Final Exam Human development
assisted living facility
A housing option providing care for elderly people who have instrumental ADL impairments and can no longer live independently but may not need a nursing home.
_____ interventions are designed NOT to cure illnesses but to promote a dignified death.
Palliative care
Physician-assisted suicide is a type of:
active euthanasia.
parent care
adult children's care for their disabled elderly parents
presbycusis
age-related difficulty in hearing, particularly high-pitched tones, caused by the atrophy of the hearing receptors located in the inner ear
presbyopia
age-related midlife difficulty with near vision, caused by the inability of the lens to bend
Candice believes that the elderly should NOT be allowed to drive, that they are unable to care for themselves, and that they are a burden to society. Candice is demonstrating:
ageism.
Spermarche
boys' first ejaculation
5) Slowed reaction time
can be careful in speed-oriented situations
Across the globe, elder care is usually the job of:
daughters.
Baby Shelly is almost one year old and says "ba" when she wants her bottle. This is an example of:
holophrases.
This age group should never be spanked.
infants
homogamy
the principle that we select a mate who is similar to us
lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
normal aging changes
the universal, often progressive signs of physical deterioration intrinsic to the aging process
Health care professionals date the pregnancy from:
the woman's last menstrual cycle.
senile plaques
thick, bullet-like amyloid-laden structures that replace normal neurons and are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease
Which cultural idea is often associated with eating disorders?
thin ideal
mnemonic technique
a strategy for aiding memory, often by using imagery or enhancing the emotional meaning of what needs to be learned
personal fable
David Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to believe that their lives are special and heroic; a component of adolescent egocentrism
Which eating disorder is Alicia suffering from?
anorexia nervosa
off time
being too late or too early in a culture's timetable for achieving adult life tasks
Research has shown that having a _____ background can push people to think in more creative, complex ways about life.
biracial
The hollow ball of 100 cells that faces the challenge of implantation is called a(n):
blastocyst
The sensory motor stage ends with the development of:
language, symbolic thought, and object permanence.
median age
the age at which 50 percent of a population is older and 50 percent is younger
menopause
the age-related process, occurring at about age 50, in which ovulation and menstruation stop due to the decline of estrogen
school-to-work transition
the change from the schooling phase of life to the work world
age-based rationing of care
the controversial idea that society should not use expensive life-sustaining technologies on people in their old-old years
widowhood mortality effect
the elevated risk of death among surviving spouses after being widowed
breadwinner role
traditional concept that a man's job is to support a wife and children
procedural memory
In the memory-systems perspective, the most resilient (longest-lasting) type of memory; refers to material, such as well-learned physical skills, that we automatically recall without conscious awareness.
By age 10, the brain is what percent of its adult size?
95%
Newborns spend more time looking at:
attractive people
Bandura's experiment showed that children will not only imitate the model's specific aggressive behaviors but will also invent novel aggressive actions in their own spontaneous play.
True
Cultural values and beliefs should be considered when interpreting attachment behaviors in the Strange Situation.
True
During middle childhood, the brain adds myelin to the connecting fibers of neurons, and synaptic connections are pruned.
True
During the fetal period the fetus may increase in size as much as twentyfold
True
role overload
a job situation that places so many requirements or demands on workers that it becomes impossible to do a good job
Which of the following is NOT a psychological symptom that Alicia probably has?
a keen ability of expressing their needs
Of the following, which would NOT be true of an older adult with osteoporosis?
a loss of pleasure in physical activity
binge eating disorder
a newly labeled eating disorder defined by recurrent, out-of-control binging accompanied by feelings of disgust
terminal drop
a research phenomenon in which a dramatic decline in an older person's scores on vocabulary tests and other measures of crystallized intelligence predicts having a terminal disease
experience sampling technique
a research procedure designed to capture moment-to-moment experiences by having people carry pagers and take notes describing their activities and emotions whenever the signal sounds
nursing home/long-term-care facility
a residential institution that provides shelter and intensive caregiving, primarily to older people who need help with basic ADLs
day-care program
a service for impaired older adults who live with relatives, in which the older person spends the day at a center offering various activities
palliative-care service
a service or unit in a hospital that is devoted to end-of-life care
role conflict
a situation in which an individual is torn between two or more major responsibilities.
family-work conflict
a situation in which people - typically parents - are torn between the demands of family and work
clique
a small peer group composed of roughly six teenagers who have similar attitudes and who share activities
avoidant/dismissive insecure attachment
a standoffish, excessively disengaged style of relating to loved ones
Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations for a successful treatment program for eating disorders?
a strict and intensive exercise routine
Elderspeak
a style of communication used with an older person who seems to be physically impaired, involving speaking loudly and with slow, exaggerated pronunciation, as if talking to a baby
living will
a type of advance directive in which people spell out their wishes for life-sustaining treatment in case they become permanently incapacitated and unable to communicate
social clock
The concept that we regulate our passage through adulthood by an inner timetable that tells us which life activities are appropriate at certain ages.
Which statement about typical older people's emotional states is false?
They perform worse at emotion management tasks than do younger adults.
Which statement about friends is false?
They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures.
Tawanda uses induction when disciplining her child. After witnessing her daughter teasing a playmate, she says:
Think of how terrible that child feels being teased."
boundaryless carrer
Today's most common career path for western workers, in which people change jobs or professions periodically during their working lives.
identity diffusion
an identity status in which the person is aimless or feels totally blocked, without any adult life path
Sternberg argued that IQ tests only measure _____ intelligence.
analytic
Jeremy's mother asks her son where he put his new dump truck. Jeremy replies, "It is sleeping." Jeremy is showing signs of _____, and he is probably _____.
animism; in preschool
life-course difficulties
anti-social behavior that, for a fraction of adolescents, persists into adult life
adolescence-limited turmoil
antisocial behavior that, for most teens, is specific to adolescence and does not persist into adult life
palliative care
any intervention designed not to cure illness but to promote dignified dying
According to research, MOST of today's teens:
are comfortable deciding their own sexual path.
In an age-irrelevant society social clock norms:
are not rigidly defined.
