Exam 5: CSN Bio 223 Summer 2018 - Chapter 14, Chapter 15, Chapter 16
27. Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors? A. spinal nerves B. abdominal nerve plexuses C. pelvic splanchnic nerves and pelvic nerve plexuses D. cranial nerves to the head and neck E. vagus nerve and thoracic nerve plexuses
A. spinal nerves
48. Which of the following functions is most likely to be performed by the visual association area? A. "recognizes" the face of a close friend B. "sees" the shape of the visual image C. "senses" pain impulses D. "moves" the eyes E. "sees" color
A. "recognizes" the face of a close friend
85. The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves. A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. theta E. gamma
A. alpha
34. The two classes of adrenergic receptors are A. alpha and beta. B. splanchnic and terminal. C. muscarinic and nicotinic. D. nicotinic and cholinergic. E. muscarinic and terminal.
A. alpha and beta.
122. The utricle and saccule are involved in A. static balance. B. kinetic balance. C. hearing low intensity sounds. D. hearing high intensity sounds. E. evaluating movements of the head.
A. static balance.
63. The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the A. receptor. B. sensory neuron. C. integrating center. D. motor neuron. E. ganglion.
A. receptor.
56. The only place in the body where blood vessels can be viewed directly is the A. retina. B. optic chiasm. C. sclera. D. cornea. E. conjunctiva.
A. retina.
73. Rhodopsin is found in the A. rods. B. cones. C. choroid. D. pigmented retina. E. amacrine cells.
A. rods.
8. Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus? A. smell B. taste C. sight D. sound E. touch
A. smell
119. More sound volume is perceived when A. sound wave amplitude increases. B. action potentials from hair cells are blocked. C. sound wave amplitude decreases. D. sound wave frequency decreases. E. sound wave frequency increases.
A. sound wave amplitude increases.
34. An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a A. sty. B. boil. C. chalazion. D. meibomian cyst. E. pinkeye.
A. sty.
10. When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking? A. special B. somatic C. visceral D. autonomic E. nonspecialized
A. special
29. Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called A. adaptation. B. projection. C. translation. D. conduction. E. phantom pain.
A. adaptation.
131. Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on sense organs? A. A large loss in the ability to detect odors. B. Decrease in sense of taste. C. Loss of lens flexibility in the eye. D. Decline in visual acuity and color perception. E. Decreased ability to localize sound.
A. A large loss in the ability to detect odors.
7. Which of the following statements is true? A. Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced. B. Olfactory epithelial receptors are highly specific. C. Olfaction first goes to the thalamus and is then relayed to the cerebral cortex. D. Continued stimulation of olfactory neurons produces the same level of response. E. Replacement of neurons is a common phenomenon in the body.
A. Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.
2. Why does inhaling deeply and slowly through the nose help to identify an odor? A. More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium. B. Impulses originate slowly in the olfactory epithelium. C. The tissue needs more time in contact with the odor. D. Threshold for odor detection is high. E. Receptors in the olfactory epithelium are highly specific.
A. More air containing the odor is brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.
39. Why does a person's nose run when he cries? A. Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct. B. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes the nose to secrete mucus. C. Intense stimulation of the facial nerve as a result of crying increases nasal secretions. D. The lacrimal glands secrete tears directly into the nose. E. This stimulates fluid production in the nose.
A. Tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct.
53. Which of the following statements is true? A. The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division. B. Increased parasympathetic activity is consistent with increased physical activity. C. One division of the ANS is always stimulatory and the other is always inhibitory. D. Structures receiving both dual autonomic innervation are regulated equally by both divisions. E. There is dual innervation of all organs.
A. The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division.
44. Increased fluid accumulation in the cornea would result in A. a scattering of light rays. B. loss of pigment in the eye. C. a decrease in the strength of the tissue. D. an increase in the ability to transmit light to the retina. E. blockage of light rays.
A. a scattering of light rays.
20. Consider the following situation: Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter a sympathetic chain ganglia. In order for these axons to reach collateral ganglia, they must now travel through A. a splanchnic nerve. B. a sympathetic nerve. C. a gray ramus communicans. D. a white ramus communicans. E. a dorsal root ganglion.
A. a splanchnic nerve.
96. Lesions of the limbic system might result in A. a voracious appetite. B. enhanced fear and anger responses. C. decreased sexual activity. D. loss of coordination. E. loss of sensation.
A. a voracious appetite.
35. Adrenergic receptors A. can be activated by the release of epinephrine. B. have two structural forms - muscarinic and nicotinic. C. when activated stimulate skeletal muscles to contract. D. can be found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. E. are activated by the release of acetylcholine.
A. can be activated by the release of epinephrine.
14. Mechanoreceptors respond to A. compression of receptors. B. irritation of nerve endings. C. light striking the receptors. D. binding of molecules to membrane receptors. E. a change in temperature.
A. compression of receptors.
92. Which of the following statements is NOT true of hyperopia? A. corrected by "minus" lenses B. close objects are fuzzy C. eyeball is too short D. corrected by convex lenses E. image focused behind the retina
A. corrected by "minus" lenses
21. Damage to which of the following cranial nerves may impair the sense of taste? A. facial B. abducens C. trigeminal D. hypoglossal E. accessory
A. facial
25. Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons? A. facial B. trigeminal C. hypoglossal D. spinal accessory E. abducens
A. facial
23. You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve. A. facial (VII) B. vagus (X) C. trigeminal (V) D. glossopharyngeal (IX) E. hypoglossal (XII)
A. facial (VII)
94. Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of A. hearing and balance. B. hearing and taste. C. smell. D. taste. E. hearing and sight.
A. hearing and balance.
61. Glaucoma can result from A. inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor. B. damage to the suspensory ligament. C. a decrease in the number of cones. D. opacity of the lens. E. increased amounts of vitreous humor.
A. inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor.
50. The taste area is located in the A. insula. B. parietal lobe. C. frontal lobe. D. temporal lobe.
A. insula.
47. Which of the following structures is part of the vascular tunic? A. iris B. retina C. optic disc D. fovea centralis E. cornea
A. iris
49. The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the A. iris. B. ciliary ring. C. sclera. D. ciliary muscle. E. retina.
A. iris.
79. Color vision A. is a function of cone cells. B. is most acute in dim light. C. is interpreted in the cerebellum. D. depends on the amount of available rhodopsin. E. is the interaction between rods and cones.
A. is a function of cone cells.
35. Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord? A. lateral spinothalamic tract B. rubrospinal tract C. lateral corticospinal tract D. tectospinal tract E. anterior corticospinal tract
A. lateral spinothalamic tract
27. Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in taste buds? A. mitral cells B. supporting cells C. basal cells D. taste cells
A. mitral cells
23. Specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are A. muscle spindles. B. Pacinian corpuscles. C. Ruffini end organs. D. Golgi tendon organs. E. Merkel disks.
A. muscle spindles.
130. Oscillation of the eyes during the tracking of something in motion is called A. nystagmus. B. vertigo. C. scotoma. D. ptosis. E. otitis media.
A. nystagmus.
54. Blood vessels enter the eye and nerve processes exit the eye at the A. optic disc. B. macula lutea. C. sensory retina. D. fovea centralis. E. pupil.
