exam 4 speech and language development

what is a simple sentence

contains only one main clause and no dependent clauses must contain verb or verb phrase noun phrase and verb phrase in subject-predicate

open class (lexical) words

content words carries most of the meaning in a sentence nouns, lexical verbs, adjective, adverb

what are negative markers

no, not, none

compound or complex sentences brown stage 3

none. child only uses simple sentences

compound or complex sentences in brown stage 1

none. child only uses simple sentences

compound or complex sentences in brown stage 2

none. child only uses simple sentences

subject noun phrase in brown stage 5

noun phrases continue to develop

subject noun phrases in brown stage 4

noun phrases continue to develop noun phrase coordination: now uses conjunctions (and, or, but) to connect noun phrases

subject noun phrase in brown stage 3

noun phrases continue to develop in length and in variety of what is in the noun phrase the types of semantic relations expressed continue to expand as well as language develops

subject noun phrase in brown stage 2

noun phrases continue to develop in length and in variety of what is in the noun phrase types of semantic relations expressed continue to expand as well as language develops

noun phrase

noun phrases include the noun and all its modifiers, as in "the big red bouncy ball"

what are the phrase types

noun, verb, prepositional

direct objects

nouns and pronouns that directly receive the action of the predicate... answers 'what?' or 'whom?'

what is an ellipsis

part of speech that is left out and listener has to put together meaning

inflectional morphemes in nouns

plural -s possessive -s verb + ing (gerund noun) provides more information about that noun doesn't change meaning or part of speech

what types of relational meaning is expressed in children's 2 to 3 word utterances

possessives, locatives, actor/action

derivational morphemes in nouns

prefix or a suffix of a noun or adjective that changes the meaning or changes the part of speech un-, dis-, re-, -ment, -ine, -er, -est, -ship, -ness, -liness

what verbs can be auxiliary verbs

primary verbs (be, have, do) get, and modal verbs (can, could, may, might)

stage 3 auxiliary verb

primary verbs: most commonly BE, DO, don't and maybe HAVE modal verbs: most commonly will and won't; might see others

what does the term relational meaning refer to

refers to the relation between the referents of the words in a word combinations

lexical verb +inflectional morpheme

runs run + verbal -s sentence: he runs

overregularization of irregular plural nouns examples

saying foots or footses instead of feet

overregularization of irregular past tense verbs examples

saying goed instead of goes past tense go does not have an -ed, so it is irregular

how do children figure out the meaning of a passive sentence if they don't understand the grammar?

semantic bootstrapping, using the meaning to figure out the grammar

passive sentence

sentences with a by-phrase but the by-phrase is not needed to be grammatically correct

irregular plural nouns

some nouns have special plural forms they are called irregular plural. singular: man, woman, goose, child, foot, mouse, die, ox/ irregular men , women , geese, children, feet, mice, dice, oxen.

verb inversion

some verbs move (invert) to the start to create a question (usually yes/no)

when do the words or, but, and plus appear when being used in compound sentence?

stage 5

three stages of children learning how to say questions with negation

stage one: question marker appear stage two: question marker, auxiliary verb and do-support, and yes/no questitons stage three: wh- questions appear

inflectional morphemes in verb phrases

suffix that provides more information about that verb does not change meaning or part of speech past tense -ed verbal -s progressive verb -ing

what are descriptive rules in a language

the "correct" way to produce a language and describing the patterns of it

passive sentence example

the mail was delivered with by-phrase: the mail was delivered by her

what is telegraphic speech

the omission of certain words and morphemes in children's utterances first multiword utterances are telegraphic mostly content words and not many function words

why is stage 1 the beginning of expressive grammar

the start of simple sentences using relational meaning using utterances that are longer than one word

what is a passive sentence

the subject receives the action of the verb have auxiliary verbs a by-phase is not needed for the sentence to be grammatical

compound sentence with or connecting main clauses

they should clean or there will be a mess

irregular past tense verbs

those that do not use -ed ending ate, wrote, went, etc.

what is overregularization or irregular plural nouns?

turning an irregular plural noun into a regular plural noun done by trying to add plural -s to the end of an irregular plural noun

what is a compound sentence

two or more main clauses that are equal parts

what is the mean length utterance

using length in morphemes is a good index of the grammatical complexity of an utterance the average length of children's utterances counted in morphemes to measure children's syntactic development

compound sentence

utterance with clause coordination appears in stage 4

what is a regular third person (verbal) -s

verb + inflectional morpheme -s she climbs, he runs, it rains

what is a regular past tense verb

verb + past tense -ed jump to jumped

verb phrases in brown stages 5

verb phrases continue to develop

what are the two types of question forms

wh-questions and yes/no questions

wh-words and wh-word movement

wh-words can sit in different places in a sentence

what are question markers

wh-words, intonation

what is the overregularization of irregular past tense verbs

when a child has made an irregular past tense verb (does not have past tense -ed) and made it regular

overregulation

when children mistakenly apply regular grammatical rules to irregular cases

what kind of verbs do noun clauses usually have?