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five Traits?
argumentativeness
Internalizing and externalizing problems:
cause social difficulties around the world.
The infant motor milestones are lifting one's head, pivoting the upper body, sitting, and standing. They follow which developmental sequence?
cephalocaudal
The part of the brain that loses volume when gyri narrow and the sulci widen is called the:
cerebral cortex.
Karl says that he plans to work in his father's plumbing business, as his father told him he must follow that career. Karl's identity status is:
foreclosure.
Identify the stage of Alzheimer's disease that Rochelle is experiencing?
fourth stage
The brain's "master planner," responsible for executive functions such as selective attention, is located in the _____ lobe.
frontal
During the last two months of prenatal development, the fetus:
gains almost 5 pounds.
Nine-year-old Nanette realizes that she is not a scholar, but she is a star athlete, which is the life domain she really cares about. Nanette MOST likely has:
high self-esteem.
Testosterone
hormone secreted by the interstitial tissue of the testes; responsible for male sex characteristics
Those receiving _____ increased during the first decade of the twenty-first century
hospice
ethnic identity
how people come to terms with who they are as people relating to their unique ethnic or racial heritage
biracial or multiracial identity
how people of mixed racial backgrounds come to terms with who they are as people in relation to their heritage
In the Strange Situation, the best indicator of a child's attachment pattern is:
how the child responds to the reunion with the caregiver.
nurturer father
husband who actively participates in hands-on child care
Erik Erikson stressed the importance of _____ during adolescence.
identity formation
age discrimination
illegally laying off workers or failing to hire or promote them on the basis of age
Based on your initial assessment of Alicia, what is your recommendation for starting treatment?
immediate hospitalization
Many immigrant children do well in school even though they may be attending poor schools and living in poverty with parents who don't speak the language. This is referred to as the _____ paradox.
immigrant
The marked decline in intelligence quotient (IQ) shortly before older people either die or become seriously ill is called:
terminal drop.
middle knowledge
the idea that terminally ill people can know that they are dying yet at the same time not completely grasp or come to terms emotionally with that fact
Puberty
the hormonal and physical changes by which children become sexually mature human beings and reach their adult height
This chromosome combination results in a boy.
XY
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
Morning sickness typically occurs during the:
first trimester.
Afterbirth includes all of the following EXCEPT:
fluid from the amniotic sac.
A baby's brain is especially plastic (changeable) due to an excess of:
synaptogenesis.
The grammar of a language is its:
syntax.
secure attachment
the genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships
Which of the following is a non-normative transition?
divorce
Age discrimination at work is:
illegal but probably common.
This is currently the MOST common dying pathway.
long and erratic
eudaimonic happiness
well-being defined as having a sense of meaning and life purpose
hedonic happiness
well-being defined as pure pleasure
ruminative moratorium
when a young person is unable to decide between different identities, becoming emotionally paralyzed and highly anxious
In the United States, childhood obesity started to become a serious problem:
1980's
What causes the increase in adolescent boys' muscle mass?
Testosterone
crowd
a relatively large teenage peer group
_____ thrive in the grandparent role.
highly generative people
menarche
the first menstrual period
Testosterone is produced:
Boys and girls
Pick the developing-world country.
Hati
Which approach uses a computer metaphor to understand cognition?
information processing
4) Presbycusis
reduce background noise
Crystallized intelligence can be BEST measured by which subscale of the WAIS?
verbal scale
Which intervention would best aid the following age-related sensory-motor changes? 1) Presbyopia
visit a low-vision center for assistance
Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, makes one want to:
withdraw from others
passive euthanasia
withholding potentially life-saving interventions that might keep a terminally ill or permanently comatose patient alive
extrinsic career rewards
work that is performed for external reinforcers, such as pay
intrinsic career rewards
work that provides inner fulfillment and allows people to satisfy their needs for creativity, autonomy, and relatedness
When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.
younger; external
Over _____ million children are raised by their grandparents alone.
1
About _____ low-income children in the United States move frequently.
1 in 3
In the United States, approximately _____ newborn babies are classified as low birth weight.
1 out of 11
Can you think of any common "real-life" situations in which observational learning occurs? Provide several examples in the space below.
1.) an athletic aerobics instructor leads a class in an exercise routine; 2.) a teen accompanies her parents to an expensive restaurant and watches others to see which fork or spoon to use for each course; 3.) a young boy practices wrestling moves that he learned by watching professional wrestlers on television.
Contractions at the beginning of labor are typically _____ minutes apart.
15-20
When was the first institute in the United States devoted to studying child development established?
1890s
If Beatrice was the first person in her family to attend high school, she was MOST likely a teenager during the late:
1930's
Absentmindedness about recent events; forgetfulness of new information or location of things; unable to recall names of people and places; failure to remember a common word
1st stage
_____ U.S. teenagers enroll in college after high school.
2 in 3
How many different and unique gross motor skills do you observe in this video?
20 or more different gross motor skills
_____ percent of children live under the poverty line.
21
Generalized confusion; deficits in concentration and short‐term memory; aimless, repetitious speech; exaggerated personality traits, such as suspiciousness, paranoia, compulsiveness; rational thought declines. Memory deficit may be so severe that patients may not think that they have a memory problem.
2nd stage
About 1 in _____ married couples in the United States met each other on line.
3
Memory loss becomes dangerous. Individuals can no longer manage their basic daily needs. Easily agitated; problems with behavior; likely to get lost or forget to eat or dress properly; recognition of objects becomes difficult.
3rd stage
About 1 in _____ marriages in the United States occur between previously divorced partners.
4
One in _____ U.S. children are being raised by single parents.
4
As the brain develops about _____ percent of its synapses are pruned.
40
Patients need full‐time care; cannot communicate clearly; speech becomes short and simple; cannot recognize family members; stares blankly into space or at TV
4th stage
About 1 in _____ adolescents report having intercourse outside of a committed relationship.
5
Early childhood generally ends at age:
5
How many infants did Dr. Susan Beal assess in her study regarding SIDS?
