Exam 4 Psych learning curve review
Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This BEST illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by:
extrinsic motivation.
One evening, Zoe examines the schedule for her favorite football team. The team plays 16 games each season. Later she tries recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team. It is more likely that Zoe will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This phenomenon is called the _____ effect.
primacy
Lee is around 2 years of age. His parents can expect the _____ stage of language development to begin soon.
two-word
The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This BEST illustrates that emotional states can be _____ cues.
retrieval
The textbook suggests that _____ and _____ are the newest modifications to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic model of memory.
automatic processing; working memory
We _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.
automatically process
Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is that the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing _____ interference.
proactive
Tanner's study partner asks him, "Which German physiologist is associated with the trichromatic theory of color vision?" "Um . . . von . . . von . . . I know it! H something . . . ," Tanner manages. Tanner is experiencing:
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Rhonda cannot remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.
anterograde
After she suffered a stroke, Mrs. Estrada had so much difficulty speaking that she had to communicate by writing. This suggests that her brain damage occurred in _____ area in the left hemisphere.
broca's
Makaila is able to discriminate speech sounds and can even read lips. Makaila is MOST likely about _____ months of age.
4
In a study of several hundred convicts later exonerated by DNA evidence, just over _____ percent were convicted by faulty eyewitness accounts.
70
Which individual is MOST likely to have memory difficulties?
Jane, who studies Spanish and French back-to-back
George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can store only _____ in short-term memory.
about 7 bits of information
_____ is a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.
amnesia
Every day, Jamie imagines that she will win her gymnastics competition. She imagines receiving a medal and the cheers from the crowd. The visual imagery Jamie is using is called:
an outcome simulation.
A few days before flying to San Francisco, Jim watched a documentary about the 1906 earthquake that devastated the city. Even though the chance of getting caught in an earthquake while in San Francisco was relatively minor, Jim decided to cancel his trip. This BEST illustrates the _____ heuristic.
availability
A potential source of irrationality is _____, our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence.
belief perseverance
Dr. Zane has been studying monkeys' ability to classify photographs of cats and dogs. After the monkeys became competent at this task, Dr. Zane found that specific frontal lobe neurons fired in response to new catlike or doglike images. This suggests that the monkeys:
can form concepts.
Ebbinghaus himself was the only participant in his studies of memory. Ebbinghaus therefore used the _____ method in his research.
case study
As cognitive psychologists define it, a concept is a(n):
category
Research suggests that humans can MOST easily master the grammar of a second language during:
childhood
Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone number (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number.
chunking
We mentally group similar objects into categories called _____ that provide a great deal of information with little effort.
concepts
Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when he is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This likely reflects his _____ memory.
echoic
The processing of information into the memory system is called _____.
encoding
Austin cannot remember Jack Smith's name because he was not paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:
encoding failure.
When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Bill is actively:
encoding, storing, and retrieving.
Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in _____ and _____.
explicit memory; implicit memory
Mabel has Alzheimer's disease, and her _____ memories of people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being shown words repeatedly.
explicit; implicit
Whenever Tarik reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This BEST illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by _____ motivation.
extrinsic
Creativity is hindered when we fail to see a problem from a new angle. One might even say that _____ is an enemy of creativity.
fixation
As an elementary schoolteacher, Lisa has many students for whom English is a second language. She notices that many of these students have more difficulty understanding new vocabulary terms than the rest of the class and have a tendency to misplace adjectives in their writings. These students are experiencing difficulty with:
grammar.
A structure called the _____ is the brain's "save" button, preserving experiences as explicit memories.
hippocampus
Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book, and when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.
iconic
In a particular language, conjugating a verb by adding a suffix to its root shades its meaning by placing the action on a timeline of potential events and by indicating the relationship of the actor to the speaker. Conjugating verbs in this way BEST illustrates the function of:
morphemes
Sharon is just learning to speak. She says words like "da-da," "kitty," and "ma-ma." This is not unusual because, whatever the language, when children begin to speak, they tend to use MOSTLY:
nouns
Prompt and clear feedback regarding one's performance on a psychology practice test is MOST likely to inhibit:
overconfidence.
"Sound it out," Mrs. Sands encourages her first-grade students when they struggle to read a word aloud. Mrs. Sands is introducing her students to the use of:
phonemes
The smallest, distinctive sounds of any language are called:
phonemes.
