exercise phys exam 3, quizzes and exam 1, Exercise phys exam 3 prep, Exercise phys Exam 2 Q & A, Exercise phys quiz prep for exam 2

Which vitamins play a role in energy metabolism? [select all that apply]

1. choline 2. niacin 3. pantothenic acid 4. biotin 5. B12 6. riboflavin 7. thiamin

what are the two factors that can incr airflow?

1. decr resistance to airflow 2. incr pressure difference between two areas

Iron deficiencies are associated with which of the following? [select all that apply]

1. decreased oxygen transport 2. less efficient electron transport capabilities

which of the following may lead to the thickening of the cardiac wall, specifically the left ventricle? (select all that apply)

1. endurance training 2. weight training 3. chronic hypertension (high blood pressure)

Match the organ with the hormones it releases. Anterior Pituitary

1. growth hormone 2. beta endorphine 3. adrenocorticotropin hormone

Insufficient carbohydrate ingestion may result in.... [select all that apply]

1. inability to maintain exercise training intensity 2. loss of muscle mass 3. inability to maintain training volume

True of False-When aerobic metabolism is in use for energy production, only triglycerides are being used for fuel.

false

True or False. Norepinephrine is the main atecholamine hormone associated with parasympathetic activation.

false

True or False: a strength training program will result in faster neural adaptations compared with an endurance training program

false

true or false Acclimation to altitude results in an increase in maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate, and stroke volume compared with acute response to altitude.

false

true or false At altitude, resting pulmonary ventilation is increased by increasing the rate of breathing, whereas pulmonary ventilation during exercise is increased by increasing the rate and depth of breathing.

false

true or false as altitude incr from sea-level, barometric pressure (mmHG) also incr

false

true or false at high-intensity exercise, plasma insulin concentrations decline over time

false

true or false exercise causes menstrual disorders?

false

true or false: cardiac output incr at rest after engaging in high-intensity continuous aerobic training program

false

true or false: neural adaptations related to exercise can occur for up to 16 weeks within a strength training program

false

true or false: specificity training principle but not overload principle applies to both the nervous and skeletal muscle system

false

true or false: sympathetic regulation of heart rate directly stimulates the SA node, AV node, right and left bundle branches, and purkinji fibers

false

What are the substrates utilized for energy?

mono-/di-/polysaccharides, amino acids, triglycerides

Purkinje fibers

rapidly spread the impulse to contract throughout the ventricles

exercise training impacts which type of reflex?

reciprical innervation

why does hypoxia occur at higher altitudes?

reduced partial pressure of oxygen

how is heart rate controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?

release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve

peptide receptors

rely on intracellular second messenger system

What is a role of glial cells? 1. None of the above 2. all of the above 3. Unable to initiate or conduct electrical signals 4. Form myelin sheaths 5. Consist of lipids 6. Important for the CNS to function

2. all of the above works but importantly: 4. Form myelin sheaths

within spirometry, which variables are assessed to measure lung function? (select all that apply) 1. functional residual volume (FRV) 2. forced vital capacity (FVC) 3. forced expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV-1) 4. tidal volume (TV)

2. forced vital capacity (FVC) 3. Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV-1)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most important energy molecule in cells. Which from the following describes the chemical structure of an ATP molecule.

Adenosine diphosphate, inorganic phosphate, and a hydrogen ion.

True of False-The majority of carbon dioxide is transported throughout the blood by binding to hemoglobin.

false

Which minerals are important for nerve impulse transmission? [select all that apply]

1. calcium 2. chloride 3. sodium 4. potassium

intrinsic control of cardiac output during exercise includes which of the following? (select all that apply) 1. balance betw vasodilation and sympathetic stimulation to ensure adequate blood flow to the heart and brain 2. stimulation of smooth muscle chemoreceptors in precapillary sphincters incr vasodilation to the skeletal muscle 3. sympathetic stimulation to promote vasoconstriction to inactive tissues 4. stimulation of skeletal muscle chemoreceptors in precapillary sphincters incr vasodilation to the skeletal muscle

1. . balance betw vasodilation and sympathetic stimulation to ensure adequate blood flow to the heart and brain 2. stimulation of smooth muscle chemoreceptors in precapillary sphincters incr vasodilation to the skeletal muscle

Match the Recommended Dietary Allowance for calorie intake with the macronutrient. 1. Carbs 2. protein 3. fat

1. 45-65% total caloric intake 2. 10-35% total caloric intake 3. less than 35% total caloric intake

Which mechanisms help control blood pressure during exercise? [select all that apply] 1. Baroreflex 2.Plasma volume 3. Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation of the Vasculature 4. Precapillary sphincters 5. Elasticity of veins