500+
Unresponsive and/or no recognition of anyone; identity and personality are gone. Frequent incontinence is common. Requires complete personal care
5th stage
At about _____, children learn to _____.
6 months; self-soothe (go back to sleep when they wake up)
About 1 in _____ adolescents have engaged in sexual intercourse by the age of 15
8
How common is Alicia's eating disorder?
8 in 1,000
Pruning in the frontal lobes starts at age:
9
Puberty rite
A "coming of age" ritual, usually beginning at some event such as first menstruation, held in traditional cultures to celebrate children's transition to adulthood.
family watchdogs
A basic role of grandparents involving monitoring younger family members' well-being and intervening to provide help in cases of crisis.
gang
A close-knit, delinquent peer group. Gangs form mainly under conditions of economic deprivation; they offer their members protection from harm and engage in a variety of criminal activities.
sexual double standard
A cultural code that gives men greater sexual freedom than women. Specifically, society expects males to want to have intercourse and expects females to remain virgins until they marry and to be more interested in relationships than in having sex.
memory-stystems perspective
A framework that divides memory into three different types
continuing care retirement community
A housing option characterized by a series of levels of care for elderly residents, ranging from independent apartments to assisted living to nursing home care. People enter the community in relatively good health and move to sections where they can get more care when they become disabled.
hospice movement
A movement, which became widespread in recent decades, focused on providing palliative care to dying patients outside of hospitals and especially on giving families the support they need to care for the terminally ill at home.
eating disorders
A pathological obsession with getting and staying thin.
anorexia nervosa
A potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by pathological dieting and by a distorted body image.
socioemotional selectivity theory
A theory of aging put forth by Laura Carstensen, describing how the time we have left to live affects our priorities and social relationships.
durable power of attorney for health care
A type of advance directive executed by a competent adult that appoints another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his or her behalf in the event that the person making the appointment loses decision-making capacity.
do not resuscitate (DNR) order
A type of advance directive filled out by surrogates (usually a doctor in consultation with family members) for impaired individuals, specifying that if they go into cardiac arrest, efforts should not be made to revive them.
neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
A type of age-related neurocognitive disorder characterized by neural atrophy and abnormal by-products of that atrophy, such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
The top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children today, affecting 1 in 10 children, is:
ADHD
Which change has NOT contributed to the rise in the median age of the world's population?
AIDS in the developing world
Laticia's fetus is descending through the uterus and entering the birth canal. Laticia is experiencing stage two of labor, which is:
Birth
Osteoporosis
An age-related chronic disease in which the bones become porous, fragile, and more likely to break.
moratorium
An identity status in which the person actively searches out various possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path. A mature style of constructing an identity.
allostatic load
An overall score of body deterioration, gained from summing how a person functions on multiple physiological indexes. Allostatic load predicts cognitive performance during adult life.
youth development program
Any after-school program, or structure activity outside of the school day, that is devoted to promoting flourishing in teenagers
chronic disease
Any long-term illness that requires ongoing management. Most chronic diseases are age-related and are the endpoint of normal aging changes.
Which of the following statements about body shape applies to most older people?
Body shape changes in older adults may disturb but not significantly impact the quality of life.
intergenerational equity
Balancing the needs of the young and old. Specifically, often referred to as the idea that U.S. government entitlements, such as Medicare and Social Security, "over-benefit" the elderly at the expense of other age groups.
Briefly describe brain development that influences the shift in the balance between automatic (emotional) control and deliberate (intelligent) control that extends from adolescence through the emerging adult years.
Beginning during adolescence, there is a decrease in the amount of activity occurring in the limbic system which is responsible for emotional behavior. This happens during adolescence as the prefrontal cortex continues to develop into adulthood and as a result, adults are better at decision making and planning than adolescence.
Alzheimer's disease is caused by complex brain abnormalities. In the space below, list the four abnormalities that occur in an Alzheimer's patient's brain.
Beta-amyloid plaques, tangles of tau, loss of connecting neurons, and brain inflammation.
persistent complex bereavement-related disorder, or prolonged grief
Controversial new diagnosis, appeaing in the most recent versions of the Western psychiatric disorder manuels, in which the bereaved person shows intense symptoms of mourning with no signs of abatement, or an increase in symptoms 6 months to a year after a loved one's death.
end-of-life care instruction
Courses in medical and nursing school devoted to teaching health-care workers how to provide the best palliative care to the dying.
imaginary audience
David Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that everyone is watching their every action; a component of adolescent egocentrism
adolescent egocentrism
David Elkind's term for the tendency of young teenagers to feel that their actions are at the center of everyone else's consciousness
ADL
Difficulty in performing everyday tasks that are required for living independently.
According to the Gottmans, what can couples do to help their marriages survive after the arrival of children?
Drop criticism, don't get defensive, don't be contemptuous, and don't cut out your partner. You can save the marriage by telling them you appreciate them and increase intimacy.
What event in the development of the brain leads to the need for synaptic pruning?
During the fetal period and extending into early childhood, neural networks grow at a rapid rate
integrity
Erik Erikson's eighth psychosocial stage, in which elderly people decide that their life missions have been fulfilled and so accept impending death.
intimacy
Erikson's first adult task, involving connecting with a partner in a mutual loving relationship
role confusion
Erikson's term for a failure in identity formation, marked by the lack of any sense of a future adult path
_____ psychologists predict that family stress evokes a younger puberty timetable, as it would enable a person to "leave the nest" sooner.
Evolutionary
marital equity
Fairness in the "work" of a couple's life together. If a relationship lacks equity, with one partner doing significantly more than the other, the outcome is typically marital dissatisfaction.
All children maintain the same pattern of attachment to their caregivers throughout childhood.
False
Eating disorders are relatively new phenomena.
False
Preschool‐aged children learn gross motor skills primarily by instruction from adults.
