Final review list from prof

Which acrosomal enzyme digests the hyaluronic acid that binds together the granulosa cells surrounding an egg?

Hyaluronidase

What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone?

Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia Hypotension

Which section of the uterine tube is attached to the uterus?

Isthmus

What does lipase do

It breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Which cells are responsible for producing immunity against a disease after the first exposure of the same disease?

Memory B cells

What are some examples of water gains?

Metabolic water, food, drink

What are the parasympathetic nerves?

Nerves that return the body to a normal state after a stressful situation.

most abundant ion in the ECF

Sodium

Which events occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

FSH stimulates follicle growth. FSH stimulates the granulosa cells to secrete estradiol.

Order of vessels leaving and then returning to the heart

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Mucus that prevents the spread of microorganisms from the vagina into the uterus is secreted by glands located in which of the following?

cervical canal

The lumen of the cervix is called the ___________.

cervical canal

Which are paired glands located on either side of the vagina and function to keep the vulva moist and provide lubrication during sexual excitement?

Greater vestibular glands

List the events that occur during spermiogenesis.

Growth of a flagellum Loss of excess cytoplasm

difference between HDL and LDL

HDL is good cholesterol and LDL is bad cholesterol

Parasympathetic effects on the heart, lungs, bladder

Heart - Decrease rate Lungs - Constricts airway Bladder - contracts

What do the theca interna cells of an ovarian follicle become after the egg has been ovulated?

Lutein cells

Ovulation occurs when increased release of estrogen from a maturing follicle release triggers a spike in which hormone?

Luteinizing hormone

What cells will develop antigen receptors when they mature?

Lymphocytes

When are the semilunar valves open and closed?

Open: Systole Closed: Diastole

In which process do the germ layers differentiate into organs and organ systems?

Organogenesis

organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development

Organogenesis

Which artery enters the ovary through the suspensory ligament?

Ovarian artery

Which blood vessel enters the ovary through the mesovarium?

Ovarian branch of the uterine artery

The series of monthly changes that occur within the female gonads are referred to as what?

Ovarian cycle

During this wave, the muscles of the atria are contracting.

P wave

Which is the only type of follicle to contain a primary oocyte?

Primordial

Which type of follicle consists of a layer of flattened epithelial cells surrounding a primary oocyte?

Primordial

What are the earliest stem cells specifically destined to become spermatogonia?

Primordial germ cells

chemical digestion ***

Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use

function of bulbourethral glands

Produce mucus for lubrication and alkaline fluid. Commonly released during arousal.

great alveolar cells (type 2)

Produce surfactant that helps reduce water tension so a alveolus does not stick to itself

Identify the hormones secreted by the corpus luteum.

Progesterone Estradiol Inhibin

Which phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Proliferative phase Menstrual phase

What does thrombin convert?

fibrinogen to fibrin

function of kidneys

filter blood and produce urine

function of lymph nodes

filter lymph

During oogenesis, meiosis I produces two daughter cells. What is the smaller of the two called?

first polar body

Function of the tongue in digestion

floor of oral cavity, skeletal muscle, movement aids in chewing/swallowing taste buds are useful for detecting poisonous substances (usually have a bitter taste)

extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

Within the ovary, eggs develop within encircling structures called

follicles

digestive hormones

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

which omentum? from liver to lesser curviture

lesser omentum

Antibodies

Proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body

after factor X is activated, it combines with factors III and V to produce prothrombin activator. This enzyme acts on a globulin called _____ and converts it to _____.

Prothrombin (factor II), thrombin.

External genitalia of male

scrotum and penis

Which secretion of the prostrate breaks down semenogelin, liquifying the semen?

Serine protease

What are procoagulants?

Substances that promote clotting, proteins produced by the liver.

Which are functions of amniotic fluid?

To protect the fetus from temperature fluctuations To protect the fetus from trauma To allow development of the lungs

what is urea

A chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins

What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg

thyroid cartilage

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

What is the relationship between an oocyte and a follicle?

A follicle contains an oocyte.

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

A pregnancy is divided into trimesters, which means which of the following?

A pregnancy is divided into three 12-week periods.

Vascular Spasm

A prompt constriction of a broken vessel. Most immediate protection against blood loss

Aldosterone stimulates which of the following? A. Renal secretion of potassium B. Renal secretion of sodium C. Renal reabsorption of sodium D. Renal reabsorption of potassium

A, C

What is hemostasis?

Blood clotting/Stopping bleeding

How does blood flow on the left side

Blood flows from the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve, and then into the aortic arch.

