Final exam procedures

The kV settings on radiographic equipment must be tested annually and must be accurate to within

+/- 5 kV

pars interarticularis

What is the anatomic structure indicated by number 6 in the image below?

ulnar styloid process

What is the anatomic structure indicated by the number 10 in the figure below?

Pedicle

What is the anatomic structure indicated by the number 3 on the image below?

Proper body mechanics include a wide base of support. The base of support is the portion of the body

in contact with the floor

Double-focus x-ray tubes have two (pick 2)

focal spots filaments

The major difference between excretory and retrograde urography is that

retrograde studies do not demonstrate function

Linear energy transfer (LET) may be best described as

the amount of energy delivered per distance traveled in tissue

Esophageal varices are best demonstrated in which of the following positions?

recumbent

Which of the following terms is used to express the resolution of a diagnostic image?

Line pairs per mm

The fact that x-ray intensity across the primary beam can vary as much as 45% describes the

anode heel effect

Sternoclavicular joints will be best demonstrated in which of the following positions?

anterior oblique

The drug diphenhydramine is classified as an

antihistamine

When examining a patient whose elbow is in partial flexion

The AP projection requires two separate positions and exposures

If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a short period of time, its effect

Will be greater than if it were delivered over a long period of time

40 degrees caudad to the popliteal depression

With the patient positioned as shown below, how should the CR be directed to best demonstrate the intercondyloid fossa?

When interviewing a patient, what is it that the health care professional can observe?

Objective signs

Sterile technique is required when contrast agents are administered

intrathecally

It is recommended that a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) or OSL be worn

outside the lead apron at collar level

The two types of cells in the body are

somatic and genetic

The active matrix array for indirect conversion systems uses

amorphous silicon

The sampling frequency in CR is expressed as

pixel density

midcoronal plane

What is the name of the plane indicated by the number 1 below?

An illness of unknown or obscure cause is said to be

idiopathic

Which of the following functions to increase the mA?

Increasing the heat of the filament

If the entrance skin dose for a particular radiograph is 25 mGy, the radiation exposure at 1 m from the patient will be approximately

0.025

An exposure was made at 40" SID using 5 mAs and 105 kVp, using an 8:1 grid. Another image of the same part is being made using a 12:1 grid and 90 kVp. Which of the following exposure times using 400 mA will maintain original exposure?

0.03 s

Which of the following anomalies is possible if an exposure dose of 400 mGy were delivered to a fetus during the 3rd week of pregnancy? 1. skeletal anomaly 2. organ anomaly 3.neurologic anomaly

1 & 2

Which of the following are included in whole-body dose equivalent? 1. Gonads 2. Lens 3. Extremities

1 and 2

A positive contrast agent 1. absorbs x-ray photons 2. is composed of elements with high atomic number 3. is seen as a dark area on the image

1 and 2 only

A technique chart should include which of the following information? 1. recommended SID 2. grid ratio 3. CR angulation

1 and 2 only

According to the line-focus principle, an anode having a small angle results in 1. improved resolution/sharpness 2. less focal spot blur 3. more pronounced heel effect

1 and 2 only

An increase in the kV applied to the x-ray tube increases the 1. percentage of high-energy photons produced 2. exposure rate 3. patient absorption

1 and 2 only

Brightness and contrast resolution in digital imaging can be influenced by 1. window level 2. window width 3. lookup table (LUT)

1 and 2 only

Which of the following is the most likely site for a lumbar puncture?

L3-4

Correct positioning of the AP forearm includes which of the following element(s)? 1. Interepicondylar line parallel to the IR 2. Forearm extended and supinated 3. Epicondyles are superimposed

1 and 2 only

Desirable conditions for viewing digital images include 1. decreased ambient light 2. reduced monitor glare 3. well-lit area

1 and 2 only

Features of digital fluoro (DF) that contribute to patient dose reduction include 1. last-image hold 2. pulsed exposure 3. longer procedure times

1 and 2 only

Heat production at the anode increases when using 1. high mAs factors 2. small focal spot 3. high kV factors 4. low-ratio grids

1 and 2 only

Image noise is likely to increase with an increase in 1. scattered radiation 2. quantum mottle 3. SNR

1 and 2 only

Maslow's hierarch of basic human needs includes which of the following? 1. self-esteem 2. love and belongingness 3. death with dignity

1 and 2 only

The effective energy of an x-ray beam is increase by increasing the 1. added filtration 2. kVp 3. mA