False
The development period when the brain experiences the most growth and maturity is the:
Fetal period
Big five
Five core psychological predispositions—neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness—that underlie personality.
storm and stress
G. Stanley Hall's phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize the life stage he labeled adolescence
Generativity
In Erikson's theory, the seventh psychosocial task, in which people in midlife find meaning from nurturing the next generation, caring for others, or enriching the lives of others through their work. According to Erikson, when midlife adults have not achieved generativity, they feel stagnant, without a sense of purpose in life.
postconventional level of morality
In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, the highest level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by applying their own moral guidelines apart from society's rules.
conventional level of morality
In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, the intermediate level of moral reasoning, in which people respond to ethical issues by considering the need to uphold social norms
Which of these countries has the BEST government-funded retirement program?
Germany
Janet, a friend of yours, had fraternal twins, a boy named Mark and a girl named Margee, several years ago. The twins are now entering preschool, and Janet is worried that Margee may have developmental problems because she is lagging behind Mark on many physical skills. What can you tell Janet that might calm her fears?
Gross motor skills vary in the extent to which they require strength or agility. Since preschool‐aged boys typically are a little stronger and preschool‐aged girls typically are better coordinated and more agile, their gross motor skills will likely differ. Parental and peer encouragement and availability of opportunities for practice affect how quickly gross motor skills are acquired, and these influential factors vary from boys to girls and from child to child.
The _____ people put special blue shoes on the deceased for their journey to the next world.
Hmong
adrenal glands
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that program various aspects of puberty, such as growth of body hair, skin changes, and sexual desire.
In the space below, discuss your level of stress. If you have a significant level of stress, what do you plan to do to reduce your stress level? If you already have good stress management practices, please describe them and how they may have helped you.
I have a high amount of stress and I plan on exercising, doing yoga, and meditating to manage my stress.
James and his identical twin brother Henry were raised by different parents. If James and Henry met as adults, they would tend to be MOST similar in:
IQ
Which of the following is a more realistic example of how the Big Five Traits might contribute to a happy marriage?
If a person high in neuroticism finds a warm, loving mate, he or she is more likely to become less neurotic and thus more compatible in a marriage relationship.
redemption sequence
In Dan McAdam's research, a characteristic theme of highly generative adults' autobiographies, in which they describe tragic events that turned out for the best
identity
In Erikson's theory, the life task of deciding who to be as a person in making the transition to adulthood.
preconventional level of morality
In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, the lowest level of moral reasoning, in which people approach ethical issues by considering the personal punishments or rewards of taking a particular action
role phase
In Murstein's theory, the final mate-selection stage, in which committed partners work out their future life together.
stimulus phase
In Murstein's theory, the initial mate-selection stage, in which we make judgments about a potential partner based on external characteristics such as appearance.
value-comparison phase
In Murstein's theory, the second mate-selection stage, in which we make judgments about a partner on the basis of similar values and interests.
consummate love
In Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the ideal form of love, in which a couple's relationship involves all three of the major facets of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment.
episodic memory
In the memory- systems, the most fragile type of memory involving the recall of the ongoing events of daily life
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the brain's increase in size during middle childhood?
Increase in the number of dendrites
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion of Dr. Susan Beal's research?
Infants should not co-sleep with their parents.
How does Isla react when her mother leaves the room? How does she react to the stranger? How does Isla react when reunited with her mother? Does the quality of her play change?
Isla plays quietly when her mother is in the room and interacts with her mother. She notices when her mother leaves. Even though she does not seem immediately afraid of the stranger, she only watches him play rather than playing with him. After a few moments, she does get upset and attempts to follow her mother. When her mother returns, Isla reaches for her mother but does not appear to be easily comforted by her mother. She looks almost angry when she sort of rocks away from her while being held. She does not hug or try to get close to her mother, and Isla pushes away a toy when her mother attempts to engage her.
Even though we do not know the complete stories behind the eating disorders of Stephanie or Rick, do you see any of these characteristics or qualities? Select either Stephanie or Rick and compare his/her story to this list. Refer to specific details from the videos to support your answer.
It could be argued that Stephanie demonstrates a great deal of dissatisfaction with herself and her body as well as an obsessive or compulsive attitude toward improving what she considers a poor body. She provides examples of many items from this list in her interview. Rick describes himself as a kid and an adult who was teased and bullied and had trouble expressing his frustration. He also showed childhood photos of a healthy-looking boy, whom he described as a chubby kid. List his specific references to many other items on this list.
Pick the main result of President Roosevelt's Depression-era effort to encourage every young person to attend high school.
It created a generation gap between teens and their parents.
What is the MOST important advantage of attending a high-quality preschool?
It gives children a cognitive boost.
Which statement about the Lamaze method is false?
It results in a pain-free birth.
formal operational stage
Jean Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development, reached at around age 12 and characterized by teenagers' ability to reason at an abstract, scientific level
Melinda has two younger sisters. Grace is the middle child, and Jennifer is the youngest. Which child would be MOST motivated to develop theory of mind abilities at the earliest age?
Jennifer
Sixteen-year-old Amanda is hanging out with a high-status crowd in her local public school. Amanda's group is MOST apt to be:
Jocks
identity statuses
Marcia's four categories of identity formation: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement
What causes remodeling, or pruning, during middle childhood? How is this process different in each individual child?
Maturation in the form of synaptic pruning, or remodeling, is a spontaneous process. In addition, the brain develops in large part due to the unique experience of each child because synapses that are used more frequently tend to be retained, and those that are not are lost.
The U.S. health-care system that finances much of the nation's nursing home care is:
Medicaid.
The capacity to engage in deferred imitation reflects a child's _____ capacities.
Memory
Which person is LEAST likely to identify himself or herself as middle-aged?
Michelle, a 33-year-old mother of five and small business owner
Since 1989, how much has SIDS been reduced in Australia as a result of Dr. Susan Beal's research and public education?
More than 85%
stimulus-value-role theory
Murstein's mate-selection theory that suggests similar people pair up and that our path to commitment progresses through three phases (called the stimulus, value-comparison, and role phases)
How does myelination in the prefrontal cortex help a child prepare to go to school?
Myelination in the prefrontal cortex development that occurs at age 3 or 4 allows for better impulse control and improvements in the ability to sustain attention, both of which are necessary for formal education to begin and succeed.