A. optic disc.
107. The sensory cells for hearing are located in the A. organ of Corti or spiral organ. B. oval window. C. middle ear. D. vestibule. E. semicircular canals.
A. organ of Corti or spiral organ.
103. Which of the following sequences is correct? A. oval window, vestibule, scala vestibuli B. round window, helicotrema, scala tympani C. bony labyrinth, round window, basilar membrane D. tympanic membrane, vestibular membrane, basilar membrane E. vestibular membrane, basilar membrane, auditory membrane
A. oval window, vestibule, scala vestibuli
11. Which of the following is a visceral sensation? A. pain B. touch C. temperature D. proprioception E. balance
A. pain
59. The _______________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions. A. parasympathetic B. somatic C. sympathetic D. thoracolumbar E. sensory
A. parasympathetic
32. Rapidly adapting proprioceptors that provide information on the location of a moving hand are known as A. phasic receptors. B. primary receptors. C. secondary receptors. D. tonic receptors.
A. phasic receptors.
6. The medial olfactory area A. provides emotional reactions to odors. B. is the site of conscious perception of odors. C. generates action potentials in olfactory neurons. D. modulates the sense of olfaction within the olfactory bulb. E. is the area where chemicals bind to receptors.
A. provides emotional reactions to odors.
80. The right cerebral hemisphere A. receives sensory input from the left side of the body. B. is the dominant hemisphere for speech in most people. C. tends to be smaller than the left cerebral hemisphere. D. contains no association areas. E. is not connected to the left cerebral hemisphere.
A. receives sensory input from the left side of the body.
54. John sees Martha; the pupils of his eyes dilate. It is "love at first sight." What division(s) of the ANS is(are) involved? A. sympathetic division B. parasympathetic division C. somatic motor division D. neither sympathetic division nor parasympathetic division E. both sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
A. sympathetic division
18. Free nerve endings respond to A. temperature change and pain. B. pressure and vibration. C. light touch and two-point discrimination. D. temperature change and pressure. E. chemicals.
A. temperature change and pain.
60. The two divisions of the ANS have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT A. the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles B. the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs C. gastrointestinal peristalsis D. heart rate E. the eye
A. the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles
67. Increase in the distance from the eye to the near point of vision can be caused by A. the lens becoming more rigid with age. B. the lens becoming more opaque with age. C. the lens becoming more convex with age. D. the vitreous humor becoming thicker with age. E. the lens becoming more flexible with age.
A. the lens becoming more rigid with age.
44. The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in A. the postcentral gyrus. B. the precentral gyrus. C. the prefrontal gyrus. D. the central sulcus. E. the superior temporal gyrus.
A. the postcentral gyrus.
128. A ringing in the ears is considered A. tinnitus. B. trachoma. C. nystagmus. D. mydriasis. E. otitis media.
A. tinnitus.
13. Which of the following is NOT a primary odor class? A. umami B. floral C. putrid D. pepperminty E. ethereal
A. umami
17. The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the A. white ramus communicans. B. gray ramus communicans. C. splanchnic nerve. D. terminal ganglia. E. pink ramus communicans.
A. white ramus communicans.
22. Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) gustatory cell depolarizes (2) action potential stimulated in gustatory neurons (3) food substance dissolves in saliva (4) neurotransmitter released by gustatory cell (5) food substance enters taste pore and attaches to receptor on gustatory hair A. 5, 4, 1, 2, 3 B. 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 C. 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 D. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 E. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
B. 3, 5, 1, 4, 2
121. Arrange the following parts of the neuronal pathway for hearing in the correct sequence. (1) inferior colliculus (2) medial geniculate nucleus (3) superior olivary nucleus (4) auditory cortex (5) cochlear nucleus A. 4, 5, 3, 1, 2 B. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 C. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 D. 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 E. 5, 4, 1, 3, 2
B. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4
78. Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud. (1) visual association area (2) premotor area (3) Broca area (4) primary motor area (5) Wernicke area (6) visual cortex A. 1, 6, 5, 3, 4, 2 B. 6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4 C. 6, 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 D. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 3 E. 5, 4, 3, 6, 1, 2
B. 6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4
19. Which of the following statements is false? A. Each taste bud is most sensitive to one of the five basic tastes. B. Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high. C. Adaptation for taste is rapid. D. Olfaction influences taste. E. Sensitivities for sweet and salty tastes are the lowest.
B. Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high.
104. Which of the following is true? A. The cochlear duct is filled with perilymph. B. The bony core of the cochlea is called the modiolus. C. The foot plate of the incus fits into the round window. D. The vestibule is one of the regions of the organ of corti. E. The spiral organ is found in the semicircular canals.
B. The bony core of the cochlea is called the modiolus
45. Autonomic reflexes A. are impossible. B. are integrated somewhere in the CNS. C. have efferent input and afferent output. D. are an example of positive feedback. E. are harmful.
B. are integrated somewhere in the CNS.
69. Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum? A. loss of general sensation B. balance impairment C. no heartbeat D. great sex drive E. no conscious thought
B. balance impairment
86. Brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are ____ waves. A. alpha B. beta C. delta D. theta E. kappa
B. beta
25. Which type of taste has the lowest threshold? A. sweet B. bitter C. salty D. sour E. umami
B. bitter
63. Which of the following is correctly matched? A. sclera - ciliary body B. iris - sphincter pupillae C. retina - canal of Schlemm D. vitreous humor - anterior chamber E. aqueous humor - vitreous chamber
B. iris - sphincter pupillae
43. When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called A. referred pain. B. central sensitization. C. peripheral sensitization. D. cumulative sensitization. E. phantom pain.
B. central sensitization.
68. A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: (1) inability to maintain balance while walking (2) normal intelligence (3) can initiate voluntary movements although they are somewhat uncoordinated. (4) decreased tone in the skeletal muscles The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the A. midbrain. B. cerebellum. C. basal ganglia. D. cerebral cortex. E. brainstem.
B. cerebellum.
19. Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen and hydrogen are detected by A. baroreceptors. B. chemoreceptors. C. nociceptors. D. proprioceptors. E. thermoreceptors.
B. chemoreceptors.
118. Auditory impulses are transmitted by the _____ portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve. A. spiral B. cochlear C. vestibular D. ossicular E. tympanic
B. cochlear
37. The lacrimal glands A. cause a sty when inflamed. B. constantly produce a fluid called tears. C. are located in the superomedial corner of the orbit. D. are innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve. E. produce sebum.
B. constantly produce a fluid called tears.
53. Upper motor neurons A. are found in the visual cortex. B. control skeletal muscles. C. are responsible for planning voluntary movements. D. are located in the prefrontal area. E. control smooth muscle.
B. control skeletal muscles.
70. A primary function of the cerebellum is to A. interpret sound. B. coordinate movement. C. control body temperature. D. regulate consciousness. E. regulate sleep patterns.
B. coordinate movement.
58. Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord? A. fasciculus gracilis B. corticospinal tract C. spinothalamic tract D. spinoreticular tract E. trigeminothalamic tract
B. corticospinal tract
18. Axons exit the sympathetic chain ganglia by all of the following except A. spinal nerves. B. cranial nerves. C. splanchnic nerves. D. sympathetic nerves. E. nerves that innervate the adrenal medulla.