How does blood flow on the right side

Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary semilunar valve, into the pulmonary trunk, and then into the pulmonary arteries.

How does the liver aid in carbohydrate metabolism

Converts fructose and galactose to glucose

Which term refers to the innermost layer of cells in the cumulus, surrounding the zona pellucida and oocyte?

Corona radiata

After the involution of the corpus luteum, the inactive bit of scar tissue that remains is known as which of the following?

Corpus albicans

Which structure secretes estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin?

Corpus luteum

What is the erectile column of the penis that passes along the ventral side and encloses the penile urethra?

Corpus spongiosum

Which term refers to the paired regions of the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris that attach it to the pubic arch?

Crura

Which are secreted by the seminal vesicles?

Fructose Proseminogelin Prostaglandins

What is the process in which cells migrate to form the three primary germ layers called?

Gastrulation

Which are found in both a male and female 6 week embryo?

Genital tubercle Urogenital folds Labioscrotal folds

Which term refers to the development of the follicle that surrounds the egg as the egg undergoes oogenesis?

Folliculogenesis

What is involved in the final phase of blood clotting?

Formation of fibrin

What does meiosis produce?

Four genetically unique daughter cells

cuneiform cartilage

a pair of club- or wedge-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages that support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis

corniculate cartilage

a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage.

What enzymes are in saliva

amylase and lipase

Why does carbohydrate digestion begin in the mouth?

amylase begins the breakdown of food starches into maltose, a disaccharide

The acidity of the stomach halts the action of _____ but promotes the action of _____, both of which are salivary enzymes.

amylase, lipase

What is the suspensory ligament?

anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall

arytenoid cartilage

anchors vocal cords

difference between anoxia and hypoxia

anoxia is complete lack of oxygen Hypoxia is partial lack - cyanosis

Part of an antibody called the __________ binds to part of an antigen called the __________.

antigen-binding site, epitope

What determines blood type

antigens on surface of RBC

What great vessel is coming out of the left side of the heart

aorta

the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart into systemic circulation.

aorta

The appetite hormones ghrelin, leptin, CCK, and others act on part of the hypothalamus called the

arcuate

Vessels coming out of the heart

arteries

What do mesenteries contain?

blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

function of hepatic artery

carries oxygenated blood to the liver

function of urethra

carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

The ______ os is the opening between the cervical canal and vagina.

external

What are the two reaction pathways to coagulation?

extrinsic and intrinsic

uterine tubes are also called

fallopian tubes

True or false: A dramatic drop in the levels of estrogen causes ischemia within the stratum functionalis and brings on the subsequent menses.

false

T/F the hepatic portal vein is another name for hepatic vein?

false, portal vein carries blood and nutrients to the liver, vein carries deoxygenated blood from the liver to the right atrium via inferior vena cava

A pH below 6.8 or above 8.0 is what?

fatal

At about 8 weeks and once all organs system are present, a conceptus is then called a(n)

fetus

function of spleen

filters blood

what does the nephron do

filters blood and produces urine

function of renal corpuscle

filters blood plasma

function of glomerulus

filtration of blood

Oogenesis produces a ______ gamete by means of ______.

haploid, meiosis

While somatic cells are diploid, gametes are ______ ; they have one copy of each type of chromosome.

haploids

Sympathetic effects on the heart, lungs, bladder,

heart - increase rate lungs - dilate bladder - relax

what is the portal triad ***

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct

what is the functional unit of the liver

hepatic lobule

causes of varicose veins

hereditary weakness, obesity, and pregnancy

Internal genitalia of male

include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

Fimbriae extend off of the ______ of the uterine tube.

infundibulum

the ___ canal allows the passage of the testes through the abdominal musculature during development.

inguinal

endogenous pyrogens

liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis

Where is urea produced?

liver and stored in the kidneys

The right ventricle is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood for the pulmonary circulation. Based on this information, blood from the right ventricle is on its way to the __________.

lungs

The phase of the ovarian cycle that extends from ovulation to the start of menstruation is the _____ phase

luteal

What WBC fights viral infections and cancer

lymphocytes

Agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

Genetically, a human with XY chromosomes is a ______ while one with XX chromosomes is a ______.

male, female

Is it normal to find glucose in a healthy urine sample

means you're diabetic. Body is not responding to insulin

Which structure divides the scrotum into right and left compartments?

median septum

Which term refers to the inner portion of the ovary that contains the large arteries and veins?

medulla

Genetic recombination and the reduction in chromosome number by one-half, are achieved through which form of cell division?

meiosis

From proximal to distal, the three regions of the male urethra are the prostatic, _______, and the spongy urethra.