1 and 2 only

The late effects of radiation are considered to 1. have no threshold dose 2. be directly related to dose 3. occur within hours of exposure

1 and 2 only

Which of the following are associated with magnification fluoro? 1. increased mA 2. smaller portion of the input phosphor used 3. image intensifier focal point moves closer to the output phosphor

1 and 2 only

Which of the following are characteristics of anemia? 1. Decreased number of circulating red blood cells 2. Decreased hemoglobin 3. Hematuria

1 and 2 only

Which of the following are demonstrated in the lateral projection of the C-spine? 1. intervertebral joints 2. zygapophyseal joints 3. intervertebral foramina

1 and 2 only

Which of the following are used to control the production of scattered radiation? 1. Collimators 2. Optimal kV 3. Grids

1 and 2 only

Which of the following can function to double the receptor exposure? 1. double the mAs 2. increase kVp by 15% 3. increase SID by 8 inches

1 and 2 only

Which of the following conditions requires a decrease in technical factors? 1. Emphysema 2. Osteomalacia 3. Atelectasis

1 and 2 only

Which of the following is/are evaluation criterion/criteria for a PA chest x-ray of the heart and lungs? 1. Ten pairs of posterior ribs above the diaphragm 2. The medial ends of the clavicles equidistant from the vertebral column 3. Scapulae seen through the upper lung fields

1 and 2 only

Which of the following procedures demonstrate renal function? 1. IVU 2. Excretory urography 3. Retrograde urogram

1 and 2 only

Which of the following x-ray circuit devices operates on the principle of mutual induction? 1. High-voltage transformer 2. Filament transformer 3. Auto transformer

1 and 2 only

Characteristics of a 16:1 grid include which of the following? 1. It absorbs more useful radiation than an 8:1 grid 2. It has more centering latitude than an 8:1 grid 3. It is used with higher kV exposures than an 8:1 grid

1 and 3 only

Which of the following statements is true regarding the lateral projection of the lumber spine? 1. The MSP is parallel to the tabletop 2. The vertebral foramina are well visualized 3. The pedicles are well visualized

1 and 3 only

Personnel radiation monitor reports must include which of the following information? 1. Dose equivalent for report period 2. Dosimeter type 3. Radiation quality

1, 2, and 3

The advantages of high-frequency generators over earlier generators include 1. smaller size 2. nearly constant potential 3. lower patient dose

1, 2, and 3

Dorsal decubitus projections of the chest are used to evaluate small amounts of 1. fluid in the posterior chest 2. air in the posterior chest 3.fluid in the anterior chest

1 only

Spatial resolution is directly related to 1. SID 2. tube current 3. focal spot size

1 only

The carpal scaphoid can be demonstrated in which of the following projection(s) of the wrist? 1. PA oblique 2. PA with radial deviation 3. PA with elbow elevated 20 degrees

1 only

Typical patient demographic and exam information include(s) 1. type of exam 2. accession number 3. date and time of exam

1 only

Which of the following drugs may be used to prolong blood clotting time? 1. heparin 2. diphenhydramine 3. lidocaine

1 only

Which of the following are characteristics of a patient with pulmonary emphysema? 1. hyperventilation 2. increased AP chest diameter 3. shoulder girdle elevation

1, 2, & 3

Abdominal viscera located in the retroperitoneum include the 1. kidneys 2. duodenum 3. ascending and descending colon

1, 2, and 3

Acceptable methods of minimizing motion unsharpness are 1. suspended respiration 2. short exposure time 3. patient instructions

1, 2, and 3

Body substances that are considered potential infectious include 1. feces 2. breast milk 3. wound drainage

1, 2, and 3

Geometric unsharpness will be least obvious 1 at long SIDs. 2 with small focal spots. 3 at the anode end of the image.

1, 2, and 3

Improper support of a patient's fractured lower leg could result in 1. movement of fracture fragments 2. tearing of soft tissue, nerves, and vessels 3. initiation of muscle spasm

1, 2, and 3

In 1906, Bergonie and Tribondeau theorized that undifferentiated cells are highly radiosensitive. Which of the following are characteristics of undifferentiated cells? 1. Young cells 2. Highly mitotic cells 3. Precursor cells

1, 2, and 3

In which of the following procedures is quiet, shallow breathing recommended during the exposure to obliterate prominent pulmonary vascular markings? 1. RAO sternum 2. Lateral thoracic spine 3. AP scapula

1, 2, and 3

The AP axial projection of the pulmonary apices requires the CR to be directed

15 degrees cephalad

The brightness level of the fluoro image depends on 1. mA 2. kV 3. Patient thickness