B. cranial nerves.
25. Pacinian corpuscles respond to A. an increase in tendon tension. B. deep cutaneous pressure and vibration. C. stretch and tension. D. temperature and pain. E. light touch.
B. deep cutaneous pressure and vibration.
90. CREB activates gene transcription in neurons that results in the formation of A. myelin sheath. B. dendritic spines. C. more receptors D. All of the choices are correct.
B. dendritic spines.
73. Which neurotransmitter substance has been implicated in Parkinson's disease? A. norepinephrine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. GABA E. acetylcholine
B. dopamine
71. The pigmented layer of the retina A. determines the color of the iris. B. enhances visual acuity and reduces scattering of light. C. protects the optic nerve from damage. D. causes increased scattering of incoming light. E. is the vascular layer of the retina.
B. enhances visual acuity and reduces scattering of light.
32. When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is A. inhibitory. B. excitatory. C. either excitatory or inhibitory. D. both excitatory and inhibitory. E. neither excitatory nor inhibitory.
B. excitatory.
31. Palpebrae is another name for the A. eyes. B. eyelids. C. eyebrows. D. eyelashes. E. conjunctiva.
B. eyelids.
16. Taste buds are not associated with _____ papillae. A. foliate B. filiform C. fungiform D. vallate E. papilliform
B. filiform
62. The lens A. is biconcave. B. focuses light on the retina. C. floats in the vitreous humor. D. is attached to the retina by suspensory ligaments. E. is normally opaque.
B. focuses light on the retina.
53. The area of greatest visual acuity is the A. lens. B. fovea centralis. C. optic disc. D. posterior chamber. E. blind spot.
B. fovea centralis.
94. A baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. When he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because A. short-term memory had not been converted to working memory. B. he lost both working and short-term memory. C. long-term memory had not been converted to working memory. D. he lost long-term memory. E. None of these choices is correct.
B. he lost both working and short-term memory.
48. What part of the brain is in overall control of the ANS? A. medulla oblongata B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. cerebrum
B. hypothalamus
50. Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated? A. increased blood pressure B. increased motility of the digestive tract C. increased metabolism D. increased heart rate E. decreased motility of the digestive tract
B. increased motility of the digestive tract
51. Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic eye muscle? A. ciliary muscles B. inferior oblique muscle C. sphincter pupillae muscle D. dilator pupillae muscle
B. inferior oblique muscle
67. The cerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares A. the incoming sensory stimuli with the outgoing sensory stimuli. B. intended movements with actual movements. C. spinal cord activity with the activity of the cerebrum. D. the right cerebellar hemisphere with the left cerebellar hemisphere. E. and coordinates rapid, complex movements like figure skating.
B. intended movements with actual movements.
65. A lesion in the red nucleus results in A. resting tremors. B. intention tremors. C. sleeping tremors. D. reflex tremors.
B. intention tremors.
46. The cornea is relatively easy to transplant because A. its proteoglycan content is high. B. it is easy to access and is a vascular. C. it has an extensive blood supply. D. its high immunological activity prevents infection. E. it is not attached to the eye.
B. it is easy to access and is a vascular.
63. The extrapyramidal system A. controls the speed of skilled movements. B. maintains control of unconscious movements. C. interprets cutaneous perception. D. projects sensory information from the medulla to the cerebrum. E. control facial expression, mastication, and tongue movements.
B. maintains control of unconscious movements.
82. Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people? A. motor control of left side of the body B. mathematics and speech C. spatial perception D. recognition of faces E. musical ability
B. mathematics and speech
123. The position of the head with respect to gravity is determined by the A. shift in fluid in the semicircular canals. B. movements of otoliths in response to gravity. C. movements of perilymph in the vestibular chamber. D. impulses transmitted from the macula of the semicircular canals. E. stimulation of the cochlear portion of the nerve.
B. movements of otoliths in response to gravity.
57. Acetylcholine will cause the pupil of the eye to constrict. A drug acts on receptors for acetylcholine to cause the pupils of the eye to dilate. Nicotine does not bind to receptors in smooth muscle cells of the iris. Therefore, the drug which causes the pupils to dilate is a A. nicotinic blocking agent. B. muscarinic blocking agent. C. a nicotinic agent. D. a muscarinic agent. E. an adrenergic agent.
B. muscarinic blocking agent.
31. Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have A. somatotrophic receptors. B. muscarinic receptors. C. adrenergic receptors. D. nicotinic receptors. E. macrotinic receptors.
B. muscarinic receptors.
29. The taste cortex is located in the ________ lobe. A. frontal B. parietal C. temporal D. occipital
B. parietal
24. Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the sacral region of the spinal cord course through ____ nerves that innervate the ____. A. splanchnic; urinary bladder and adrenal glands B. pelvic; lower colon and reproductive glands C. sacral; lower colon and urinary bladder D. lumbar; stomach and intestines E. coccygeal; anus and vagina
B. pelvic; lower colon and reproductive glands
42. Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called A. chronic pain. B. phantom pain. C. referred pain. D. gate pain. E. ghost pain.
B. phantom pain.
85. The correct pathway for impulses leaving the retina is A. photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and optic nerve. B. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve. C. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, optic nerve, and ganglion cells. D. photoreceptors, ganglion cells, optic nerve, and bipolar cells. E. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors, and optic nerve
B. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve.
13. Vision is dependent upon A. chemoreceptors. B. photoreceptors. C. thermoreceptors. D. mechanoreceptors. E. nociceptors.
B. photoreceptors.
56. If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action. A. visual cortex B. premotor area C. prefrontal area D. auditory association area E. visual association area
B. premotor area
54. If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the A. association neurons. B. premotor neurons. C. postmotor neurons. D. sensory neurons. E. sensory receptors.
B. premotor neurons.
33. Receptors that produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are A. phasic receptors. B. primary receptors. C. secondary receptors. D. tonic receptors.
B. primary receptors.
26. The ability to localize the position of body parts is called A. two-point discrimination. B. proprioception. C. fine touch. D. light touch. E. perception.
B. proprioception.
28. All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT A. Pacinian corpuscles. B. proprioceptors. C. Ruffini end organs. D. Merkel disks. E. Meissner corpuscles.
B. proprioceptors.
80. To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive? A. blue, red, and yellow B. red, blue, and green C. red, violet, and yellow D. violet, green, and blue E. orange, indigo, and violet
B. red, blue, and green
76. When rhodopsin is exposed to light, A. more rhodopsin is formed. B. retinal separates from opsin. C. the cones generate action potentials. D. free retinal is converted to vitamin A. E. retinal becomes more attached to opsin.
B. retinal separates from opsin.
95. Which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory? A. remembering your name B. riding a bicycle C. locating Russia on a globe D. being afraid of snakes E. reciting a poem
B. riding a bicycle
42. The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the A. iris. B. sclera. C. retina. D. choroid. E. conjunctiva.
B. sclera.
9. If you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a(n) ____ sense. A. special B. somatic C. visceral D. undifferentiated E. None of these choices are correct.
B. somatic
9. Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ____ division of the ANS. A. central B. sympathetic C. somatic motor D. parasympathetic E. ganglionic
B. sympathetic
16. Chain ganglia are part of the A. central nervous system. B. sympathetic branch of the ANS. C. somatic motor branch of the ANS. D. parasympathetic branch of the ANS. E. spinal cord.