membranous

the ____phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by discharge of fluid from the vagina. It also marks the first day of a new cycle.

menstrual

projection of peritoneum that is NOT attached to the organs or the wall but hanging from it

mesentery peritoneum

The portion of the broad ligament surrounding the uterine tubes is called the

mesosalpinx

Produced as a by product of dehydration synthesis reactions and aerobic respiration

metabolic water

The _____ of the sperm contains numerous mitochondria needed to provide energy (ATP) for locomotion.

midpiece

glucose, galactose, fructose

monosaccharides

3 types of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

bicarbonate buffer system

most important buffer system that keeps blood pH from changing drastically

what organs make up the digestive tract ***

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs

Middle layer of the uterine wall

myometrium

Which WBC fights bacterial infection?

neutrophils

Granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli.

nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.

organs of the respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

function of the uterus

nurturing the fertilized ovum that develops into the fetus and holding it till the baby is mature enough for birth

_____ physically separates the organs inside the abdomen, limiting the spread of infections and wounds, while ______attaches the small intestine and other organs into the posterior abdominal wall.

omentum, mesentary

_______refers to a fold of peritoneum, connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs while ______ refers to a fold of the peritoneum, which attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

omentum, mesentary

A single human egg, or ovum, may also be referred to as a(n) ______.

oocyte

An egg cell at any haploid stage between meiosis I and fertilization is known as a secondary

oocyte

The production of the female haploid gamete is called ______.

oogenesis

The ovarian stem cells that generate oocytes

oogonia

When are the AV valves open and closed?

open during diastole, closed during systole

The ______ buffer system is a solution of H(PO4)2 and H2(PO4).

phosphate

A ______ buffer is a system (for example the respiratory or urinary system) that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2.

physiological

Which gland secretes ADH

pituitary gland

Which structure performs excretory, nutritional, endocrine, and immune functions for the fetus?

placenta

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.

placenta

function of thyroid cartilage

protects vocal cords/folds

The pH of intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by which of the following?

protein

protein in the urine

proteinuria

function of seminal vesicles

provide sperm with water and fructose

In humans, when do the secondary sexual characteristics first appear?

puberty

function of salivary glands

secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates

A typical ejaculation results in the discharge of 2 to 5mL of a fluid called ______.

semen

What are the accessory glands of the reproductive system

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands.

The ______ are the site of sperm production.

seminiferous tubules

Whats the difference in plasma and serum

serum doesnt have fibrinogen

Lymphatic organs

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

What do mesenteries do?

stabilize positions of attached organs and prevent intestines from becoming entangled

How does the liver aid in digestion?

the liver produces bile that helps the body absorb fat into the bloodstream.

cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

What are the great vessels?

the superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, and the aorta.

Near the time of ovulation, mucus from cervical glands becomes ______.

thinner

Which lymphatic organ degenerates with age

thymus

larynx cartilages

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

function of esophagus

to carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach

function of alveolar macrophages

to remove dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces

examples of lymphatic tissues

tonsils, spleen, thymus

function of ureters

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Function of bronchi

transports air from the trachea into the lungs

function of the bile duct

transports bile from gall bladder to small intestine

function of vas deferens

transports mature sperm to the urethra

What are the pumping chambers of the heart?

ventricles

What happens during ventricular diastole

ventricles relax, filling with blood

Can O donate to every blood type

yes

Where do primordial germ cells destined to become sperm form?

yolk sac

What is the term for a fertilized egg?

zygote

What are four functions of sustentacular cells?

To provide nutrients to germ cells To provide growth factors to germ cells To protect germ cells To promote germ cell development

Why is the aorta elastic

To resist high blood pressure

function of the uterine tube

Transports the ova from the ovary and sperm from the uterus for fertilization

function of tonsils

Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials

function of secretin

Triggering pancreas to release bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes to further aid in digestion

Which alveolar cell? Their thinness allows for rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and blood. ***

Type I Squamous alveolar cells

Which alveolar cell produces surfactant and repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous cells are damaged ***

Type II Great alveolar cells

In which fluid excess is when both sodium and water retained and in which the ECF remains isotonic?

Volume excess

What are types of fluid excess?

Volume excess and hypotonic hydration

Which is a pocket formed by peritoneum between the uterus and urinary bladder?

Vesicouterine pouch

Which are a pair of subcutaneous erectile tissues within the labia majora on each side of the vagina?

Vestibular bulbs

Hypovolemia causes

Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin

When does descent of the testes begins?

Week 6

A common adage is that it "only takes one sperm" to fertilize an egg. As an anatomy student, what would be your response?