_____ is the term for any illness that produces serious, progressive, usually irreversible cognitive decline.
Neurocognitive Disorder
home health services
Nursing-oriented and housekeeping help provided in the home of an impaired older adult (or any other impaired person).
Based on what you have learned about eating disorders, explain four ideas for a school-based prevention program or curriculum. How would you recommend that this curriculum be implemented for maximum effect?
One idea is to create a positive attitude about body image and food To show people how dangerous eating disorders are Nutritional education Educating people on a safe way to lose weight
_____ pregnancies end in miscarriage.
One in 10
selective optimization with compensation
Paul Baltes's three principles for successful aging (and living): (1) selectively focusing on what is most important, (2) working harder to perform well in those top-ranking areas, and (3) relying on external aids to cope effectively.
The Big Five personality traits were named by:
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
The principle that one needs to select the environment that is right for one's talents and skills is called the _____ fit.
Person-environment
The Great _____ highlighted the problem of income inequality.
Recession of 2008
triangular theory of love
Robert Sternberg's categorization of love relationships into three facets: passion, intimacy, and commitment. When arranged at the points of a triangle, their combinations describe all the different kinds of adult love relationships.
The baby is actually pushed out and delivered in the _____ stage of labor.
Second
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Sixty percent of those suffering with eating disorders are between 16 and 25 years old.
Girls in early childhood generally perform better than boys in some gross motor skills. Which of the following is one of those skills?
Skipping
The Gottmans explain that about two-thirds of parents say that they are not content with their marriage three years after the birth of their baby. According to the Gottmans, what factors contribute to this discontent?
Sleep deprivation and the workload that a baby puts on couples. This sleep deprivation leads to hostility and irritability. During the first three years, guys are left feeling lonely.
This is G. Stanley Hall's phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize adolescence.
Storm and stress
In what way is the brain of someone with Alzheimer's disease different than the normally aging brain of someone in late adulthood?
The Alzheimer's brain shows an accumulation of plaques that form outside the brain cells from a protein called B-amyloid. This same protein can also accumulate inside the blood vessels of the brain causing a cerebral hemorrhage (rupture). Additionally, an abnormal form of tau protein accumulates within the neurons causing the microtubules to collapse, and this collapsing interferes with neuronal functioning.
Social Security
The U.S. government national retirement support program.
ferility rate
The average number of children a woman in her given country has during her lifetime.
role
The characteristic behavior that is expected of a person in a particular social position.
Seattle Longitudinal Study
The definitive study of the effect of aging on intelligence, carried out by K. Warner Schaie, involving simultaneously conducting and comparing the results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies carried out with a group of Seattle volunteers.
adult attachment styles
The different ways in which adults relate to romantic partners, based on Mary Ainsworth's infant attachment styles. (Adult attachment styles are classified as secure, or preoccupied/ambivalent insecure, or avoidant/dismissive insecure.)
socioeconomic health gap
The disparity, found in nations around the world, between the health of the rich and poor.
According to this video clip, what did the experiment show? According to the researcher, what do the findings mean for older adults? With this information, what advice might you give to an older adult that you care about to help him/her stay mentally active
The experiment demonstrates that older adults have a harder time multitasking than younger adults do
old-age dependency ratio
The fraction of people over age 60 compared to younger, working-age adults (ages 15 to 59). This ratio is expected to rise dramatically as the baby boomers retire.
Kubler-Ross's stage theory of dying
The landmark theory that people who are terminally ill progress through five stages in confronting their death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
HPG axis
The main hormonal system programming puberty; it involves a triggering hypothalamic hormone that causes the pituitary to secrete its hormones, which in turn cause the ovaries and testes to develop and secrete the hormones that produce the major body changes.
private pensions
The major source of nongovernmental income support for U.S. retirees, in which the individual worker and employer put a portion of each paycheck into an account to help finance retirement.
U-shaped curve of marital satisfaction
The most common pathway of marital happiness in the West, in which satisfaction is highest at the honeymoon, declines during the child-rearing years, then rises after the children grow up.
emerging adulthood
The phase of life that begins after high school, tapers off toward the late twenties, and is devoted to constructing an adult life.
reaction time
The speed at which a person can respond to a stimulus. A progressive increase in reaction time is universal to aging.
What is your theory on how the thinning of gray and white matter might affect a person's life during the middle adult years? What makes you think this?
The thinning of gray matter means there is a reduction in the number of synapses and neurons. This reduction leads to a decrease in cognitive performance. When there is less neurons and synapses, the speed of electrical impulses decreases.
What is a major reason for the declining fertility rates in industrialized countries?
The transition to adulthood takes longer than it used to.
What does or does not appeal to you about some of the modern trends to personalize childbirth?
The use of midwives appeals to me since they can provide help in the labor and delivery process. Also, birth support programs are a wise idea because they help prepare the parents for the obstacles of pregnancy, labor, and delivery.
Choose the reason that does NOT explain why disadvantaged children enter school academically behind more affluent children.
Their parents show them less affection.
What is the relationship between behavior and the well-documented increase in hormones during adolescence?
There is a modest or weak relationship between teenage hormones and behavior.
Which statement about typical nursing home residents is false?
They are often wealthy.
In Bandura's experiment, the control group had exactly the same experiences as the experimental group except that the children in the control group did not observe the model hitting the Bobo doll and making aggressive remarks toward it.
True
In general, emerging adulthood is a time during which a person functions physically and psychologically at an optimal level.
True
Medication can improve some memory loss and mood in patients with Alzheimer's.
True
One advantage of random assignment is that it minimizes preexisting differences between the experimental group and the control group.
True
The brain part that expands throughout the fetal period is the cerebral cortex.
True
The connections between neurons—where chemical signals from one cell's axon travel to another cell's dendrite or body—are at the synapses.
True
The part of the brain that is critical for reflective thought, planning, and control of impulsive behavior is the prefrontal cortex.
True
The thinning of gray matter occurs in different brain areas at different ages in a person's life.