Heart attacks among women may go unrecognized because women's symptoms are less likely to resemble the sharp chest pains we think of as characteristic of a heart attack. A symptom cluster defined by chest pains reflects the _____ of the concept of a heart attack.
prototype
People often form concepts by developing a(n) _____, a mental image or best example of a category.
prototype
The best example of a category of objects, events, ideas, and people is called a(n):
prototype
Tom and Linda's young infant, Jake, is just starting to pay attention to their faces when they speak to him. Jake has hit which milestone?
receptive language
If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?
recognition
Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions, as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:
recognition
It is evening, and we are mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall necessarily illustrates:
reconsolidation
When they are retrieved, memories are often altered before they are stored again. This process is called:
reconsolidation
When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:
retrieval cues.
After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing _____ interference.
retroactive
Colton wakes up in a hospital. Apparently, he cannot remember anything that happened immediately following a severe head injury. Colton's case BEST demonstrates:
retrograde amnesia
Homonyms, such as "bank" (financial institution) and "bank" (the side of a river), differ in _____ but not _____.
semantics; phonemes
The general tendency to recall the last and first items on a list is known as the _____ effect.
serial position
To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the number you just looked up. This BEST illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory.
short-term
Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:
source amnesia.
Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced BEST illustrates:
source amnesia.
In 1865, Paul Broca discovered that damage to a specific area of the left frontal lobe limited a person's ability to:
speak.
While on vacation in Mexico, James attempts to speak Spanish. However, he is finding it difficult to communicate with others. He is using Spanish terms, but he places words together according to the English language. James is having difficulty with:
syntax.
Your friend has a cockatiel that he has trained to discriminate between pictures of dogs and cats. Your friend shows him a picture of a dog, and the bird pecks at a dog symbol on the cage. Your friend shows him a picture of a cat, and the bird pecks at a cat symbol. The bird is showing:
that it can form concepts.
If Lola begins to list all the classes she has ever taken in college, she will most likely recall her last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called?
the recency effect
Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage.
distributed practice
_____ is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable.
Creativity
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten you on several occasions.
Cerebellum
Akira was born to a Japanese-speaking mother and an English-speaking father and is fluent in both languages. She recently participated in a study of bilingual university students. When she took a personality test in Japanese, she had very different results than when she took the same test in English. According to Benjamin Whorf, this difference is caused by:
linguistic determinism.
David tends to study the same way for every class he takes no matter the subject. So far, he has been successful. This is an example of a(n):
mental set.
Whenever Sunny gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates:
mood-congruent memory.
A few days before flying to San Francisco, Jim watched a documentary about the 1906 earthquake that devastated the city. Even though the chance of getting caught in an earthquake while in San Francisco was relatively minor, Jim decided to cancel his trip. This BEST illustrates:
the availability heuristic.
A meme popular among certain "boomers" suggests that they are thriving despite having grown up playing unsupervised, eating fried lunch-meat sandwiches, and riding in the beds of pickup trucks. One can bring to mind images of oneself and one's happy, healthy friends more easily than one can think of the data showing that children are healthier and safer than they were 40 or 50 years go. This example BEST illustrates:
the availability heuristic.
Auriele is a very attractive female who lives in Cleveland and loves American football. When asked to predict if it is more probable that she is a schoolteacher or a cheerleader for the Cleveland Browns, most people selected the latter even though there are thousands of more schoolteachers than cheerleaders for the Browns in Cleveland. This illustrates the fallacy in reasoning known as:
the representativeness heuristic.
Sometimes one is prone to judge an individual based on one's notion of the category of people they most closely resemble. When this happens, one falls prey to:
the representativeness heuristic.
At about 24 months of age, the _____ stage of language development typically begins.
two-word
Which statement about sexual abuse is FALSE?
A recognizable group of symptoms known as "survivor syndrome" has been identified.
In which part of the brain would a lesion MOST likely result in a disruption of language comprehension and expression?
Wernicke's area
Fourteen-year-old Juliana enjoys playing the piano and never needs prompting from her parents to practice. She writes music and plays the piano several times a day. She tells her parents that she plays because she enjoys creating music. Juliana plays the piano because of:
intrinsic motivation
Many people in the United States can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the attacks on September 11, 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.
flashbulb
Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is an example of _____ amnesia.
infantile
Dr. Huang is considering "changing up" her teaching style, moving from passive lectures to an active-learning format. Recalling a recent study by Deslauriers et al. (2019), a colleague states, "Well, if you make that change, your students will _____ than your students do now."
learn more but feel that they learn less
Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because:
of the automatic processing of space.
"Cat food, cola, toothpaste," Ned's roommate recites items over the phone. Ned throws his books in the backseat and gets into his car. He is supposed to stop at the store on the way home. His roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up, ". . . coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Ned forgets a couple of things, but he does get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. His memory of these items reflects the _____ effect.
primacy
Meredith remembers the first several companies she contacted in her job search but not the next few; this exemplifies the _____ effect.
primacy