B. sympathetic branch of the ANS.
39. The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us A. perceive pain. B. tell if an object is rough or smooth. C. sense temperature. D. move our arms and legs. E. write a sentence.
B. tell if an object is rough or smooth.
51. The auditory cortex is located in the A. insula. B. temporal lobe. C. parietal lobe. D. frontal lobe.
B. temporal lobe.
69. As an object moves closer to the eye, A. the lens flattens. B. the eyes rotate medially. C. the ciliary muscles relax. D. the diameter of the pupil increases. E. the eye blinks.
B. the eyes rotate medially.
108. What connects the stereocilia in a hair bundle? A. calcium channels B. tip links C. spiral ligaments D. outer hair cells
B. tip links
77. What is activated when light causes 11-cis-retinal to convert to all-trans-retinal? A. opsin B. transducin C. ATP D. glutamate
B. transducin
75. Wernicke area is necessary for A. motivation. B. understanding and formulating coherent speech. C. initiating the muscular movements of speech. D. processing visual images. E. smiling.
B. understanding and formulating coherent speech.
126. Neurons synapsing on the hair cells of the maculae and the crista ampullaris have cell bodies in the A. superior colliculus. B. vestibular ganglion. C. superior olivary nucleus. D. medial geniculate nucleus. E. cochlear ganglion.
B. vestibular ganglion.
106. Which of the following is a part of the bony labyrinth? A. malleus B. vestibule C. cochlear duct D. tympanic membrane E. ossicles
B. vestibule
38. Tears A. are produced only when a person cries. B. wash foreign objects away from the eye. C. contain lysozyme to trap dust. D. are very acidic and kill microbes. E. contain little water.
B. wash foreign objects away from the eye
64. Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side? (1) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the left side (2) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side (3) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side (4) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on right side (5) loss of fine motor control on the right side below the injury (6) loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury A. 1, 3, 5 B. 2, 4, 6 C. 2, 3, 6 D. 1, 3, 4, 6 E. 1, 4, 5, 6
C. 2, 3, 6
7. Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse (2) synapse with target tissues (3) preganglionic neuron (4) postganglionic neuron A. 2, 3, 4, 1 B. 1, 3, 2, 4 C. 3, 1, 4, 2 D. 4, 1, 3, 2 E. 4, 3, 1, 2
C. 3, 1, 4, 2
115. Arrange the following list of membranes in correct sequence. (1) tectorial membrane (2) vestibular membrane (3) tympanic membrane (4) basilar membrane A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 3, 4, 1, 2 C. 3, 2, 4, 1 D. 2, 4, 3, 1 E. 4, 3, 2, 1
C. 3, 2, 4, 1
86. Arrange the following events in correct sequence. (1) retinal cells generate action potential (2) person becomes aware of the information obtained by CNS (3) visual cortex translates action potential (4) bright light is shone into the eye (5) optic nerve conducts action potential to CNS A. 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 B. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 C. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2 D. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 E. 4, 3, 5, 2, 1
C. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2
72. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the retina? A. ganglion cells B. photoreceptors C. optic chiasm D. optic disc E. fovea centralis
C. optic chiasm
21. When a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects? A. Temperature perception requires more than one type of receptor. B. Temperatures above 37 degrees centigrade actually stimulate the cold receptors. C. At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects. D. Most temperature receptors cannot differentiate hot from cold. E. Pain receptors are inhibited by both very hot and very cold objects.
C. At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.
57. Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true? A. Most descending pathways control sensory functions. B. Many of the descending pathways decussate in the midbrain. C. Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons. D. Descending pathways must synapse in the thalamus. E. These pathways start in the spinal cord and end in the brain.
C. Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons.
52. Which of the following statements is false? A. Both divisions of the ANS can produce stimulatory effects. B. Both divisions cooperate to achieve normal reproductive function. C. Structures receiving dual innervation by the ANS are regulated equally by both divisions. D. The sympathetic division has more influence under conditions of physical activity than does the parasympathetic division. E. Dual innervation of organs by both divisions of the ANS is not universal.
C. Structures receiving dual innervation by the ANS are regulated equally by both divisions.
89. Long-term memory may involve A. an influx of potassium ions into the neuron. B. activating substance P. C. a change in the shape of the neuron's cytoskeleton. D. forming a nerve plexus. E. rearranging neurons in the brain.
C. a change in the shape of the neuron's cytoskeleton.
74. Night blindness could be caused by A. a lack of cones. B. a lack of iodopsin. C. a lack of rhodopsin. D. too much vitamin A in the diet. E. a lack of vitamin C in the diet.
C. a lack of rhodopsin.
91. A series of neurons involved in long-term retention of a thought is called A. an EEG. B. a brain wave. C. a memory engram. D. short-term memory. E. a memory trace.
C. a memory engram.
40. Which of the following cranial nerves innervates an eye muscle? A. optic B. facial C. abducens D. trigeminal E. vagus
C. abducens
38. Sympathomimetic agents activate A. nicotinic receptors. B. muscarinic receptors. C. adrenergic receptors. D. somatotrophic receptors. E. cholinergic receptors.
C. adrenergic receptors.
76. Damage to Wernicke area would result in A. facial paralysis. B. facial tics. C. aphasia. D. "seeing stars". E. apraxia.
C. aphasia.
4. What type of nerve would cause the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall to constrict? A. sensory B. afferent C. autonomic D. somatic motor E. cranial
C. autonomic
3. In order for a molecule to be detected by the olfactory neurons, it must A. be present in high concentrations. B. be one of the seven primary classes of odors. C. be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. D. interact with the mechanoreceptors of the olfactory hair membrane. E. enter the nose slowly.
C. be dissolved in fluid covering the olfactory epithelium.
117. Cochlear neurons are stimulated by A. vibrating the oval window. B. vibrations of the tectorial membrane. C. bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells. D. movement of the otoliths in the endolymph. E. turning the spiral organ.
C. bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells.
28. Which tastant is NOT correctly matched with its process of depolarization? A. salty - Na+ B. umami - G protein C. bitter - K+ D. sour - H+ E. sweet - G protein
C. bitter - K+
35. The transparent mucous membrane that covers the anterior white surface of the eye is the A. conjunctival fornix. B. surface conjunctiva. C. bulbar conjunctiva. D. palpebral conjunctiva. E. sclera.
C. bulbar conjunctiva.
18. Taste buds A. can perceive seven basic tastes. B. are replaced approximately every 30 days. C. can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution. D. can be found covering both the superior and inferior surfaces of the tongue. E. have axons and generate their own action potentials.
C. can only perceive taste if the molecules are in solution.
93. Procedural memory is stored primarily in the A. hippocampus and amygdala. B. central sulcus and Wernicke's area. C. cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex. D. temporal lobe and frontal lobe. E. pons and midbrain.
C. cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex.
129. Mechanical deficiency in transmission of sound waves to the spiral organ is A. Meniere disease. B. otosclerosis. C. conduction hearing loss. D. sensorineural hearing loss. E. motion sickness.
C. conduction hearing loss.
48. The ciliary body A. contains rods and cones. B. is continuous with the sclera. C. consists of a ciliary ring and ciliary processes. D. produces vitreous humor. E. is photosensitive.