True
When the children in Bandura's experimental group were left alone with the doll, they were more likely to hit the doll than were the children in the control group.
True
White matter in the brain increases until about age 40, but gray matter decreases during the early 20s.
True
How does the process of myelination affect the developing prenatal brain?
With the development of the myelin sheath, the axons become insulated, which enables neural impulses to travel faster among neurons because the impulse can now jump from one gap in the insulation of a neuron to the next.
What aspect of brain development might help to explain why a teenager can usually perform better as a babysitter than someone ten or eleven years old?
With the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, teenagers think with greater maturity, responsibility, and intelligence than ten or eleven year olds.
Which statement about women's career paths is false?
Women have more continuous careers than men.
advance directive
Written documentation that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient should the patient become unable to make decisions; also called a living will or health care directive.
This chromosome combination results in a girl
XX
physician assisted suicide
a form of active euthanasia in which a doctor provides the means for someone to end his or her own life
What behavioral changes are thought to occur when the brain's activity shifts from the limbic system to the prefrontal cortex in adolescence and early adulthood?
a gradual shift toward deliberate and thoughtful behavioral control
Fluid intelligence declines with age due to:
a gradual slowing of people's mental processes.
How does Zachary react when his mother leaves the room? How does he react to the stranger? How does Zachary react when reunited with his mother? Does the quality of his play change?
Zachary is playing while his mother is in the room. He barely notices when his mother leaves as he is playing with the toys. He notices the stranger. His play slows, but he does seem interested in the toys in the presence of the stranger. He does not appear to get upset at all that his mother is gone. When she returns, Zachary does not reach for her. He continues to be interested in the toys over his mother and ignores two of her efforts to engage with him. He seems perfectly happy to play by himself.
crystallized intelligence
a basic facet of intelligence, consisting of a person's knowledge base, or storehouse of accumulated information
fluid intelligence
a basic facet of intelligence, consisting of the ability to quickly master new intellectual activities
Alzheimer's disease is:
a brain disease that gradually destroys memory, thinking, and behavior.
traditional stable career
a career path in which people settle into their permanent life's work in their twenties and often stay with the same organization until they retire
A late-life chronic eye condition that is curable and thus does NOT permanently impair sight is:
a cataract.
secular trend in puberty
a century-long decline in the average age at which children reach puberty in the developed world
Which death is hardest for survivors to ever come to terms with?
a child's death
active euthanasia
a deliberate health care intervention that helps a patient die
divided-attention task
a difficult memory challenge involving memorizing material while simultaneously monitoring something else
growth spurt
a dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty
Do Not Hospitalize (DNH) order
a type of advance directive put into the charts of impaired nursing home residents, specifying that in a medical crisis they should not be transferred to a hospital for emergency care
vascular neurocognitive disorder
a type of age-related neurocognitive disorder caused by multiple small strokes
postformal thought
a uniquely adult form of intelligence that involves being sensitive to different perspectives, making decisions based on one's inner feelings, and being interested in exploring new questions
A dominant single-gene disorder occurs when a child inherits one:
abnormal gene from each parent.
More so than younger children, children ages 6 to 11:
all of the above
preoccupied/ambivalent insecure attachment
an excessively clingy, needy style of relating to loved ones
identity achievement
an identity status in which the person decides on a definite adult life path after searching out various options
identity foreclosure
an identity status in which the person decides on an adult life path (often one spelled out by an authority figure) without any thought or active search
In the twenty-first century, the traditional stable career is:
atypical.
Rafael's parents provide plenty of rules, demand total obedience, and are NOT very affectionate. Rafael's mom and dad have a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
The devastating condition that hinders theory of mind abilities is:
autism.
Adolescents use _____ memories to construct an identity.
autobiographical
In the earliest stage of a major neurocognitive disorder people forget:
basic semantic information such as where they live.
Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of a good death?
being alone at the time of death
Suzuki is a 16-year-old boy. Which activity that he does now will BEST predict Suzuki's competence, confidence, and occupational success in adulthood?
being involved in school-related clubs
on time
being on target in a culture's timetable for achieving adult life tasks
Which condition or event is a main cause of nursing home admissions in the elderly?
breaking a hip
A culture that values social harmony over individual achievement is called:
collectivist.
The core quality essential for relationship success is:
commitment.
Once they achieve _____, children can reason about substances and physical reality in a more adult way.
concrete operations
When young children appear clumsy, wobbly, and slow, it is often a result of the slow maturity and development of the:
corpus callosum.
Dr. Thomas and his colleagues want to study the effects of spanking on child temperament. As Dr. Thomas cannot randomly assign children to either be spanked or not; he must conduct a(n) _____ study.
correlational
When researchers compare different age groups on some quality, they are conducting a _____ study
cross-sectional
age norms
cultural ideas about the appropriate ages for engaging in particular activities or life tasks
nonsuicidal self-injury
cutting, burning, or purposely injuring one's body to cope with stress
instrumental ADL problems
difficulties in performing everyday household tasks, such as cooking and cleaning
basic ADL problems
difficulty in performing essential self-care activities, such as rising from a chair, eating, and getting to the toilet
What pattern of attachment is the most worrisome?
disorganized/disoriented attachment
What do you think are the most important themes of development during the fetal period?
dramatic growth in body size as the fetus, functional development of the various organ systems
Statistically, a low-income person will become disabled at a(n) _____ age and will die _____ compared to the same-aged middle-class person.
earlier; younger
When does senescence begin?
early adulthood
Compared to middle-aged couples, _____ spouses argue less often.
elderly
This stage of development exists only for a minority of young people, those in the Western world.
emerging adulthood
Today in Western society, people usually:
encourage people to document their wishes for a dignified death.
"Flow" is MOST apt to happen when one:
engages in intrinsically motivating tasks.
Konrad Lorenz, a(n) _____, became the attachment-eliciting stimulus for goslings
ethologist
Konrad Lorenz was a(n):
ethologist.
The research method in which people report their activities and emotions when randomly beeped during the day is called the:
experience-sampling technique.