1, 2, and 3

The decision whether to deliver ionic or nonionic contrast medium should include a preliminary patient history, included but not limited to 1. patient age 2. history of respiratory disease 3. history of cardiac disease

1, 2, and 3

The radiation dose to a part depends on which of the following? 1. Type of tissue interactions 2. Quantity of radiation 3. Biologic differences

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following contributes to x-ray beam attenuation and receptor exposure? 1. Tissue density 2. Pathology 3. Muscle development

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following is associated with magnification fluoro? 1. Higher patient dose than non-mag 2. Higher voltage to the focusing lenses 3. Image intensifier focal point closer to the input phosphor

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following is/are considered long-term somatic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation? 1. life-span shortening 2. carcinogenesis 3. cataractogenesis

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following is/are correct regarding care of protected leaded aprons? 1. Lead aprons should be fluoroscoped yearly to check for cracks 2. Lead gloves should be fluoroscoped yearly to check for cracks 3. Lead aprons should be hung on appropriate racks when not in use

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following is/are valid evaluation criteria for a later projection of the forearm? 1. The radius and the ulna should be superimposed distally 2. The coronoid process and the radial head should be partially superimposed 3. The humeral epicondyles should be superimposed

1, 2, and 3

Alignment of x-ray tube, part, and IR are essential to avoid 1. distortion 2. magnification 3. image noise 4. foreshortening 5. elongation

1, 4, and 5

A satisfactory image was made without a grid using a 72: SID and 8 mAs. If the distance is changed to 40" and a 12:1 ratio grid is used, what should be the new mAs?

12 mAs

The SMV oblique axial projection of the zygomatic arches requires that the skull be rotated

15 degrees toward the affected side.

Which of the following is the approximate skin dose for 5 min of fluoro performed at 1.5 mA?

157 mGy

Which of the following radiographic exams require the patient to be NPO 8-10 hours prior to the exam for proper patient preparation? 1. abdominal survey 2. upper GI 3. BE

2 & 3

An AP external oblique projection of the elbow will demonstrate the 1. olecranon process within the olecranon fossa 2. capitulum of the humerus 3. radial head free of superimposition

2 and 3

Advantages of direct digital radiography (DR) over computed radiography (CR) include: 1. DR is less expensive 2. DR has immediate readout 3. IPs are not needed for DR

2 and 3 only

Which of the following procedures may be used to better demonstrate the interphalangeal joints of the toes? 1. angle the CR 15 degrees caudad 2. angle the CR 15 degrees cephalad 3. place a 15-degree sponge under the foot

2 and 3 only

Which of the following statements are true regarding the PA axial projection of the paranasal sinuses? 1. the CR is directed caudally to the OML 2. the petrous pyramids are projected into the lower third of the orbits 3. the frontal sinuses are visualized

2 and 3 only

X-ray tube life may be extended by 1. using high-mAs, low-kVp technical factors 2. avoiding lengthy anode rotation 3. avoiding exposures on a cold anode

2 and 3 only

Which of the following groups of technical factors would deliver the lowest patient dose?

2.5 mAs, 100 kVp

Which of the following groups of technical factors will produce the least receptor exposure?

200 mA, 0.25 s, 70 kV, 12:1 grid

Which of the following image intensifier modes will result in the lowest patient dose?

25 inch mode

A patient with an upper respiratory tract infection is transported to the radiology department for a chest exam. Who should be masked? 1. Technologist 2. Transporter 3. Patient

3 only

Technical factors of 80 kV and 8 mAs are used for a particular nongrid exposure. What should be the new mAs if an 8:1 grid is added?

32 mAs

To demonstrate the glenoid fossa in profile, the patient is positioned

45° oblique, affected side down

What is the established fetal dose-limit for pregnant radiographers during the entire gestation period?

5 mSv

The NCRP recommends an annyal occupational effective dose equivalent limit of

50 mSv

Which of the following combinations would deliver the least amount of heat to the anode of a three-phase, 12-pulse x-ray unit?

500 mA, 1/30 s, 85 kVp

To eject a K-shell electron from a tungsten atom, the incoming electron must have energy of at least

70 keV

An exposure was made using 300 mA and 50 ms. If the exposure time is changed to 22 ms, what mA selection would most closely approximate the original receptor exposure?

700 mA

If 0.5 Gy was delivered during a 6-min fluoro exam, what was the dose rate?

83.3 mGy/min

What percentage of x-ray attenuation does a 0.5 mm lead equivalent aprons at 75 kVp provide?

