Ignore automatic behaviors
The theory of planned behaviour predicts that people are most likely to change when...
They feel good about it There is social pressure
Allodynia
Things that didn't hurt before now do.
Hyperalgesia
Things that used to hurt now hurt more
Circadian rhythm disorders
Those which involve a disturbance to bodyclock
Dispositional optimism
Those who have a generally optimistic outlook on life. More likely to engage in health promotion.
The main focus in preventing aids should be...
In women and low SES groups
Vichealth's action agenda
Smoking, alcohol, healthy eating, exercise, mental health
Protective mechanisms of the lungs
Sneezing, coughing, mucous
People who have ___ locus of control are more likely to engage in health promotion behaviours.
Internal
Health promotion
Interventions designed to short circuit illness and injury and enhance quality of life through changing behaviour and conditions of living
Sleep drive
Is related to homeostasis
Sleep as we age
Less deep and REM sleep more wakings and arousal during the night increased sleep disorders supplement poor sleep with naps
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Located in the hypothalamus. Is the master clock of the body. Most people have a natural day length of just over 24 hours.
Physical and social environmental factors
Social support suitability of the environment they live in
Statin drugs
Lower LDL and increase HDL
Perpetuating factors in insomnia
Maladaptive sleep habits and dysfunctional cognitions about sleep loss
Psychosomatic medicine
Medical study of how psychological symptoms can cause physical health problems
Secondary prevention
Treating illness early
Conflict in stress
Two opposing motivational factors Approach/approach- two appealing choices are incompatible Avoidance/avoidance- have to choose between two undesirable Approach/avoidance- there are aspects of both within a single situation
Light and melatonin
Melatonin is secreted in response to darkness. Bright light represses melatonin.
Mindfulness based cognitive therapy
Mindfulness is incorporated with cognitive behavioural therapy. Produces more robust changes than just training. Training in cognitive deactivation.
PTSD
Needs to include flashbacks or intense distress when exposed to the events. Need to have avoidance and arousal symptoms.
Distress
Negative, debilitating stress
Hindbrain
Spinal cord and cerebellum
rational nonadherence
Nonadherence which is deliberate and based on a decision
Disadvantages of medication for pain
Not a cure, has significant side effects, expensive, tolerance and dependency, do not benefit everyone, long term use can can cause an increase in sensitivity to pain
Fatigue
Not the same a sleepiness. Relates to being tired, sore, lacking energy and having a lowered mood.
Polysomnography (PSG)
Overnight sleep study. Measures a range of physiological processes.
PRECEDE and PROCEED
PRECEDE- objectives and criteria for evaluation. PROCEED- developing policy, implementation and evaluation
Neuropathic pain
Pain in the absence of ongoing damage which occurs in flare ups. May include tingling and other strange sensations.
Systematic desensitization
Pairs a stimulus with relaxation instead of stress. Assumption that CC can be reversed
Parasomnia
Undesirable events which disrupt sleep.
Social marketing
Use the four Ps of marketing. Product, promotion, place, price.
Cognitive therapy
Used to treat depression
Family therapy
Using behavioural, cognitive and insight therapies to change patterns of family interaction
Sleep apnea
Very common, affects around 5% of population. Noisy sleepers, poor sleepers. High daytime sleepiness. Obstructed airway causes person to wake up. Ongoing issue places high strain on cardio system and can lead to CVD or stroke.
Hepetitis
Viral inflammation of the liver
The three different types of health behaviour
Well, sick-role and symptom-based
Doctor-centered
When the physician asks questions which only require yes or no answers. Ignore patient attempts to identify symptoms. Establishing a causal relationship between organic cause and illness.
Conflict theory
When threat or opportunity challenges the current course of action we can either engage hypervigilance (frantic searching for a solution) or vigilance (reasoned thinking)
organic pain
Which arises from tissue damage or pressure.
Blood composition
White blood cells, red blood cells, platlets and plasma
Categories of health promotion
behavioural and community development
Arteriosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of artery walls
Peptic Ulcers
open sores in the digestive system lining
Cirrhosis
scarring of the liver- hepatitis or alcohol abuse
Emotion focused coping is used when the situation is ___, while problem focussed coping is used when the situation is ___.
unchangeable, changeable