will typically have lots of lexical verbs

where in a sentence do noun clauses show up

will usually appear at the end of a sentence

why does the overregularization of nouns and verbs occur?

will usually start by saying an irregular word correct, then starts overregularization of the word, then goes back to saying the word correctly typically will learn plural -s or past tense -ed rule and is not flexible about it then learns there are some exceptions to rules

what words can be contracted in a sentence?

will, would, am, are, here, is, does, has, not

how many morphemes do irregulars count for?

1, do not assume they know the semantics of it and only count what is produced example: feet = 1 morpheme; foots = 2 morphemes

sequence of development of morphemes 1-5

1. -ing -> i am running 2. in and on -> free morphemes 3. plural -s -> dogs 4. past irregular -> all the BE verbs: had, sang, went, did, cut 5. possessive -'s -> Jack's toy

the three stages in negation children learn

1. negative markers at beginning or end of sentence 2. negative markers in the middle of the sentence 3. constructions with auxiliaries

in stage one, what is the length of most utterances?

1.01 using some 2 word utterances getting one, two, and sometimes three word utterances

expressive grammar starts at about what age?

18-26 mos

what is noun phrase coordination

2 or more noun phrases connected by and, or, but, or plus

verb phrase coordination

2 or more verb phrases connected by and, or, but, plus

how many words and morphemes do contractions count as

2 words and 2 morphemes

when do children first start to use bound morphemes

27 months when inflectional morphemes show up when they start to use two word utterances

what age do passive sentences usually appear in children's speech

42 months

compound sentence with and connecting the 2 main clauses

He ate and I did too

verb phrase coordination example

He ate but left quickly

closed class (functional) words

words do not get added or dropped from this group very often children do not use as many functional words includes pronouns, modal verbs, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions

sequence of development of morphemes 6-10

6. uncontractible copula -> BE as a main verb (it is hot) 7. articles -> a and the; a cat, the cat 8. past regular -ed -> I walked 9. -s on a verb (regular third person -s) 10. auxiliary verbs -> can be contracted or not; Did it rain, I have fallen, It's raining

brown stage 2

Age = 27-30 months MLU = 2.0 - 2.5 morphemes simple sentences continue to develop and are increasing in length

auxillary verb

Helps the main verb express action or a state of being be, can, do, will/would, had, etc.

what does it mean to say copula BE

Be is the main verb

complex sentence with a relative clause after the object noun phrase

I know the town where you lived adj directly follows the noun from first clause

complex sentence with a noun clause in the object position (at the end of the sentence)

I know what you did

complex sentence with a bare infinitive clause at the end of the sentence

I saw her go there no 'to' glueing the clauses together

complex sentence with a participle clause

I saw her going there clause starts with past tense or -ing

complex sentence with an adv clause at the end of the sentence

I told her because she didn't know

complex sentence with to-infinitive clause at the end of the sentence

I told her to go here

compound sentence with but connecting main clauses

I want it but she said no

noun phrase coordination example

I want the cake or cookies

contraction examples

I'll = I will; I'd = I would; He's = He is; I'm = I am

compound sentence with plus connecting main clauses

It rained plus it was cold

what is a sentence complement?

a phrase or clause that gives information about another phrase in the sentence

intonation

a statement with rising intonation at the end to signal a question

what is an active sentence

active voice (subject=agent, object=patient)

brown stage 1

age at start: 18 mos MLU at start: 1.01 the beginning of expressive grammar

brown stage 3

age at start: 31 mos MLU at start: 2.5 simple sentences continue to develop and are increasing in length

brown stage 4

age at start: 35 mos MLU at start: 3.0 -simple sentences continue to develop -compound sentences emerge -some types of complex sentences emerge

brown stage 5

age at start: 41 mos MLU at start: 3.75 simple sentences continue to develop compound sentences continue to develop more types of complex sentences develop

brown stage post 5

age at start: over 46 months MLU at start: 4.5+ all sentence types continue to develop

what can start a noun clause?