C. consists of a ciliary ring and ciliary processes.
42. Which of the following is NOT a symapthetic effect on the body? A. increased coagulation B. relaxation of ciliary muscle for far vision C. constriction of the pupil D. decreased insulin secretion
C. constriction of the pupil
43. The transparent anterior portion of the sclera is the A. iris. B. retina. C. cornea. D. choroid. E. pupil.
C. cornea.
88. In working memory, A. information is retained for less than a second. B. the frontal lobe plays the most important role. C. current information is lost when new information is presented. D. there is increased synaptic activity by long-term potentiation. E. there is consolidation of information.
C. current information is lost when new information is presented.
36. Lesions on one side of the spinal cord cut the lateral spinothalamic tract and eliminate A. sensations of touch from both sides below the level of injury. B. proprioception on the same side of the body below the level of the injury. C. cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of the body below the level of injury. D. sensations of vibration on the opposite side of the body at the level of the injury. E. sensations of tickle on the same side of the body below the level of injury.
C. cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of the body below the level of injury.
11. Where is the enteric nervous system located? A. brain B. heart C. digestive tract D. skin
C. digestive tract
12. Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron? A. enteric interneuron B. enteric sensory neuron C. enteric bipolar neuron D. enteric motor neuron
C. enteric bipolar neuron
21. Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of A. acetylcholine and epinephrine. B. norepinephrine and acetylcholine. C. epinephrine and norepinephrine. D. cortisol. E. aldosterone.
C. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
32. Some thyroid disorders are characterized by an increase in the width of the palpebral fissure. This would be an increase in the distance between the A. eyebrows. B. eyelashes. C. eyelids. D. eyes. E. lacrimal glands.
C. eyelids.
38. The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the A. nucleus gracilis. B. nucleus cuneatus. C. fasciculus gracilis. D. fasciculus cuneatus. E. fasciculus nucleus.
C. fasciculus gracilis.
26. The sense of taste is called A. olfaction. B. perception. C. gustation. D. tastant. E. mastication.
C. gustation.
83. The photoreceptor cells are located A. on the surface of the retina. B. in the ganglionic layer of the retina. C. in the photoreceptive layer of the retina. D. in the choroid layer of the retina. E. in the pigment cell layer of the retina
C. in the photoreceptive layer of the retina.
44. Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic action? A. increased tear production B. increased motility of the intestines C. increased metabolism D. increased gastric secretion
C. increased metabolism
96. Which portion of the ear contains the sense organs for hearing and balance? A. external ear B. middle ear C. inner ear D. auditory tube E. tympanic membrane.
C. inner ear
37. When acetylcholine binds to autonomic muscarinic receptors, A. heart rate increases. B. voluntary movements occur. C. intestinal motility increases. D. intestinal motility decreases. E. intestinal motility stops.
C. intestinal motility increases.
58. The ________ separates the posterior chamber from the vitreous chamber. A. iris B. choroid C. lens D. sclera
C. lens
49. What type of reflex operates independently of the CNS? A. distal reflex B. voluntary reflex C. local reflex D. conscious reflex
C. local reflex
87. Damage to the left side of the brain near the visual cortex could result in which of the following visual changes? A. loss of temporal visual fields from both eyes B. loss of nasal visual fields from both eyes C. loss of right visual fields from both eyes D. loss of left visual fields from both eyes E. None of these choices is correct.
C. loss of right visual fields from both eyes
93. Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane? A. labyrinth B. incas C. malleus D. stapes E. oval window
C. malleus
45. The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the _______ sensory receptors in that area of the body. A. size of B. location of C. number of D. size of muscles in E. position of the
C. number of
88. A person loses all vision in their left eye. One possible cause could be damage to the A. optic chiasma. B. left optic tract. C. optic nerve in the left eye. D. right lateral geniculate nucleus. E. right visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
C. optic nerve in the left eye.
81. Which of these activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people? A. adding numbers B. reciting the Gettysburg address C. painting a watercolor landscape D. using a calculator E. making a household budget
C. painting a watercolor landscape
29. Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic? A. preganglionic sympathetic B. preganglionic parasympathetic C. postganglionic sympathetic D. postganglionic parasympathetic E. postganglionic somatic motor
C. postganglionic sympathetic
90. The age-associated changes that result in loss of accommodation of the eyes is called A. myopia. B. hyperopia. C. presbyopia. D. retinopia. E. astigmatism.
C. presbyopia.
20. Which of these combinations of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors? A. touch and temperature B. pressure and temperature C. pressure and proprioception D. proprioception and temperature E. taste and smell
C. pressure and proprioception
113. The attenuation reflex A. amplifies loud noises. B. enhances low frequency sounds. C. prevents damage to delicate ear structures. D. involves the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. E. vibrates the tympanic membrane.
C. prevents damage to delicate ear structures.
49. The conscious perception of cutaneous sensations occurs in the cerebral cortex, but these sensations are perceived as if they were on the surface of the body. This is called A. association. B. perception. C. projection. D. integration. E. localization
C. projection.
12. The perception of position and movement of body parts is A. sensation. B. kinesthesia. C. proprioception. D. All of the choices are correct.
C. proprioception.
59. Which of the following functions is carried out by both aqueous and vitreous humor? A. cleanses the eye B. nourishment of the eye C. refraction of light rays D. generation of a visual image E. control the amount of light entering the eye
C. refraction of light rays
59. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. corticospinal tract - movements, especially the hands B. corticobulbar tract - movements in the head and face C. rubrospinal tract - two-point discrimination D. vestibulospinal tract - maintains upright posture E. reticulospinal - posture adjustments and walking
C. rubrospinal tract - two-point discrimination
34. Receptors that release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential as A. phasic receptors. B. primary receptors. C. secondary receptors. D. tonic receptors.
C. secondary receptors.
10. The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by A. the absence of preganglionic fibers. B. the absence of postganglionic axons. C. short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate. D. short preganglionic axons near the spinal cord. E. long postganglionic axons.
C. short postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate.
1. Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A. cardiac muscle B. glands C. skeletal muscle D. smooth muscle in blood vessels E. smooth muscle in the digestive system
C. skeletal muscle
72. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum? A. learning to play the harp. B. keeping time with music C. sleep-wake cycle D. coordination of skeletal muscles
C. sleep-wake cycle
10. Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment? A. equilibrium B. hearing C. smell D. taste E. vision
C. smell
9. The receptor cells for which of the following special senses are bipolar neurons? A. equilibrium B. hearing C. smell D. taste E. touch
C. smell
50. In bright sunlight, the pupil of your eye constricts and contracts the A. ciliary muscles. B. dilator pupillae. C. sphincter pupillae. D. suspensory ligaments. E. ciliary ring.
C. sphincter pupillae.
37. In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the A. receptor to the spinal cord. B. receptor to the brain. C. spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus. D. thalamus to the cerebral cortex. E. spinal cord to cerebellum.
C. spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus.
40. Which of the following is mismatched? A. spinotectal tract - visual reflexes B. fasciculus cuneatus - vibration from upper body half C. spinoreticular tract - light touch D. spinocerebellar tract - proprioception E. spinocerebellar tract - comparator function
C. spinoreticular tract - light touch
15. Sensory structures that detect taste are A. palates. B. papillae. C. taste buds. D. ciliary membranes. E. thermoreceptors.