1. Baroreflex 3. Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation of the Vasculature

Why does VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 decrease at the start of exercise? 1. Blood flow is more uniform throughout the entire lungs (from apex to base) in exercise compared with rest, this means less air needs to be ventilated to get one liter of oxygen in and expire one liter of carbon dioxide. 2. Because ventilation increases at the start of exercise. 3. Blood flow is less uniform throughout the entire lungs (from apex to base) in exercise compared with rest, this means more air needs to be ventilated to get one liter of oxygen in and expire one liter of carbon dioxide. 4. none of the above

1. Blood flow is more uniform throughout the entire lungs (from apex to base) in exercise compared with rest, this means less air needs to be ventilated to get one liter of oxygen in and expire one liter of carbon dioxide.

How does a contracting muscle return to a relaxed state? Check all that apply.

1. Ca++is unbound from troponin 2. Ca++is actively pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Alpha motor neuron axon action potential stops 4. Active sites are covered by tropomyosin and troponin 5. External force is needed to return the muscle to resting length

Select all that apply to endurance exercise training adaptations in the skeletal muscle.

1. Can more efficiently utilize triglycerides for fuel 2. increase in size and number of mitochondria 3. Increase in capillary density

Which two hormones contribute to changes in blood glucose and blood glucose control during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise? [select all that apply]

1. Catecholamines 2. cortisol

Which statements are true about motor neurons? [select all that apply] 1. Connect to muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction 2. Carry messages to the CNS 3. Long dendrites to receive impulses from sensory neurons and interneurons 4. The cell body is located in the spinal cord

1. Connect to muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction 4. The cell body is located in the spinal cord

Why is carbohydrate the preferred metabolic substrate during aerobic events? [select all that apply]

1. Conversion rate of kcal is twice as fast as lipids or proteins 2. Increased production of ATP per unit of oxygen compared to lipids. 3. Allows athletes to perform at a faster, sustainable pace

Which factors increase affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? [select all that apply] 1. Decrease in temperature 2. Increase in temperature 3. Decrease in pH 4. Decrease in acidity

1. Decrease in temperature 2. Decrease in acidity

What happens after an impulse occurs? 1. Depolarization occurs, here sodium channels open, flood into the cell. This causes repolarization, where potassium channels open, and potassium leaves the cell. 2. Repolarization occurs, here sodium channels open, flood into the cell. This causes depolarization, where potassium channels to open, and potassium leaves the cell. 3. Depolarization occurs, here potassium channels open and flood into the cell. This causes repolarization, where sodium channels to open, and potassium leaves the cell. 4. The sodium-potassium pump helps facilitate depolarization and repolarization of the cell, which helps track the electrical impulse down the neuron.

1. Depolarization occurs, here sodium channels open, flood into the cell. This causes repolarization, where potassium channels open, and potassium leaves the cell.

Which gas diffusion law explains how oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse across the respiratory membrane? 1. Fick's Law 2. Henry's Law 3. Dalton's Law

1. Fick's Law

What does the Frank-Starling Mechanism help explain? 1. How stroke volume increases during exercise 2. How sympathetic stimulation contributes to increases in cardiac output during exercise 3. The length-tension relationship in the heart 4. How blood pressure changes in the heart during exercise

1. How stroke volume increases during exercise

Which statements are true about proprioceptors?

1. Include muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs 2. Contribute to training specificity 3. Muscle spindles contribute to the stretch reflex

What is the utility of the respiratory exchange ratio? (select all that apply)

1. It helps an individual identify when he/she has hit peak aerobic capacity 2. . It provides insight into substrate utilization during exercise

What happens to stroke volume at any given exercise intensity in a trained individual compared with untrained? 1. It remains unchanged 2. It is higher 3. It is higher until 40-50% V02 max, then it is the same 4. It is lower

1. It is higher

What are the advantages of saltatory conduction? [select all that apply] 1. It requires less energy 2. It increases speed of the impulse 3. Impulses can jump from one Node of Ranvier to the next 4. Helps organize communication among motor units

1. It requires less energy 2. It increases speed of the impulse

riboflavin and niacin convert to _______ and _______ respectively, which play major roles in energy metabolism

1. NAD 2. FAD

Which of the following is removed from substrates in the TCA cycle and carried onto the electron transport chain? (select all that apply)

1. NADH 2. FADH2

Which three factors impact the effectiveness of carbohydrate-electrolyte supplementation during exercise?