While only one sperm head enters the egg, thousands are needed to break through the egg's defenses.

During the intrinsic clotting mechanism, platelets degranulate and release factor XII. Through a cascade of reactions, this leads to activated factors ____, ____, and ____ and then finally to factor X. Ca2+ and PF3 are required for this pathway.

XI, IX, VIII

Which sex chromosome is responsible for classifying an individual as male?

Y

Where do antigens come from?

You are born with them or from outside the body through infection or transfusions

What is the correct order of development during the preembryonic stage?

Zygote, morula, blastocyst

A secondary oocyte is which of the following?

haploid

What blood can B+ receive

B+, O+

function of labia majora/minora

Enclose and Protect the vagina.

high density lipoprotein

"good cholesterol";transports cholesterol from the arteries to the liver

Stomach cells

- chief: pepsinogen - parietal: HCl - G: gastrin --> stimulate parietal - mucous: mucous lubricating stomach

The buffering ability of proteins is primarily due to what

-Carboxyl side groups release H+ when pH begins to rise-Amino side groups bind H+ when pH falls

What are the functions of the liver?

-Detoxification of blood including the breakdown of alcohol -Regulation of blood sugar levels -Conversion of ammonia to urea -Production of cholesterol -Production of blood proteins -Production of bile

How is the phosphate buffer system different from the bicarbonate buffer system?

-The phosphate buffer system has a stronger buffering effect than an equal amount of bicarbonate buffer.-Bicarbonates play a larger role in buffering the ECF.-Phosphate is more important in the renal tubules and ICF.

protein buffer system

-the most common buffer system in cells -Primary ICF buffer; also buffers ECF -acts inside & outside the cell; binds with acids & bases to neutralize them

Each human cell normally contains ______ pair/pairs of sex chromosomes.

1

The typical human cell contains which of the following?

1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes

What happens after FSH-induced follicular development?

1. FSH causes follicular development 2. follicles release estrogen 3. estrogen triggers release of LH 4. LH triggers ovulation

Hemostasis steps

1. vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) 2. platelet plug formation (platelet aggregation) 3. coagulation

what causes hypoxia

1.) Decreased RBC numbers by hemorrhage (blood loss from vessels) or premature destruction 2.) Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (i.e. iron deficiency) 3.) Reduced availability of O2 (i.e. not breathing, holding breath)

A healthy, post-pubescent, young man can produce about how many sperm per day?

400 million

In mitosis each parent cell produces ______ daughter cells, while in meiosis, ______ gametes are produced.

2, 4

The total water output a day by a resting adult is about ____ L (gains and losses)

2500

Maximal sperm production occurs when the testes are at what temperature?

35 degrees c

normal ph

7.35-7.45

What is referred to as the "salt-retaining hormone" because it plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion?

Aldosterone

Which of the following patients would be considered the universal recipient (in other words, who can receive blood from a type A, B, AB, and O donor)?

AB

Patient with type B positive, who can they donate to?

AB + and B+

If a patient has type AB blood, they could receive blood from who?

AB, O

It is impossible for a blood type O+ baby to have a type ____ mother

AB-

Osmoreceptors detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary which triggers the release of what?

ADH

What happens when pressure in atrium is higher than pressure in ventricle

AV close and ejects blood through semi lunar valves

If the SA node stops working, what takes over

AV node

arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

What leads to the development of female (rather than male) reproductive structures during fetal development?

Absence of testosterone and MIF

Difference between acidosis and alkalosis

Acidosis refers to an excess of acid in the blood that causes the pH to fall below 7.35, and alkalosis refers to an excess of base in the blood that causes the pH to rise above 7.45.

When does a RH+ mother experience pregnancy problems with an RH- fetus?

After the first one because theres no antibodies developed yet in the first

Which alveolar cell? Macrophages found between the alveoli that keep the alveoli free of debris by phagocytizing dust particles that escape entrapment by mucus ***

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

The end of the ductus deferens widens into which of the following before merging with the duct of the seminal vesicle?

Ampulla

The development of a female results from the absence of the which hormones?

Androgens

Which term refers to the large pool of follicular fluid found in tertiary follicles?

Antrum

Lymphocytes are the main cells involved in our immune system. Which are involved in producing antibodies?

B cells

humoral immunity

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity

Which WBC fights allergens

Basophils

Why can a patient with type B+ donate to AB+

Because AB can receive any blood type

Why is the SA node the pacemaker?

Because it sets the pace of the heart (72x/min)

Where is the amniotic cavity found?