almost anything besides an adv

what is the age range in which there is greatest development of bound morpheme use by children

at preschool age 6 years

complex sentence (+ dependent clause) in brown stage 4

at the end of the main clause, the child now uses: -object noun clause, usually after mental verbs (think, know, guess) - to-infinitive clause -bare infinitive clause

what type of verbs start to show up in stage 3

auxiliary verbs

stage three of the three stages of negation

auxiliary verbs appear, speech is more adult like example: dog did not go

closed class main verbs

be, have, do, get closed class verbs can be the main verb in a verb phrase

the start of syntax production

begins with 2 word utterances utterances are simple and active sentences

noun + inflectional morpheme example

cats cat + plural -s sentence: cats run

derivational morphemes in verb phrases

changes the meaning of a word changes the part of speech

complex sentence (+ dependent clause) in brown stage 5

child now uses: - relative clause - adverb clause - participle clause first appear at the end of the utterance, and later in development appear closer to the start of an utterance child also starts to use: - 2+ dependent clauses in a sentence - compound and complex sentence

sentence complement in brown stage 5

child starts to use an indirect object noun phrase along with the direct object noun phrase

compound sentence (+ another main clause) in brown stage 4

clause coordination and AND now connects 2 clauses together in a sentence with AND Does not use the other conjunctions to connect clauses in a sentence

compound sentence (+ another main clause) in brown stage 5

clause coordination with all conjunctions AND, OR, BUT, PLUS uses all three conjunction words to connect clauses together in a sentence now connects 2 or 3 clauses together in a sentence

sentence complement brown stage 3

complement can be: -object noun phrase (direct object) -adjective -prepositional phrase -another clause

sentence complement in brown stage 3

complement is usually one of the following -object noun phrase (direct object) -adjective -prepositional phrase

sentence complement brown stage 2

complement is usually one of the following: -object noun phrase (direct object) - adjective -prepositional phrase

sentence complement brown stage 1

complement is usually one of the following: -object noun phrase (direct object) -adjective -prepositional phrase

and or but and sometimes plus are used in what?

compound phrase

what are word categories

determiner: a/that/they/my/no adjective: big noun: dog verb: barked adverb: loudly preposition: out

do-support

do is added to the verb phrase to form questions

what is an irregular past tense verb

does not have a suffix that changes meaning or tense did, had, ran, cut, thought, began, wrote

what is an irregular third person verb

does not have third person inflectional morpheme -s is, are, has, does, says pronunciation of word changes

what are prescriptive rules in a language

grammar taught in English class current standard of language use for educational speakers and writers

prepositional phrase

head of phrase is a preposition with noun or noun phrase

what is an auxiliary verb

helping verbs, add meaning to clauses they're in used in forming tense, moods, and voices of other verbs

when does 'and' show up?

in stage 4 helps to glue compound sentences together

when do you add a negative marker

in the beginning stage

when do you an auxiliary verb

in the final stage

indirect objects

include nouns and pronouns that indirectly receive the action of the predicate... answers 'to whom?' or 'from whom?'

verb phrases in brown stage 3

inflectional morpheme: use continues to increase main verb: more closed-class verbs appear auxiliary verbs: now uses 1 auxiliary verb + main verb

verb phrases in brown stage 2

inflectional morphemes: begin to appear in speech main verb: most utterances have a main verb; variety increases but most are still lexical (open class)

verb phrases in brown stage 4

inflectional morphemes: continue to increase in use main verbs: variety increases (vocab) auxiliary verbs: now uses verb phrases with 2 auxiliary verbs verb phrase coordination: now uses conjunctions (and, or, but) to connect verb phrases

verb phrases in brown stage 1

inflectional morphemes: none main verb: some utterances have a main verb; these are primarily lexical (open class) that express actions

overregulation irregular plural noun example

instead of saying "feet", the child says "foots" or "footses"

overregulation irregular past tense verb example

instead of saying "went", the child says "goed"

what are the four things we can do to form a question

intonation, verb inversion, wh-word movement, do support

verb phrase

is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.

sentence with a verb phrase that has two auxiliary verb+main verb

it could be put on the table

in stage 1, why does speech sound telegraphic?

kids are leaving out a lot of functional words

what is a main verb

last verb in a verb phrase

what verbs can be main verbs

lexical, primary (be, have, do), get

what is a complex sentence

main (independent) clause and/or more dependent clauses in parent-child type relationship

complex sentence

main clause+dependent clause appear in stage 4

main verb and auxiliary verb

main verb is the main action happening in the sentence auxiliary verb is the helping verb

why is the measure best for preschool ages an not so accurate for school-age children

measures only expressions utterances become shorter because they become more complex by the time they are school-age they have most all adult features and its not measuring growth anymore

subject noun phrase in brown stage 1

might be a noun that is agent in agent-action or agent-object utterance might be a noun plus demonstrative, location, attribute, negation, recurrence, possession, or disappearance

Modal auxiliary verb

modal is an auxiliary verb ONLY can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must

most verbs are what in stage 2?

most verbs are lexical (action verbs) no auxiliary verbs

stage two of the three stages of negation

negation markers inside the sentence but still no auxiliaries example: Dog not go

stage one of the three stages of negation

negative markers at beginning or end of sentence but no auxiliaries example: No dog go

are contractions inflectional morphemes?

no