1. Osmolality 2. Formulation 3. Rate it passes through the stomach and small intestine

which segments in an ECG are associated with abnormalities? (select all that apply) 1. P-R interval 2. T-wave 3. P-Q segment 4. Q-T segment 5. S-T segment

1. P-R interval 4. Q-T segment 5. S-T segment

Which brain structures make up the respiratory control center? 1. Pons and Medulla Oblongata 2. Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Pons and Medulla Oblongata 3. Pons and Brain Stem 4. Hypothalamus and Pons 5. Hypothalamus and Medulla Oblongata

1. Pons and Medulla Oblongata

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is essential for calcium storage. What is the role of calcium in muscle fiber contraction (select all that apply)?

1. Released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol of the muscle fiber 2. Prevents tropomyosin from covering actin sites on the actin filament 3. Binds to troponin

According to the Frank-Starling Mechanism, increased venous return stretches or "preloads" the ventricle. How is venous return increased during exercise? [select all that apply] 1. Respiratory Pump 2. Muscle Pump 3. Constriction of Veins 4. Increased Blood Pressure 5. Increased a-vO2 Difference 6. Increased Oxygen Consumption

1. Respiratory Pump 2. Muscle Pump 3. Constriction of Veins

What is the role of central chemoreceptors? 1. Respond to changes within the cerebral spinal fluid, specifically changes in H+ ion concentration. 2. Respond to changes in blood PCO2 and PO2. 3. To stop hyperventilation.

1. Respond to changes within the cerebral spinal fluid, specifically changes in H+ ion concentration.

Select the correct acute physiological responses to higher altitude exposure? [select all that apply]

1. Shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left 2. Decreased blood volume 3. Increased ventilation 4. Increased carbohydrate utilization at rest and submaximal exercise

Which mechanisms contribute to increasing core temperature during exercise in cold environments? [select all that apply]

1. Shivering thermogenesis 2. Non-shivering thermogenesis 3. Vasoconstriction of skin arterioles

What are the benefits of oxygen debt post-exercise? (select all that apply)

1. Since so much ATP is no longer being used, blood acidity decreases 2. Phosphocreatine stores are able to be restored completely by using ATP from aerobic metabolism

Which factors influence oxyhemoglobin saturation during exercise? [select all that apply] 1. Temperature 2. Acidity 3. Partial pressure of oxygen 4. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

1. Temperature 2. Acidity

Why does the partial pressure of oxygen decrease from atmospheric air to the alveoli? [select all that apply] 1. There is some air left in the lungs after exhalation that has a lower PO2. 2. The deoxygenated blood that enters the lungs as the oxygenated blood leaves results in some oxygen diffusion. 3. Oxygen is more permeable to the respiratory membrane. 4. The water vapor in the lungs results in a change in PO2 in order to maintain constant pressure.

1. There is some air left in the lungs after exhalation that has a lower PO2. 2. The water vapor in the lungs results in a change in PO2 in order to maintain constant pressure.

Which hormones are relevant to anabolic pathways, for example the facilitation of muscle hypertrophy? [select all that apply]

1. Thyroxine 2. Growth hormone 3. insulin-like Growth Factor 4. Testosterone

Why do public health guidelines recommend a well-balanced diet?

1. To promote growth and development in children and adolescents and good health in adults 2. To prevent nutrient deficiencies 3. To promote adequate intake of vitamins and minerals

Among the factors that make up total lung capacity, which are most important in the context of exercise? [select all that apply] 1. Vital capacity 2. Tidal volume 3. Inspiratory reserve volume 4. Expiratory reserve volume 5. Inspiratory capacity 6. Functional residual capacity 7. Residual volume

1. Vital capacity 2. Tidal volume 3. Inspiratory reserve volume 4. Expiratory reserve volume

Which of the following statements best defines multiple motor unit summation? 1. Where greater force can be produced because more motor units are activated 2. Where neurons are able to vary the rate of activating motor units 3. A threshold level for activation is reached resulting in activation of all of the muscle fibers in that motor unit 4. High threshold fast motor units get recruited first to allow faster movement velocity, then smaller motor units may be activated.

1. Where greater force can be produced because more motor units are activated

What are the three factors that determine thermoregulatory stress?

1. Wind speed 2. Relative humidity 3. Ambient temperature

Fill in the blanks. The sarcomere is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle. At each end of a _1._ lines. At rest, there are two distinct light areas in each sarcomere: the _2._ zone the middle of the sarcomere, which contains myosin but not actin, and the _3._ bands located at both ends of the sarcomere, which contain only _4._ filaments. These two areas appear light in comparison with the _5._ bands which contains overlapping actin and myosin filaments. The A band represents the length of the _6._ filaments. The _7._ line found in the middle of the H zone, is important as its proteins hold the _8._ filaments in place.