C. taste buds.
105. Which of the following is part of the spiral organ (organ of Corti)? A. modiolus B. vestibule C. tectorial membrane D. scala tympani E. chorda tympani
C. tectorial membrane
65. For distant vision, A. the lens is more spherical. B. the suspensory ligaments relax. C. the ciliary muscles are relaxed. D. light is refracted more by the lens than by the humors. E. the lens is thickened.
C. the ciliary muscles are relaxed.
66. To focus on objects closer than 20 feet, A. the lens must become flatter. B. the cornea must move inward. C. the ciliary muscles must contract. D. the suspensory ligaments increase tension on the lens. E. the retina must bend.
C. the ciliary muscles must contract.
68. When you try to focus on the tip of your nose, A. the pupils dilate. B. the ciliary muscles relax. C. the lens becomes more spherical. D. the tension on the suspensory ligament increases. E. the lens becomes flatter.
C. the lens becomes more spherical.
55. Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in A. the postcentral gyrus. B. the precentral gyrus. C. the prefrontal area. D. the association area. E. the central sulcus.
C. the prefrontal area.
8. In the sympathetic division of the ANS, A. an important characteristic is convergence of neurons. B. preganglionic fibers are generally longer than postganglionic fibers. C. the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord. D. a single preganglionic fiber usually synapses with a single postganglionic fiber. E. preganglionic fibers emerge from the cervical portion of the spinal cord.
C. the preganglionic cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.
30. Superficial pain is highly localized, but visceral pain is diffuse because A. the viscera has fewer pain receptors. B. the skin has more sensitive pain receptors. C. the viscera has fewer mechanoreceptors which give location information. D. visceral pain has less emotional involvement.
C. the viscera has fewer mechanoreceptors which give location information.
8. Which of the following is a somatic sense? A. smell B. taste C. touch D. sound E. sight
C. touch
2. Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes A. one motor neuron plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors. B. one motor neuron plus skeletal muscles as effectors. C. two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors. D. two motor neurons plus skeletal muscles as effectors. E. three motor neurons plus skeletal muscles as effectors.
C. two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.
97. The external ear terminates at the A. pinna. B. oval window. C. tympanic membrane. D. internal auditory meatus. E. ossicles.
C. tympanic membrane.
62. Two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the A. rubrospinal and corticospinal. B. spinothalamic and tectospinal. C. vestibulospinal and rubrospinal. D. corticobulbar and vestibulospinal. E. corticospinal and corticobulbar.
C. vestibulospinal and rubrospinal.
17. The pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called A. painreceptors. B. internoreceptors. C. visceroreceptors D. proprioceptors. E. appendoreceptors.
C. visceroreceptors
1. Arrange the following to reflect the correct sequence an action potential would follow to reach the olfactory cortex of the brain: (1) olfactory bulb (2) olfactory cortex (3) olfactory epithelium (4) olfactory tract A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 3, 4, 1, 2 C. 1, 4, 2, 3 D. 3, 1, 4, 2 E. 4, 3, 2, 1
D. 3, 1, 4, 2
116. Arrange the following structures in the order in which they would vibrate as a result of the tympanic membrane vibrating. (1) oval window (2) vestibular membrane and endolymph (3) ossicles (4) basilar membrane (5) perilymph A. 3, 5, 2, 4, 1 B. 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 C. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 E. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
D. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
11. What molecule is activated from the binding of an odorant to transmembranous receptor molecules on olfactory hairs? A. cAMP B. calmodulin C. troponin D. G protein
D. G protein
33. If acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors, A. Na+ channels open. B. Ca2+ channels open. C. adrenaline is released. D. G proteins mediate the cell's response. E. the response is neither excitatory nor inhibitory.
D. G proteins mediate the cell's response.
36. When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors, A. Na+ channels open. B. Ca2+ channels open. C. adrenaline is released. D. G proteins mediate the cell's response. E. Na+ channels are closed.
D. G proteins mediate the cell's response.
24. Receptors responsible for the control of muscle contractions are A. muscle spindles. B. Pacinian corpuscles. C. Ruffini end organs. D. Golgi tendon organs. E. Meissner corpuscles.
D. Golgi tendon organs.
109. As a stereocilium bends, the tip link pulls ______ gates open. A. Na+ B. Ca2+ C. Cl- D. K+
D. K+
22. Which of the following is mismatched? A. Merkel disks - light touch B. Pacinian corpuscles - vibration C. Meissner corpuscles - two-point discrimination D. Ruffini end organs - temperature E. hair follicle receptors - slight bending of the hair
D. Ruffini end organs - temperature
28. How does distribution of symapthetic nerves differ from the distribution of parasymapthetic nerves? A. Only the sympathetic division serves the head and neck. B. Only parasympathetic nerves innervate the thoracic region. C. Sympathetic fibers innervate the abdominal cavity, while parasympathetic fibers innervate the pelvic region. D. Spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers.
D. Spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibers, while cranial nerves contain parasympathetic fibers.
3. Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system? A. The ANS innervates skeletal muscle. B. ANS functions are consciously controlled. C. The ANS controls unconscious movement of skeletal muscles. D. The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic. E. A single neuron from the spinal cord carries action potentials to effector organs in the ANS.
D. The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic. E. A single ne
66. Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause A. loss of memory. B. uncontrolled rage. C. fluent but circular speech. D. a slight shaking of the hands or head. E. loss of sensation.
D. a slight shaking of the hands or head.
114. The round window A. reflects sound waves. B. vibrates the basilar membrane. C. allows for compression of the organ of Corti. D. acts as a mechanical release for waves within the cochlea. E. increases the pressure of the perilymph.
D. acts as a mechanical release for waves within the cochlea.
84. A person suffering a stroke in the right parietal lobe may lose the ability to recognize faces. This is called A. aphasia. B. aprexia. C. athetosis. D. amorphosynthesis. E. incoherency.
D. amorphosynthesis.
127. Damage to the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in loss of A. taste. B. sight. C. hearing. D. balance. E. smell.
D. balance.
40. Which of the following drugs would be the best choice to use in chronic asthma to dilate the bronchioles? A. a nicotinic agent B. a muscarinic agent C. alpha-adrenergic blocking agents D. beta-adrenergic stimulating agents E. ganglionic blocking agents.
D. beta-adrenergic stimulating agents
4. You are an airborne molecule that dissolves in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. Which of the following must you do in order to depolarize neurons in the olfactory epithelium? A. stimulate mitral cells B. release acetylcholine C. cause proliferation of basal cells D. bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membrane E. lower the threshold of the cell
D. bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membrane
43. Which effector has no innervation with parasympathetic nerves? A. eye B. pancreas C. heart D. blood vessels
D. blood vessels
36. Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the A. retina. B. choroid. C. sclera. D. conjunctiva. E. lacrimal gland.
D. conjunctiva.
92. A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased A. sensory memory. B. Pavlovian reflexes. C. procedural memory. D. declarative memory. E. short term memory.
D. declarative memory.
111. The direction from which a sound is coming can be determined by the A. volume of the sound. B. frequency of sound waves. C. amplitude of the sound waves. D. differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear. E. timbre of sounds.
D. differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear.
81. Humans are able to distinguish several million shades of color because A. humans have large retinas. B. humans have binocular vision. C. they have many different types of cone cells. D. different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light. E. humans have more cones than rods.
D. different proportions of cone cells respond to each wavelength of light.
61. Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect? A. constriction of the pupils of the eye B. contraction of the urinary bladder C. decreased heart rate D. dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs E. increased gastric secretions
D. dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs
41. The gate control theory of pain says that pain impulses traveling through the lateral spinothalamic tract can be suppressed by increased activity of the A. anterior spinothalamic tract. B. tertiary neurons. C. extrapyramidal tracts. D. dorsal column/medial lemniscal system. E. spinocerebellar tracts.
D. dorsal column/medial lemniscal system.
46. During brain surgery, the superior portion of the primary somatic sensory cortex of a patient is stimulated. The patient is most likely to A. flex his fingers. B. talk to the surgeon. C. smile. D. feel something touching his back. E. wiggle his toes.
D. feel something touching his back.
60. Vitreous humor A. is produced on a daily basis. B. is less viscous than aqueous humor. C. does not contribute to intraocular pressure. D. helps to hold the lens and retina in place. E. is located in the anterior chamber.
D. helps to hold the lens and retina in place.
77. If the Broca area is damaged, the result is A. loss of memory. B. impairment in the movement of the right leg. C. blindness. D. hesitant and distorted speech. E. inability to think of things to say.
D. hesitant and distorted speech.
75. Rods, a type of photoreceptor cell, respond to light (stimulus) by A. depolarizing. B. repolarizing. C. hypopolarizing. D. hyperpolarizing. E. opening Na+ channels in the cell membrane.
D. hyperpolarizing.
26. Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers? A. glossopharyngeal B. vagus C. facial D. hypoglossal E. oculomotor
D. hypoglossal
47. What part of the CNS integrates thoughts and emotions to produce ANS responses? A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. midbrain D. hypothalamus
D. hypothalamus
62. Which of the following is a sympathetic effect? A. constriction of the pupils of the eyes B. constriction of the bronchioles in the lungs C. contraction of the urinary bladder D. increased heart rate E. increased gastric secretions
D. increased heart rate
57. The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the A. lens. B. retina. C. cornea. D. iris. E. optic disc.
D. iris.
45. The cornea A. is highly vascular. B. maintains the shape of the eye. C. is white like the rest of the sclera. D. is part of the focusing system of the eye. E. does not contain connective tissue.
D. is part of the focusing system of the eye.
89. Depth perception A. relies on monocular vision. B. does not require cerebral interpretation. C. requires the image to strike the retina of both eyes in exactly the same way. D. is the ability to distinguish between near and far objects and judge their distance. E. only works when looking down at water.
D. is the ability to distinguish between near and far objects and judge their distance.
33. The blink reflex is designed to A. maintain balance. B. regulate pupil size. C. provide clearer vision. D. keep the eyes moist. E. orient the eyes.
D. keep the eyes moist.
83. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. left cerebral hemisphere - analytical hemisphere B. left cerebral hemisphere - speech area for most of the population C. right cerebral hemisphere - recognition of faces D. left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception E. left cerebral hemisphere - mathematical hemisphere
D. left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception
64. Light refracts as it passes through the A. vitreous humor, sclera, and iris. B. lens, aqueous humor, and sclera. C. cornea, retina, and vitreous humor. D. lens, cornea and humors of the eye. E. sclera, iris, and retina.
D. lens, cornea and humors of the eye.
30. The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have A. somatotrophic receptors. B. muscarinic receptors. C. adrenergic receptors. D. nicotinic receptors. E. macrotinic receptors.
D. nicotinic receptors.
41. Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT innervate extrinsic eye muscles? A. oculomotor B. abducens C. trochlear D. optic E. trigeminal
D. optic
30. Which of the following structures is considered to be an accessory structure of the eye? A. lens B. retina C. sclera D. palpebrae E. cornea
D. palpebrae
39. Atropine causes the pupil of the eye to dilate by blocking the effect of muscarinic receptors. This means atropine is a(n) A. ganglionic blocking agent. B. beta-adrenergic blocking agent. C. alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. D. parasympathetic blocking agent. E. parasympathomimetic agents.
D. parasympathetic blocking agent.
47. The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the A. frontal lobe. B. temporal lobe. C. occipital lobe. D. parietal lobe.
D. parietal lobe.
15. A state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called A. adaptation. B. projection. C. translation. D. perception. E. inclination.
D. perception.
41. Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to A. cause vasoconstriction. B. block muscarinic receptors. C. dilate the pupils of the eye. D. prevent increases in heart rate. E. prevent decreases in heart rate.
D. prevent increases in heart rate.
79. Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken? A. auditory association area B. Broca area C. primary motor area D. primary auditory cortex E. Wernicke area.
D. primary auditory cortex
20. To which of the following substances would the taste buds be most sensitive? A. syrup B. vinegar C. salt water D. quinine (tonic) water E. jelly
D. quinine (tonic) water
98. As the nervous system ages A. reflexes become faster. B. cutaneous sensation becomes more acute. C. blood pressure decreases. D. reflexes become slower. E. size and weight of the brain increases.
D. reflexes become slower.
110. Which of the following definitions best describes the timbre of sounds? A. loudness B. amplitude C. wave frequency D. resonance quality E. pitch
D. resonance quality
91. What eye layer is referred to in the "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes"? A. conjunctiva B. choroid C. retina D. sclera E. pupil
D. sclera
101. Sensory receptors for balance are found in the A. pinna. B. cochlea. C. auditory ossicles. D. semicircular canals. E. auditory tube.
D. semicircular canals.
120. The superior olivary nucleus A. generates the endocochlear potential. B. receives impulses from the vestibular nerve. C. helps localize high-pitched tones near the apex of the basilar membrane. D. sends efferent impulses that inhibit all hair cells not vibrating maximally. E. stimulates additional hair cells.
D. sends efferent impulses that inhibit all hair cells not vibrating maximally
5. Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system? A. the heart B. sweat gland C. smooth muscle D. skeletal muscle E. salivary gland
D. skeletal muscle
97. A major source of sensory input into the limbic system is the sense of A. vision. B. taste. C. touch. D. smell.
D. smell.
124. Otoliths A. amplify hearing. B. are part of the ampulla. C. are found in the semicircular canals. D. stimulate hair cells to produce action potentials. E. are found in the cochlear duct.
D. stimulate hair cells to produce action potentials.
58. The ________________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations. A. craniosacral B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic E. sensory
D. sympathetic
14. The olfactory cortex is located in the _____ lobe and the secondary olfactory areas are located in the ___ lobe. A. frontal, temporal B. frontal, parietal C. parietal, temporal D. temporal, frontal
D. temporal, frontal
95. The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the __________lobe from the _________nerve. A. occipital; trochlear B. occipital; vestibulocochlear C. temporal; trochlear D. temporal; vestibulocochlear E. parietal; abducens
D. temporal; vestibulocochlear
22. Parasympathetic ganglia are called ____ ganglia. A. pelvic B. chain C. collateral D. terminal E. dorsal
D. terminal
5. The ability of the olfactory system to adapt to a particular odor may involve A. sensitivity of the olfactory cortex. B. an increase in the sensitivity at the receptor sites. C. neurons from the medial olfactory area stimulating mitral cells and tufted cells. D. the intermediate olfactory area sending inhibiting impulses to the olfactory bulb. E. molecules that do not bind to receptors anymore.