Assisted-living facilities are designed for people:
experiencing ADL limitations who do not require nursing home care.
What often compensates for "brain slowdown" in older adults?
expertise
Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate:
externalizing tendencies.
A good descriptive study will try to select a population that will be representative of the sample to which the researchers want to generalize.
false
A living will allows someone else to make decisions for you if you are a terminally-ill patient who is unable to communicate as you are dying.
false
After a child's second birthday, the brain grows rapidly in size only to be limited by the closing of the sutures of the skull that occurs between the ages of 6 and 8 years.
false
Age-related changes cause much unhappiness in late adulthood as quality of life suffers tremendously.
false
Age-related hearing changes are likely to affect an older adult's enjoyment of music but not likely to affect an older adult's ability to engage in conversation.
false
Gross motor skills and fine motor skills develop at approximately the same pace.
false
In Bandura's experiment, both groups of children were equally likely to make aggressive remarks toward the doll.
false
In general, middle adulthood is a time during which a person experiences a decline in cognition, relationships, and career satisfaction.
false
Savoring the friendship means that a married couple with a new baby should understand why there is not time for doing for one another all the special little things that they did before the baby was born.
false
The growth of the brain during adolescence is caused by a rapid increase in the total number of neurons.
false
The white matter loss that can be observed under a microscope is mainly due to a loss of neurons and the number of synapses.
false
Voluntary euthanasia allows a person who believes in the right to die to take care of his/her own death.
false
With treatment, Alzheimer's disease is curable.
false
Symptoms of _____ include low birth weight, a small brain, and facial abnormalities
fetal alcohol syndrome
The frantic, continual newborn crying called "colic" typically:
goes away after the first three months
The language rules for communicating in sentences are called:
grammar.
caregiving grandparents
grandparents who have taken on full responsibility for raising their grandchildren
The talents involved in running, jumping, and climbing are _____ skills.
gross skills
Long-term research on adolescents with eating disorders shows that MOST will
grow out of the disorder
Which brain change routinely occurs in late adulthood?
growth of dendrites
The parts of the brain that decrease in volume as senescence begins are called:
gyri and sulci.
Children who are incredibly anxious, timid, and frightened:
have internalizing tendencies.
Youth development programs strive to do all of the following EXCEPT:
have teens focus on improving academics.
Which of the following is the only characteristic shared by normal dieters and people with eating disorders?
having an interest in losing weight
The end of the germinal period is marked by the _____ of the _____ in the wall of the uterus.
implantation; blastocyst
The embryonic period begins with ____ and lasts until the _____ week.
implantation; eighth
Children who live in single-parent mother-headed families are often:
impoverished
Judith suffers from what she thinks is the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. She is often sad and lonely. Judith's daughter asks her if she would like to move in with her. Shortly after moving in with her daughter Judith's memory begins to improve.
improving mental state
Steven has been continuously depressed since his wife died over five years ago. He has also experienced significant cognitive decline since her death. Steven and his wife had three children, all of whom now live out of state. Steven's son thinks it is a good idea for his father to move to a continuing care community and Steven agrees. Shortly after moving Steven feels more upbeat and shows cognitive improvements.
improving mental state
commitment script
in Dan McAdam's research, a type of autobiography produced by highly generative adults that involves childhood memories of feeling special; being unusually sensitive to others' misfortunes; having a strong, enduring generative mission from adolescence; and redemption sequences
semantic memory
in the memory-systems perspective, a moderately resilient (long-lasting) type of memory; refers to our ability to recall basic facts
Support for the notion of _____ comes from listening to young children monitor their actions.
inner speech
6) Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis
install low-pile carpeting to prevent tripping, grab bars, and other assistive devices at home
Homophobia
intense fear and dislike of gays and lesbians
Vincent enjoys playing the guitar and practices for hours at a time. Practicing is a very pleasurable activity for him, and he does not do so for any kind of tangible reward. Vincent is _____ motivated to play the guitar.
intrinsically
According to Holland, the six personality types are:
investigative, artistic, social, entrepreneurial, conventional, and realistic.
The Strange Situation involves repeatedly:
separating and reuniting the child with the primary caregiver.
All of the following are difficulties likely to affect infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome EXCEPT:
limb malformations.
Which of the following is NOT associated with being born premature?
limited short-term memory
Affluent people are more likely to _____ than their lower-income counterparts.
live longer
serial cohabitation
living sequentially with different partners outside of marriage
neurofibrillary tangles
long, wavy filaments that replace normal neurons and are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease
3) Bothered by glare
look for home appliances with large letters, nonreflective surfaces, and adjustable lighting
Divorce is BEST for the children when the:
marriage is filled with conflict.
Statistically speaking, _____ grandparents tend to be heavily involved with their grandchildren.
maternal
thin ideal
media-driven cultural idea that females need to be abnormally thin
The thin ideal stems from _____ about how women should look.
media-driven messages to women
The dying trajectory refers to:
medical staff's assumptions about the likely pathway to death for a seriously ill patient.
By the _____ century death had become a topic that was avoided.
mid-twentieth
Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in?
middle childhood
Most of the infants in her study who died from SIDS did so ____.
midnight to 6:00 am
Mr. Wright is at a dinner party and is meeting several new people. One person is named Mr. Whealan and Mr. Wright needs to remember his name. Now, Mr. Whealan has a large mouth and Mr. Wright thinks his mouth might be "as big as a whale's" in order to remember his name.
mnemonic technique
Shelly's grandmother has a degree in psychology and currently Shelly is taking a social psychology course. Shelly is having problems remembering the Big Five factors of personality. Her grandmother tells her to remember OCEAN.
mnemonic technique
nest-leaving
moving out of a childhood home and living independently
A biochemist and a nurse are both studying Alzheimer's disease. This is a reflection that lifespan development is:
multidisciplinary.
Which of these brain changes is most likely to be observed in adolescence?
myelination in the frontal lobe of the cortex
Faster and more efficient communication within the brain is the result of:
myelination.
The speed of neural impulses along an axon is increased greatly by:
myelination.