1. Z 2. H 3. I 4. actin 5. A 6. myosin 7. M 8. myosin

Match the organ with the hormones it releases. adrenal gland

1. aldosterone 2. dopamine 3. epinephrine 4. cortisol

Glucose for use in aerobic metabolism can be obtained from which two sources?

1. blood glucose 2. intramuscular glycogen

select the exercise training adaptations from resistance training 1. incr ability to maintain cardiac output against incr blood pressure 2. none of the above 3. incr the resting heart rate 4. incr oxygen delivery to working muscles

1. incr ability to maintain cardiac output against incr blood pressure 4. incr oxygen delivery to working muscles

which factors contribute to incr oxygen delivery to active muscles? (select all that apply) 1. incr cardiac output 2. incr end-diastolic volume 3. redistribution of blood flow 4. larger a-VO2 difference

1. incr cardiac output 3. redistribution of blood flow 4. larger a-VO2 difference

how is blood pressure controlled during exercise? (select all that apply) 1. incr stretch of baroreceptors 2. plasma volume 3. elasticity of veins 4. vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the vasculature

1. incr stretch of baroreceptors 4. vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the vasculature

which two factors allow tidal volume to incr during exercise?

1. inspiratory reserve volume 2. expiratory reserve volume

Match the organ with the hormones it releases. pancreas

1. insulin 2. glucagon

match each hormone with it's associated release and transport mechanism: 1. endocrine 2. paracrine 3. autocrine

1. insulin 2. leptin 3. insulin-like growth factor-1

Women rely on which two hormones primarily for anabolic reactions?

1. insulin-like Growth Factor 2. growth hormone

which two hormones act as negative feedback for growth hormone release?

1. insulin-like growth factor-1 2. somatostatin

in what ways is myoglobin different from hemoglobin? (select all that apply) 1. it is not sensitive to PH, & temperature 2. It does not contribute to oxygen deficit upon exercise cessation 3. It can function as a reserve at the start of exercise to help maintain oxygen requirements of muscle becoming active 4. it has a much steeper oxygen dissociation curve 5. it approaches 100% oxygen saturation at higher levels of PO2 in the blood

1. it is not sensitive to PH temperature 3. It can function as a reserve at the start of exercise to help maintain oxygen requirements of muscle becoming active 4. it has a much steeper oxygen dissociation curve

Which three factors are associated with the positive effects of exercise on immune function?

1. myokines 2. natural killer cells 3. Peptide F

which factors are associated with the positive effects of exercise on immune function?

1. natural killer cells 2. peptide F 3. myokines

which statements are true related to testosterone in men AND women?

1. naturally declines with age making it harder to promote muscle hypertrophy with exercise 2. stimulates development of muscle and bone

The hormone Peptide F is associated with improving immunity in the context of exercise due to acute elevations during and after exercise and interactions with immune cells that promote antibodies, such as B-cells ?

1. peptide F 2. acute elevations post-exercise and interactions with immune cells that promote antibodies, such as B-cells

Match the fat-soluble vitamin with its function. 1. vitamin A 2. vitamin D 3. vitamin E 4. vitamin K

1. primary role in vision 2. primary role in bone health 3. primary role as an antioxidant 4. primary role in blood clotting

match each propiomelanocotrin peptide with its role or association with exercise: 1. beta endorphin 2. adrenocorticotropin hormone 3. melanocyte stimulating hormone 4. thyroid stimulating hormone

1. promote pain relief 2. promotes glycogen sparing via cortisol production 3. assists with fluid balance via aldosterone secretion 4. promotes anabolic reactions via thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Why are electrolytes added to sports drinks? [select all that apply]

1. promote sustained drive to drink 2. decr urine output 3. help maintain extracellular fluid volume

Which two organs control electrolyte balance?

1. small intestine (GI tract) 2. kidney

What are the three main purposes of metabolism? (select the correct answers)

1. the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and some carbohydrates 2. The conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes 3. The elimination of nitrogenous waste

which statements are true related to the size principle and motor unit recruitment? (select all that apply) 1. the exact motor units recruited depends on the exercise demands and biomechanical position of the muscle. 2. motor units are recruited from smallest to largest 3. an example of an exception of the size principle, in the context of exercise, is with high velocity and high power output movements such as sprinting. 4. motor units are recruited by fiber type, fast to slow

1. the exact motor units recruited depends on the exercise demands and biomechanical position of the muscle. 2. motor units are recruited from smallest to largest 3. an example of an exception of the size principle, in the context of exercise, is with high velocity and high power output movements such as sprinting.

Which three factors impact growth hormone release?