88%

The lesser tubercle of the humerus will be visualized in profile in the

AP shoulder internal rotation radiograph

Which of the following exposures would most likely deliver the greatest dose to the thyroid (think position AND technique)?

AP skull

How often must the radiographic equipment be checked for linearity and reproducibility?

Annually

When electric signals are sampled for conversion to a digital image, what sampling frequency is required to maintain image resolution?

At least twice the number of pixels required to form the image must be sampled

Which of the following functions to protect the x-ray tube and the patient from overexposure in the event that the phototimer fails to terminate an exposure?

Backup timer

The ethical principle that refers to bringing about good, or benefiting others, is called

Beneficence

Which of the following technical changes is most likely to permit the greatest reduction in patient dose?

Changing from an 8:1 grid technique to nongrid

How are LET and biologic response (RBE) related?

Directly related

Contaminated needles are disposed of in special containers in which of the following ways?

Do not recap the needle and dispose of the entire syringe.

Which of the following types of adult tissue cells are considered radiosensitive? Select all that apply.

Epithelial cells Intestinal crypt cells Lymphocytes

With the patient in an erect 45 degree LPO and the CR directed 2" medial and 2" inferior to the upper outer border of the should, which of the following will be visualized to best advantage?

Glenoid cavity in profile

Hospitals and other health care providers must ensure patient confidentiality in compliance with which of the following legislation?

HIPAA

Which of the following involves intentional misconduct? Select all that apply.

Invasion of privacy False imprisonmen

Which of the following statements is true regarding the control dosimeter that accompanies each shipment of personnel radiation monitors?

It should be stored away from all radiation sources

Which of the following is a functional study used to demonstrate the degree of AP motion present in the cervical spine?

Laterals in flexion and extension

To image suspected abdominal free air in an infant, which of the following projections of the abdomen will demonstrate the condition with the lowest patient dose?

Left lateral decubitus without grid

What feature is used to display RIS information about current patients?

Modality work list

The ethical principle that aspires to, above all, do no harm describes

Nonmaleficence

The femoral neck can be located

Perpendicular to a line drawn from the ASIS to the pubic symphysis

The pyloric canal and duodenal bulb are best demonstrated during an upper GI in which of the following positions?

RAO

Which of the following positions can be used to effectively demonstrate the left colic flexure during a barium enema? 1. RAO 2. LAO 3. RPO

RAO

6

Referring to the figure below, which heart chamber pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta and to all body tissues?

Filament circuit

Referring to the simplified x-ray circuit below, what is indicated by the number 6?

A radiograph exposed using a 12:1 ratio grid may exhibit a loss of receptor exposure at its lateral edges because the

SID was too great

Which of the following statements regarding SNR is most accurate?

SNR increases as mAs increases

3. It is lead lined 4. It decreases leakage radiation 5. It represents the tube housing

Select the correct statements regarding the structure indicated by the number 7 below. 1. It represents the glass envelope 2. It absorbs scattered radiation 3. It is lead-lined 4. It decreases leakage radiation 5. It represents the tube housing 6. It hardens the x-ray beam

Lateral

Structure #3 in the figure below is best demonstrated in which position?

The best projection to demonstrate the articular surfaces of the femoropatellar articulation is the

Tangential (sunrise) projection

angling the CR about 5 degrees cephalad

The femorotibial articulation shown below could be better demonstrated by

Which of the following would be the safest interval of time for a fertile woman to undergo abdominal radiography without significant concern for irradiating a recently fertilized ovum?

The first 10 days after menstruation starts

All of the following statements regarding the bony thorax are true except

The gladiolus is the upper part of the sternum

mandibular angle

What is the anatomic structure indicated by number 1 in the image below?

1. PA oblique sternum 2. left anterior ribs

The position illustrated in the figure below can be used to successfully demonstrate the 1. PA oblique sternum 2. left anterior ribs 3. barium-filled gastric fundus

The MSP should be 90 degrees to the IR

The radiograph below could be improved in which way?

incorrect grid placement

The radiograph shown below exhibits a loss of receptor exposure as a result of

aliasing artifact

The skull radiograph below demonstrates

left colic flexure

The structure indicated by the number 1 in the image below is the

terminal ileum

The structure indicated by the number 6 in the image below is the

Aorta

The structure labeled number 7 in the figure below is the

1

The trapezium is identified below as

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

The vessels seen as numbers 1 and 2 in the figure below function to convey

Which of the following is the most frequent site of hospital-acquired infection?