D. the intermediate olfactory area sending inhibiting impulses to the olfactory bulb.
87. In short-term memory, A. information is retained for less than a second. B. the frontal lobe plays the most important role. C. current information is lost when new information is presented. D. there is increased synaptic activity by long-term potentiation. E. there is consolidation of information.
D. there is increased synaptic activity by long-term potentiation.
23. The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the A. salivary glands. B. lacrimal glands. C. smooth muscle of the eyes. D. thoracic and abdominal viscera. E. thyroid gland.
D. thoracic and abdominal viscera.
15. Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the A. cranial and sacral regions. B. lumbar and sacral regions. C. cranial and thoracic regions. D. thoracic and lumbar regions. E. cervical and sacral regions
D. thoracic and lumbar regions.
31. Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as A. phasic receptors. B. primary receptors. C. secondary receptors. D. tonic receptors
D. tonic receptors
100. The malleus, incus, and stapes A. are parts of the cochlea. B. are located in the inner ear. C. are surrounded by endolymph. D. transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window. E. are surrounded by fluid.
D. transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
24. The newest taste to be described is A. bitter. B. salty. C. sweet. D. umami. E. sour.
D. umami.
112. Arrange the following structures in the order in which they vibrate when a sound wave enters the ear. (1) eardrum (2) endolymph (3) ossicles (4) oval window (5) perilymph A. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 B. 1, 4, 3, 5, 2 C. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 D. 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 E. 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
E. 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
61. Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway. (1) cerebral cortex (2) pyramids (3) cerebral peduncles (4) internal capsule A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 3, 4, 2 C. 1, 3, 2, 4 D. 2, 4, 3, 1 E. 1, 4, 3, 2
E. 1, 4, 3, 2
6. Efferent neurons of the A. somatic motor nerves innervate smooth muscle. B. ANS innervate skeletal muscle. C. somatic motor nerves connect skeletal muscles to the chain ganglia of the spinal cord. D. ANS utilize one neuron to connect the CNS to the effector organ. E. ANS utilize two neurons in series to connect the CNS to the effector.
E. ANS utilize two neurons in series to connect the CNS to the effector.
71. Damage to the cerebellum is likely to cause A. decreased muscle tone. B. balance impairment. C. the tendency to overshoot when reaching for an object. D. an intention tremor. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.
74. The brainstem A. includes nuclei of cranial nerves II - XII. B. contains centers for several vital reflexes like heart rate and blood pressure. C. contains the reticular formation. D. contains nuclei for vomiting and sneezing reflexes. E. All of these choices are correct.
E. All of these choices are correct.
12. What ion(s) cause(s) depolarization in olfactory neurons? A. Na+ B. Ca2+ C. K+ D. Both Na+ and K+ E. Both Na+ and Ca2+
E. Both Na+ and Ca2+
46. Autonomic reflexes might be integrated in the A. medulla oblongata. B. spinal cord. C. hypothalamus. D. thalamus. E. medula oblongata, spinal cord and hypothalamus.
E. medula oblongata, spinal cord and hypothalamus.
27. The _________ _________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in _____________ ___________ touch. A. Merkel disks; very deep B. Pacinian corpuscles; very light C. Muscle spindles; fine proprioceptive D. Golgi tendon organs; limited awareness E. Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination
E. Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination
82. Which of the following is false? A. Rods cannot detect color. B. The visual pigment of cones is iodopsin. C. Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. D. Association neurons in the inner retinal layers modify signals of rods and cones. E. Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
E. Most of the optic tract axons terminate in the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
125. The semicircular canals A. are parallel to each other. B. can detect movement in only one direction. C. have a base called a papilla. D. contain cupulae that respond to gravity. E. allow a person to detect movement in all directions.
E. allow a person to detect movement in all directions.
56. When a person consumes a substantial amount of nicotine, the response A. increases parasympathetic responses. B. increases sympathetic responses. C. decreases parasympathetic responses. D. decreases sympathetic responses. E. both increases parasympathetic responses and increases sympathetic responses.
E. both increases parasympathetic responses and increases sympathetic responses.
19. Sympathetic preganglionic axons A. can synapse in terminal ganglia. B. must synapse in parasympathetic ganglia. C. can synapse with cells in the adrenal cortex. D. can synapse in the dorsal root ganglion. E. can synapse in either chain or collateral ganglia.
E. can synapse in either chain or collateral ganglia.
52. The primary motor area A. contains sensory neurons for the face in its inferior portion. B. contains a smaller area for control of the hands than for control of the legs. C. contains neurons that control smooth muscle. D. contains more motor neurons for the thighs than the mouth. E. contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.
E. contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.
55. The optic disc A. is located in the vascular tunic. B. is the site of greatest visual acuity. C. is also called the macula lutea. D. is on the anterior surface of the eye. E. contains no photoreceptor cells.
E. contains no photoreceptor cells.
16. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. visceroreceptors - associated with organs B. adaptation - decreased sensitivity to continued stimulus C. projection - sensation is perceived at the site of the stimulus D. proprioceptors - information about body position E. cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera
E. cutaneous receptors - associated with the viscera
98. The auditory tube A. amplifies sound waves. B. helps maintain balance. C. carries sound to the eardrum. D. carries sound to the inner ear. E. equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.
E. equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.
17. The most sensitive taste buds are found in _____ papillae. A. formate B. filiform C. fungiform D. vallate E. foliate
E. foliate
99. Rapid changes in altitude can rupture the eardrum. Symptoms that may occur include A. dizziness. B. light headedness. C. feeling of a "full" ear. D. ringing in the ears. E. hearing impairment.
E. hearing impairment.
55. Stimulation by the autonomic nervous system results in increased insulin secretion from the pancreas during and after a meal. The following are most likely to be true. A. increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation B. acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion C. increased insulin secretion is due to sympathetic stimulation D. increased insulin secretion is due to adrenergic agonists E. increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation and acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion
E. increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation and acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion
14. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the A. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons. B. location of the preganglionic cell bodies. C. position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse. D. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, and location of the preganglionic cell bodies. E. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, location of the preganglionic cell bodies, and position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.
E. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, location of the preganglionic cell bodies, and position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.
60. A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the A. patient cannot voluntarily move his right arm or leg. B. patient feels no sensations on the left side of his body. C. patient cannot voluntarily move his left eye. D. patient's heart stops beating. E. patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.
E. patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.
78. Light and dark adaptation involves A. pupillary reflexes. B. variations in rod and cone function. C. changes in the amount of available rhodopsin. D. pupillary reflexes and changes in the amount of available rhodopsin. E. pupillary reflexes, variations in rod and cone function and changes in the amount of available rhodopsin.
E. pupillary reflexes, variations in rod and cone function and changes in the amount of available rhodopsin.
52. Which of the following is (are) associated with the retina? A. lens B. ciliary muscle C. pupil D. suspensory ligaments E. rods and cones
E. rods and cones
70. The main factor affecting depth of focus is the A. convergence. B. accommodation. C. shape of the lens. D. size of the lens. E. size of the pupil.
E. size of the pupil.