1. time of day 2. obesity 3. age

Which three mechanisms contribute to increasing core temperature during exercise in cold environments?

1. vasoconstriction of skin arterioles 2. non-shivering thermogenesis 3. shivering thermogenesis

Put these in order. From the intact skeletal muscle, to the smallest component of the skeletal muscle.

1. whole muscle 2. fasiculus 3. muscle fiber 4. myofibril 5. sarcomere

Which statements are true about communication across the synaptic gap? 1. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap via active transport 2. Neurotransmitters can bind to multiple types of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane 3. Each receptor allows only one type of ion to pass through the channel 4. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, the receptor opens channels for ions

3. Each receptor allows only one type of ion to pass through the channel 4. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, the receptor opens channels for ions

which factors control ventilation? (select all that apply) 1. PO2 2. Lactate accumulation 3. PCO2 4. Hydrogen ions

3. PCO2 4. Hydrogen ions

Which is an example of negative feedback in the context of a negative feedback loop? 1. Pupil dilation 2. Peristalsis 3. Shivering 4. Increased blood flow to working muscle

3. Shivering

why does oxygen consumption improve with exercise training? (select all that apply) 1. incr lung strength 2. heart rate decr 3. a-VO2 diff is larger 4. hemoglobin incr 5. cardiac output incr

3. a-VO2 difference is larger 5. cardiac output incr

which of the following is not true of saltadory conduction? 1. it allows the action potential to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next 2. it requires less energy compared to local conduction 3. it occurs only in umyelinated nerves 4. it incr the velocity of nerve impulse

3. it occurs only in unmyelinated nerves

which factor makes it possible for blood flow directly to the skeletal muscle from an organ, as opposed to having flow through all organs before reaching that muscle? 1. valves in veins 2. improved vascularization due to exercise 3. parallel circuitry 4. precapillary sphincters

3. parallel circuitry

Strength/weight training can be used to modulate not only physical but neural adaptations. What type of reflex can be augmented by exercise training? 1. Peripheral reflex 2. Disynaptic reflex 3. Monosynaptic reflex 4. Reciprocal innervation

4. Reciprocal innervation

Calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure if an individual's resting arterial blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg. (Numerical answer only, no units. Answer to two decimal places).

86.55

While there may be overlap in energy systems, what is the primary order?

ATP-Phosphagen system, Glycolysis, TCA cycle & Electron Transport Chain

What is the difference between active and passive muscle tension?

Active tension is greatest when length of the muscle permits maximal overlap between actin and myosin filaments, and passive tension is greatest when length of the muscle is extended beyond rest.

Why are B-vitamins important?

B-vitamins either play key roles in energy metabolism or DNA synthesis

Why do the kidneys excrete bicarbonate (HCO3-) instead of carbonic acid (H2CO3) to correct blood pH as an acute response to altitude exposure?

Because when carbonic acid is broken down it yields bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion. The hydrogen ion gets absorbed to help decrease blood pH and the bicarbonate gets excreted.

Jane lives in Denver, Colorado and has been training there for a marathon. She traveled to New Orleans, Louisiana (hot and humid environment) for the marathon and arrived one day before her event. Which statement is true about the acute physiological changes Jane will experience during exercise under euhydrated conditions?

Cardiac output and oxygen consumption will be greater during the event compared with during training.

Which food serves as a good example to promote recovery after a workout/athletic event?

Chocolate Milk

Mary, an avid recreational runner, moved to Alma Colorado (>10,00 feet) from Houston Texas (sea level, hot and humid environment) about one year ago. Which statement is true about physiological changes she has experienced during exercise in December?

Compared with running in Houston, when running in Alma oxygen consumption and cardiac output are still lower and vasodilation of vessels in extremities have increased.

Which enzyme is involved in regeneration of ATP from the breakdown of phosphocreatine?

Creatine Kinase

which statement is true about end diastolic and end systolic volume (EDV & ESV) from rest to steady-state aerobic exercise (50% peak oxygen consumption)?

EDV incr and ESV is about the same or decreases slightly

What are the steps of muscle contraction as explained by the sliding filament theory?

Electrical impulse from neuromuscular junction, impulse causes release of calcium, calcium binds to troponin c subunit, tropomyosin uncovers active site of actin, myosin crossbridge heads bind to actin and pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere.

Fick's law states that oxygen consumption is explained by cardiac output and a-VO2 difference

Fick equation

Frank Starling mechanism states that at the start of exercise, the incr in end-diastolic volume results in an incr in ventricular contractile force, resulting in a decr in end-systolic volume and incr in stroke volume

Frank Starling mechanism

Which factor initiates beta-oxidation?