Randolph is anxious, unstable, and psychologically disturbed. On the Big Five, this man ranks high in:
neuroticism.
Stacey and Samantha are fraternal twins. At lunch time their mother fixed them both one peanut butter and jelly sandwich each. When Stacey saw her sandwich she said to her mother "I am really hungry. Can I have two instead of just one?" Her mother then cut the sandwich in half to which Stacey replied "Thanks, Mom!"
no conservation
The _____ ratio is the proportion of people over age 60 to younger working adults (ages 15 to 59).
old-age dependency
Sean is 82. Developmentalists classify Sean as:
old-old
The positivity effect refers to the tendency for:
older people to focus on positive events and screen out negative ones
According to traditional behaviorists, one's voluntary actions are learned by:
operant conditioning.
Pain due to cartilage breakdown occurs because of:
osteoarthritis.
gonads
ovaries and testes
Withholding potentially life-saving interventions from a terminally ill or comatose patient is:
passive euthanasia.
old-old
people age 80 and older
young-old
people in their sixties and seventies
secondary sexual characteristics
physical changes of puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction
primary sexual characteristics
physical changes of puberty that directly involve the organs of reproduction, such as the growth of the penis and the onset of menstruation
The prenatal test chorionic villus sampling involves sampling a piece of the _____ during the _____ trimester of pregnancy.
placenta; first
The name for the age-related hearing impairment caused by the atrophy or loss of the hearing receptors for high-pitched tones is:
presbycusis.
At what stage is parent-child conflict apt to be its worst?
puberty
Obesity rates among U.S. elementary children have:
quadrupled in the last 30 years.
The Strange Situation measures infants' and toddlers':
quality of attachment.
Esther states, "That terribly upsetting event turned out to be the best thing that ever happened to me," when describing a:
redemption sequence.
Newborn _____ are replaced by _____ as the cortex matures.
reflexes; voluntary actions
The BEST strategy for helping stave off the vascular component of a neurocognitive disorder is to:
regularly exercise.
An important disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that they:
require a lot of time and money.
Cesarean section rates have _____ since the 1970s.
risen dramatically
This is the final mate-selection stage according to Murstein's theory.
role phase
Stacey has had many labels during her lifetime: she has been a daughter, student, spouse, mother, and grandmother. Developmentalists refer to these labels as:
roles
Jeanine just graduated from college and is looking for a job. Jeanine is undergoing the:
school-to-work transition.
When James describes his wife of 8 years, he radiates pleasure. He says that he is in love with and committed to his wife. He believes that his wife should have her own friends and interests. James' attachment style is:
secure.
John wants to make sure that he remembers where he puts his wallet and car keys. When placing these items in the top dresser drawer he focuses on where he has placed them and tries hard to encode the location in his brain.
selective optimization with compensation
Marla is going shopping at the new mall that just opened up and is parking her car in the parking lot. To remember where she has parked, Marla takes a photo on her phone of her car in its parking spot.
selective optimization with compensation
A person's ability to understand word meanings is known as:
semantics.
alternatives to institutionalization
services and settings designed to keep older people who are experiencing age-related disabilities that don't merit intense 24-hour care from having to enter nursing homes
Briefly describe the brain changes that occur in adolescence.
shifts in activity from the limbic system to the prefrontal cortex, (b) an increase in myelination of the frontal cortex, (c) remodeling (pruning) of synaptic connection, and (d) an overall decrease in metabolism.
Kübler-Ross described the stages of grief. Which of the following is NOT one of those stages?
shock
deviancy training
socialization of a young teenager into delinquency through conversations centered on performing antisocial acts
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
standard test to measure adult IQ, involving verbal and performance scales, each of which is made up of various subtests
Juanita has been diagnosed with colon cancer in its advanced stage. Which dying pathway is she likely to take?
steady decline
ageism
stereotypic, intensely negative ideas about old age
Gray matter loss is mainly due to a reduction in the number of neurons and:
synapses.
Baby LeBron was just born. What is used to evaluate his condition?
the Apgar scale
Medicare
the U.S. government's program of health insurance for elderly people
deinstitutionalization of marriage
the decline in marriage and the emergence of alternate family forms that occurred during the last third of the twentieth century
immigrant paradox
the fact that despite living in poverty, going to substandard schools, and not having parents who speak the language, many immigrant children do far better than we might expect at school
paradox of well-being
the fact that despite their physical and mental losses, the elderly report being just as happy or happier than the young
dying trajectory
the fact that hospital personnel make projections about the particular pathway to death that a seriously ill patient will take and organize their care according to that assumption
major neurocognitive disorder
the general term for any illness involving serious, progressive, usually irreversible cognitive decline, that interferes with a person's ability to live independently
Certified Nurse Assistant or aide
the main hands-on care provider in a nursing home who helps elderly residents with basic ADL problems
What is the greatest barrier that keeps dads from being fully involved in child care?
the need to fulfill the breadwinner role
healthy-life years
the number of years people can expect to live without ADL problems
occupational segregation
the separation of men and women into different kinds of jobs
Cohabitation
the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
What do the developmentalists mean when they say that the embryonic period is the most critical period of prenatal development?
the support systems for the future baby are formed during the embryonic period
positivity effect
the tendency for older people to focus on positive experiences and screen out negative events
Synaptogenesis occurs:
throughout life
In contrast to secondary aging, primary aging includes changes caused by:
time
Blocked arteries in the brain cause the dementia of multi-infarct dementia whereas the degeneration of neurons that release dopamine causes Parkinson's disease.
true
One of the ways to cope with a new baby while supporting a marriage is to remember that everybody goes through the same thing.
true
Palliative care is not designed to treat an illness.
true
The pear-shaped muscular organ in a woman's abdomen that holds a developing baby is called the:
uterus.
Despite being pleased about the birth of her son, Grace describes her day-to-day happiness as a new mother to be at an all-time low. Grace's experience is:
typical.
Completing major motor milestones (such as crawling or walking) early is _____ to later intelligence.
unrelated
2) Difficulty seeing in dim light
use strong, indirect light, and avoid florescent bulbs