Urinary tract

When the collimated field must extend past the edge of the body, allowing primary radiation to strike the tabletop, as in a lateral lumbar spine, what may be done to prevent excessive receptor exposure?

Use lead behind to absorb tabletop radiation

lateral malleolus

What does the number 1 in the figure below identify?

Curve 3

Which of the dose-response curves shown below illustrate(s) a threshold dose? 1. Curve 1 2. Curve 2 3. Curve 3

RAO

Which of the following best describes the position shown below?

9

Which of the following identifies the head of the ulna in the figure below?

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following statements is true regarding the radiograph below? 1. The part is rotated 2. Pneumothorax is present 3. Adequate inspiration is demonstrated

2, 4, and 6

Which of the following statements regarding the image below are correct? 1. The patient is upright 2. Duodenal mucosa is visualized 3. The image was made in the RAO position 4. The patient is in a recumbent position 5. The image is part of a lower GI exam 6. The image was made in the LPO position

3

Which of the illustrations below most closely portrays a hypersthenic body type?

3

Which of the labeled bones below identifies the cuboid?

1 and 2

Which of the x-ray circuit devices shown below requires alternating current for effective operation? 1. Number 3 2. Number 7 3. Number 8

The term dysplasia refers to

abnormal development of tissue

With which of the following does the lateral extremity of the clavicle articulate?

acromion process

The reduction in x-ray photon intensity as the photon passes through a meterial is termed

attenuation

The infection streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) is caused by a

bacterium

The annual dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals is valid for

beta, x-, and gamma radiations

The AIDS virus may be transmitted (select all that apply)

by sharing needles from mother to child during birth by intimate contact with bodily fluids

Which acronym is used to help rescuers remember the correct CPR step sequence?

cab

Another name for Hirschsprung disease, the most common cause of lower GI obstruction in neonates, is

congenital megacolon

In amorphous selenium flat-panel detectors, the term amorphous refers to a

crystalline material lacking typical crystalline structure.

A radiographer would be in violation of the ARRT Code of Ethics for all of the following except

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Which of the following is recommended for a cervical spine having recent trauma or known fracture?

dorsal decubitus lateral

The quantity that is reflective of dose and the volume of tissue exposed is

dose area product

The dose from all types of ionizing radiation and its associated risk to human tissues is defined as

effective dose (EfD)

Which of the following expresses the gonadal dose that, if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same total genetic effect on that population as the actual doses received by each of the individuals?

genetically significant dose

Which of the following waveforms has the lowest percentage of voltage ripple?

high frequency

A graphic representation of signal values representing various absorbing properties within the part being imaged is called a

histogram

If a radiograph were made of an average size knee using AEC and all three photocells were selected, the resulting radiograph would demonstrate

insufficient receptor exposure

With the patient supine, the left side of the pelvis elevated 25 degrees, and the CR entering 1 inch medial to the left ASIS, which of the following is best demonstrated?

left SI joint

Which of the following are considered most radiosensitive?

lymphocytes

Which of the following cell types is the least radiosensitive?

myocytes

The most commonly used method of low-flow oxygen delivery is the

nasal cannula

Which of the following is a fast-acting vasodilator used to lower blood pressure and relieve the pain of angina pectoris?

nitroglycerin

Which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of using a 30" SID with a 14f.17" IR to image a fairly homogeneous structure?

noticiple exposure variation between opposite ends of the IR

A patient who has been recumbent for some time and gets up quickly may suffer from light-headedness or feel faint. This is called

orthostatic hypotension

The primary function of filtration is to reduce

patient dose

Pathologic conditions that would require an increase in technique include all of the following except

pneumoperitoneum

The intertrochanteric crest is located on the

proximal posterior femur

The regular measurement and evaluation of radiographic equipment components and their performance is most accurately called

quality control

The CDC suggests that health care workers protect themselves and their patients from contamination by using

standard precautions

In myelography, the contrast medium generally is injected into the

subarachnoid space between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae

The degree of difference between remnant beam signals is termed

subject contrast

While measuring blood pressure, the first pulse that is heard is recorded as the

systolic pressure

Differences between body habitus types are likely to affect all of the following except

the degree of bone porosity.

All of the following statements regarding three-phase current are true except

three-phase current is constant-potential direct current.

The AP oblique projection of the ilium requires that the

unaffected side be elevated 40 degrees

A signed consent form is necessary prior to performing all the following procedures except

upper GI series

The most common cause of x-ray tube failure is

vaporized tungsten on glass envelope.