Glucagon, hormone-sensitive lipase, epinephrine, and/or adrenocorticotropic hormone

Why is higher cardiorespiratory fitness advantageous for thermoregulation in hot environments?

Greater cardiac output, which enables improved ability to distribute blood flow between skeletal muscle and skin

How do you calculate cardiac output?

HR x SV

How does dehydration impact core temperature, sweat rate, and skin blood flow?

Increase core temperature, decrease sweat rate and skin blood flow

Why does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift up and to the left as an acute physiological response to altitude exposure

Increased pH

How does dehydration impact heart rate and stroke volume?

Increases heart rate, decreases stroke volume

What is the role of the endocrine glands in thermoregulation in hot environments?

Influences water retention and reabsorption of sodium and chloride

What is the role of creatine in the energy systems?

It binds to an inorganic phosphate molecule and facilitates energy production

How can the glycemic index be helpful in the context of exercise?

It can help identify carbohydrate food sources that can be consumed shortly before exercise with minimal gastrointestinal distress

How does dehydration impact muscular strength and endurance?

It decrease or results in no change in muscular strength and endurance

How does dehydration impact blood buffering capacity?

It decreases blood buffering capacity

How does dehydration impact lactate threshold?

It decreases lactate threshold

Why is the half-life of a hormone important?

It determines the hormones potency to produce a signal in its target cell.

Select the best example of isoinertial force production?

Lifting Weights

Why are carbohydrates utilized more as a primary fuel source at rest and submaximal exercise at altitude after acute exposure?

Low PO2 in air

Which factor is the most critical in terms of successful acclimation to a hot environment?

More efficient adjustment in sweat rate

Which factor controls resting pulmonary ventilation at high altitude (>/= 10,000 feet)?

PO2

Which mechanism results in more effective stimulation of hormones?

Pulsatility

Dendrite

Receive information (impulses) and send to cell body

Robert is a sedentary individual who just moved from Miami, Florida (sea level, hot environment) to Salt Lake City in January. After living here for one day he went cross country skiing in Millcreek Canyon. Which statement is true about the physiological changes he will experience during this exercise under dehydrated conditions?

Reduction in blood volume, nerve conduction velocity, force production, power output, and oxygen consumption.

How does the hypothalamus prevent the release of excessive amounts of hormones from the thyroid?

Release thyroid-inhibitory hormone to stop the release of thyroid stimulating hormone.

True or false: translational science can include many disciplines?

True

which statement is true about stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) from rest to steady-state aerobic exercise (50% peak oxygen consumption)?

SV incr quickly, then there is only a slight incr and HR incr

After you formulate a scientific question, complete a literature review, and formulate a hypothesis, what is the next step?

Seek IRB or IACUC approval

Which hormone is released in greater quantities with resistance training compared with moderate-and high-intensity aerobic exercise?

Testosterone

Regarding thermoregulation, which statement is true about temperature receptors in the body?

Thermoreceptors are located under the skin and in the peritoneal cavity. Central receptors for heat are located in the brainstem and spinal cord. Central receptors for cold are located in the spinal cord. These receptors send information to the pre-optic anterior hypothalamus.

Which statement is true about the action of steroid hormones?

They exert their action by interactions with DNA's regulatory elements and directly signal cells to make proteins

Why are electrolytes important during exercise?

They facilitate electrical charges in tissues such as neurons and muscle fibers

Why is the lactate threshold associated with higher exercise intensity in trained individuals?

They have an increased ability to use fat for energy and increased capillary density and number.

Why does the skeletal muscle have chemical buffering systems?

To attenuate excess hydrogen from ATP utilization

What is the main purpose of the Cori cycle?

To make glucose from lactate

What is the primary role of vitamins?

To serve as a catalyst or cofactors in chemical reactions

True of False - Inspiratory and expiratory muscles move the rib cage in order to facilitate ventilation.

True

True or False: One reason electrolytes are added to sports drinks is to help maintain plasma volume.

