final pt 3

Deep ocean trenches are associated with:

subduction zones

Why is the oldest ocean floor only 180 million years old?

subduction zones destroy/ rebuild the ocean floor

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

temperature

Submarine canyons are formed by:

turbidity currents

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:

turbidity currents

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries?

volcanic island arcs

What is the most significant mode of transport of lithogenous sediment?

water

The addition of carbon dioxide to the ocean over an extended period of time, has what affect on the pH?

Decreases pH

Climate change data from the geologic past has been used as evidence for the movement of the continents. Which of the following is a relevant example of this type of evidence?

Glacial sediments found in India

Sediment that is gravel sized and rounded required a __________ environment to be transported.

High Energy

What type of bonding occurs between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonding

What most likely caused salinity to decrease in the Pacific in November, December, and January?

Increased precipitation

What areas on Earth experience the greatest day/night temperature variations?

Interiors of landmasses

Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere will cause what to happen to the calcite compensation depth?

It will become shallower

Surface salinity is highest at which latitude due to evaporation exceeding precipitation?

Mid-Latitudes

The hydrothermal vent type with the greatest mineral content is:

black smoker

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:

calorie

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO 3)?

diatoms

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

What state of water has independent molecules that flow freely?

gas

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

high heat capacity

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is:

higher than other liquids.

If water temperature decreases, water density ________; if salinity decreases, density ______.

increases, decreases

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

The largest, deepest of the oceans is:

pacific

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as:

parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

The East Coast of the US is a(n) ________ continental margin.

passive

Which of the following contains silica (SiO 2)?

radiolarians

What is the term for the total amount of solids dissolved in water?

salinity

During the formation of the oceans, erosion of the Earth most significantly led to what?

salt in the water

For a sediment to be considered a biogenic ooze, what minimum percentage must be biological material?

30%

What is the average surface pH of the ocean?

8.1

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:

Alfred Wegener

There are areas on Earth that show magnetic north pointing in various directions. These rocks are the same age. What is the most plausible explanation for this?

At the time of formation, the rocks were in different positions, all orienting towards magnetic north. As the continents have moved, the rocks have moved with them from their original positions.

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.

Why does the Pacific usually have lower salinity than the Atlantic?

Because the Pacific has a greater volume of water to dilute the dissolved solids.

__________ is the natural process that keeps the ocean from becoming too acidic or too basic.

Buffering

What area of the ocean floor usually has the thickest sediment deposits?

Continental shelf

A water molecule contains two small hydrogen atoms and one large oxygen atom. What kind of bond keeps these three atoms together?

Covalent bond

What is the order of steps involved in the scientific method?

Observation, hypothesis, testing, theory

Which of the following crust types is the densest?

Older oceanic crust

What makes water the universal solvent?

The dipolarity of the molecule allows ions of other compounds to separate easily

Why is there little change to salinity below 1,000 meters?

Surface processes don't affect the deeper water.

The viscosity of a fluid is determined by:

Temperature Composition

A core section with a high amount of silica would most likely indicate what about the time it was deposited?

That there was a high amount of surface productivity

How many tests must be run without fail to determine that a hypothesis is a fact?

There is no acceptable number for this because there are no scientific certainties

Why are most deep-ocean lithogenous deposits composed of fine-grained sediments?

There is not enough energy to move larger grain sizes to the deep ocean.

The most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to:

Water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

the change of water from a liquid to a gas involves:

absorption of heat

The smallest of the oceans, mostly enclosed by land is:

arctic

Oceanic crust is dominantly composed of which rock type?

basalt

Based on present-day plate movement, in the future the Atlantic Ocean will get ________ and the Pacific Ocean will get ________.

bigger, smaller

What is the name of the product from this chemical formula? CO 2 + H 2O ----> H 2CO 3

carbonic acid

Observations in the Appalachian Mountains in the United States and the Caledonian Mountains in Europe have revealed that there are similar rock types and structures in both mountain ranges. From this, which of the following can be inferred? Selected Answer:

connected because of pangea

hat part of the continents was determined to the the best "fit" when considering evidence for continental drift?

continental shelf

What factor determines which plate is subducted at a subduction zone?

density

The Mid-Atlantic ridge is an example of a:

divergent boundary

Sediments found on continental margins are called:

neritic

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:

theories

What is the name of the layer of water marked by rapidly changing temperature with depth?

thermocline

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because:

they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time. they are unaffected by surface weather. they can cover areas where ships have not produced surveys. the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large All of the above statements are correct.