True

In a trained individual, which substrates are used primarily at higher intensity exercise?

a mixture of carbohydrates and fat, but primarily carbohydrates

Which statement best describes skeletal muscle contraction with consideration of the nervous system?

acetylcholine binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane (motor end plate) which triggers an impulse in the muscle cell, down the t-tubules, which causes release of calcium, calcium binds to troponin C subunit, tropomyosin uncovers active site of actin, myosin crossbridge heads to bind actin and pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere

peptide hormones

act indirectly on targets through second messenger systems

steroid receptors

allow direct signal interactions

a reduction in peripheral resistance yields .......

an incr in blood flow

why do ventilatory equivalents decr at the start of exercise?

because blood flow is more uniform in the lungs at the start of exercise

Positive feedback loop

can promote or even intensify a process

How does dehydration impact lactate threshold?

decr

negative feedback loop

diminish or reduce the intensity of a process

amine hormones

direct action on their target cells or receptors

steroid hormones

directly signal cells to make protein and exert action by interacting with DNA's regulatory elements

why is a reduction in resting and exercise blood pressure an exercise training adaptation? a. incr in compliance of peripheral arteries b. resetting the operating point due to the baroreflex e. a, b d. all of the above c. incr sympathetic nerve activity f. a, c

e. a, b a. incr in compliance of peripheral arteries b. resetting the operating point due to the baroreflex

Which environmental factor is the primary contributor to heat transfer during exercise?

evaporation

how is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

forms carbonic acid and dissolves to bicarbonate

which factors help explain the incr in ventricular contractile force in the Frank Starling mechanism? (select all that apply) b. incr sensitivity to changes in intracellular calcium h. b, c i. a, b. d g. a, b, c a. length-tension relationship d. incr parasympathetic stimulation c. incr sympathetic stimulation f. a, b e. all of the above

g. a, b, c a. length-tension relationship b. incr sensitivity to changes in intracellular calcium c. incr sympathetic stimulation

which factors contribute to air flow in the respiratory system? j. a, b, c, e e. partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide h. a, b, d g. a, b, c f. all of the above c. pulmonary resistance i. b, c, e d. peripheral resistance b. mechanical ventilation a. pressure changes

g. a, b, c a. pressure changes b. mechanical ventilation c. pulmonary resistance

What are the major differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system? f. a, c, d, e c. Sympathetic uses the phosphagen system and parasympathetic does not g. a, b, d, e d. Sympathetic can tap into glycogen stores if necessary to provide energy and parasympathetic primarily uses triglycerides to provide energy h. a, b, c, d e. Sympathetic increases heart rate and parasympatheticdecreases heart rate a. Sympathetic consists of the adrenergic system and parasympathetic consists of cholinergic system b. Sympathetic utilizes the neurotransmitter noradrenaline and parasympathetic utilizes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

g. a, b, d, e

why is ECG useful? (select all that apply) h. a,b,d g. a,b c. you can use it to assess peripheral resistance to the heart e. all of the above d. you can use it to calculate cardiac output b. you can use it to detect heart rythym abnormalties and underlying disease f. b, c, d a. you can use it to measure heart rate during exercise and rest

g. a,b a. you can use it to measure heart rate during exercise and rest b. you can use it to detect heart rhythm abnormalties and underlying disease

which physiological parameters can be used to prescribe/dictate exercise training intensity? g. all of the above c. ventilatory threshold a. heart rate d. respiratory compensation point f. a, b, c b. peak aerobic capacity e. a,c

g. all of the above ventilatory threshold, heart rate, RCP, peak aerobic capacity

An individual just sprinted 100 meters. Which hormones are elevated in circulation immediately following this exercise bout? h. a, b, c, d e. Adrenal androgens b. Cortisol a. Peptide F f. Estrogen g. a, b, d i. b, d, e c. Parathyroid hormone j. All of the above d. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

h. a, b, c, d a. Peptide F b. Cortisol c. Parathyroid hormone d. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Moderate-and high-intensity, but not near-maximal or maximal, exercise stimulates release of which hormones? b. Adrenocorticotropin hormone c. Testosterone a. Growth hormone i. a, b, d, g g. Insulin j. a, b, e, f f. Progesterone d. Catecholamines h. a, b, c, d, e k. All of the above e. Peptide F

h. a, b, c, d, e a. Growth hormone b. Adrenocorticotropin hormone c. Testosterone d. Catecholamines e. Peptide F

How is the myocardium different from the skeletal muscle? a. Cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) contain more mitochondria compared with mycoytes (skeletal muscle cells) c. Muscle fibers in the myocardium are shorter compared with muscle fibers in the skeletal muscle d. Muscle fibers in the myocardium are capable of initiating an impulse i. a, b, d b. Cardiomyocytes use aerobic metabolism f. all of the above h. a, c, d e. Muscle fibers in the myocardium include type 1 of aerobic fibers g. a, b, d, e

h. a, c, d

Which statements are true about blood supply to the heart? a. Blood is supplied by the coronary artery f. all of the above h. a, e b. Blood pressure is highest in the arteries and veins that supply the heart i. a, b, d, e e. There is an ability for intercommunication to ensure even blood flow j. a, c, d, e c. The major arteries and veins are located next to intercalated discs g. none of the above d. The heart receives the majority of its blood during systole

h. a, e

which statement is the correct order of events? TRH= thyroid releasing hormone TSH= thyroid stimulating hormone

hypothal secretes TRH, TRH binds to receptors on ant pituitary and stimulates secretion of TSH, TSH binds to receptors on thyroid and releases thyroid hormones (T3 T4). The thyroid hormone release stim the hypothal to secrete thyroid inhibiting hormone, which stops ant pituitary from stim the secretion of TSH

Why are electrolytes added to sports drinks?

i. a, b, c, d, e a. Promote voluntary fluid ingestion b. Helps maintain plasma volume by helping prevent dehydration c. Helps maintain extracellular fluid volume d. Reduces risk of hyponatremia e. Reduces urine output

How does dehydration impact heart rate and stroke volume?

incr heart rate and decr stroke volume

Sinoatrial node

is the pacemaker of cardiac contraction

how would ventilatory threshold change after participating in an exercise training program?

it would occur at a higher workload

why is carbon dioxide released from hemoglobin in the lungs?

low PCO2

after completing a 6 wk strength training program, Francis completed a grip force task (handgrip test) and had a lower level of electromyography (EMG) activity to force ratio. What is the most likely exercise training adaptation to explain this incr in contractile force, with decr neural drive?

more efficient recruitment pattern of the motor units

in chemical synapses, what is responsible for eliciting an electrical pulse in the postsynaptic cell?

neurotransmitters

which component of Henry's Law really matters in the context of carbon dioxide and oxygen diffusion in the skeletal muscle?

partial pressure

What is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?

phosphofructokinase

Soma

processing center for information received

ventricles contract due to electrical impulses from.....

purkinje fibers and intercalated discs

axon

signals are then sent out from cell body through the axon to another neuron or target tissue receptor (muscle)

Select best example of how CNS and PNS work together during exercise

somatic division of the PNS

Atrioventricular node

spreading the impulse to the ventricles, allowing atria to contract prior to the ventricles

oxygen debt

the additional oxygen consumed above resting values after an exercise bout that is used to aid in many recovery processes. also ...

oxygen deficit

the difference between the oxygen needed to perform a particular workload sloely through aerobic metabolism and oxygen needed ....

Match the hormone release and transport mechanism with the correct definition. autocrine

the hormone is released and acts on the cell that released it

Match the hormone release and transport mechanism with the correct definition. paracrine

the hormone is released into an area to interact with nearby target cells. There is no transport in the blood.

Match the hormone release and transport mechanism with the correct definition. Endocrine

the hormone is secreted directly into the blood

__________ must be challenged in order to observe training adaptations.

the neuromuscular system

axon hillock

the site where the summation of incoming electrical signals takes place

at any given exercise intensity/ workload, what is the difference in cardiac output (Q) and heart rate, (HR), and stroke volume (SV) between a trained and untrained individual?

trained individual will have lower HR, higher SV, and Q will be the same until near maximal and maximal oxygen consumption compared with an untrained individual

True of False: Acclimation to cold environment is more behavioral in nature (e.g. proper layering, allowing adequate time for warming up) compared with acclimation in hot environment.

true

True of False: Heart rate at maximal exercise is always lower at altitude compared with sea level, regardless of acclimation.

true

True of False: Hypothermia should be treated by immediate removal from cold environment, change into dry clothing including layers, and in severe cases gradual re-warming.

true

True of False: Sympathetic nervous system plays a major role in thermoregulation.

true

True or False Dietary consumption of Omega-3 is associated with decreased cardiovascular disease risk.

true

True or False: Glycogen stores are depleted much faster at rest and submaximal exercise when carried out at higher altitudes compared with sea level in an individual who is not acclimated.

true

True or False: Heat exhaustion should be treated with gradual whole body cooling, whereas heat stroke should be treated by cooling the body ASAP.

true

True or False: The hypothalamus controls function of the pituitary gland through releasing and inhibiting hormones

true

True or false: A synapse is a gap where a neurotransmitter is used to pass information from one excitable cell to another

true

true or false hormones released from an endocrine gland are specifically targetted for a receptor on a specific cell type

true

true or false strength can decline at an altitude in the cold

true

true or false: Force production is positively associated with the number of motor units activated.

true

true or false: systole refers to the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, and diastole refers to the relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

true

true or false: when respiratory compensation point is reached, a trained individual has passed his/her lactate threshold

true

true or false: when respiratory exchange ratio is greater than 1, an individual has passed his/her lactate threshold

true

in which direction does decr acidity of blood shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

up and to the left

steady state

workload during which aerobic metabolism supplies all of the needed energy