Between the embryoblast and the trophoblast

function of lungs

Brings O2 into the body and removes CO2 and some water

hemoglobin buffer system

Buffer mechanism in the erythrocytes that works by binding to or releasing hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

Which ligament extends from the superior part of the vagina and the cervix to the pelvic wall?

Cardinal ligament

What is the cell division that occurs in the earliest stages of zygote development called?

Cleavage

function of lymphatic vessels

Collect excess tissue fluid and blood proteins Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to bloodstream

What are the primary effects of aldosterone on urine composition?

Decreases NaCl, increases K+, and decreases pH

Which traits are commonly regarded as male secondary sex characteristics?

Deeper voice Facial hair Muscular physique Coarse and visible hair on the torso and limbs

function of pancreas

Delivers enzymes to the small intestine to help with digestion

Ekg steps

Depolarization, contraction, repolarization

Where does a sperm generally fertilize an egg?

Distal one-third of the uterine tube

Which structures are located within the spermatic cord?

Ductus deferens Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus

During fetal development, blood from the umbilical cord flows directly into the vena cava bypassing the liver via which vessel?

Ductus venosus

about 1,200 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.

ERV

As an egg undergoes oogenesis, the single layer of squamous cells that surround the egg undergoes which of the following?

Folliculogenesis

What is atresia?

Egg cell degeneration

Which developmental stage is complete once the blastomeres arrange to form the three primary germ layers?

Embryogenesis

What are the three primary germ layers?

Endoderm - inner Ectoderm - outer Mesoderm - middle

What are the two requirements for sperm motility?

Energy source Elevated pH

Efferent ductules carry sperm from the testes to which structure?

Epididymis

What factor forms the structural framework of a blood clot?

Factor XIII

True or false: The first sperm to reach an egg is the one that fertilizes it.

False

What are some examples of water losses?

Feces, expired air, cutaneous transpiration, sweat, urine

Which term refers to the fringe-like projections extending from the infundibulum of the uterine tube?

Fimbriae

The head of a sperm is comprised of what three components?

Flagellar basal body Nucleus Acrosome

What are some causes of hypovelemia?

Hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea

In which fluid excess is when more water than sodium is retained and the ECF becomes hypotonic?

Hypotonic hydration (water intoxication/positive water balance)

Cold weather respiratory and urine losses lead to what?

Hypovolemia

about 3,600 mL, is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired

IC = TV + IRV

Dehydration that occurs in cases such as profuse sweating, affects which fluid compartments?

ICF, blood, and tissue fluid

about 3,100 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.

IRV

Types of antibodies

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

innate immunity

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.

What occurs during the preembryonic stage of gestation?

Implantation Cleavage Embryogenesis

The uterus, uterine tubes, and vagina are part of which of the following?

Internal female genitalia

Explain how ADH hypersecretion would affect the sodium concentration of the urine and why. Under what conditions would this occur?

Increase in ADH causes H2O absorption by increasing aquaporins, leaving sodium behind in tubular fluid leading to an elevated concentration of sodium. Dehydration can cause this.

How does blood flow through the heart?

Inferior and superior vena cava (1) dump blood into the right atrium (2) Right ventricle (3) 2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenated Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7) Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to the rest of the body (10) Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1)

Which term refers to the flared region at the distal end of the uterine tube?

Infundibulum

extrinsic mechanism

Initiated by factors from damaged vessels and tissues around the vessels (factors not from blood), quicker 15 sec to clotting.

innate vs adaptive immunity

Innate immunity: An individual's genetically predetermined resistance to certain diseases. Adaptive immunity: Ability of the body to react to specific microbial infection. ANTIGEN SPECIFIC

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes the process of ______ to form the corpus albicans.

Involution

What is a myocardial infarction?

It happens when blood stops flowing properly to part of the heart and the heart muscle is injured due to not receiving enough oxygen. Heart attack

What best describes how aldosterone acts as the "salt retaining hormone"?

It increases the number of Na+-K+ pumps in the nephron.

Which describes the acrosomal reaction?

It is the release of acrosomal enzymes on the surface of an egg.

Which describes the blood-testis barrier?

It protects developing sperm from destruction by the host's immune cells and antibodies.

ICF ions

K+, PO43- , Mg +

What is bad cholesterol?

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

The formation of the corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle is regulated by which hormone?

LH

What are some causes of dehydration?

Lack of water, diabetes mellitus, ADH hyposecretion, sweating, and overuse of diuretics.

patient with chronic liver disease - fluid in the abdomen. Why is the fluid leaving vessels in liver disease

Liver isnt producing the right amount of protein, fluid will be released (oncotic pressure)

Difference between macronutrients and micronutrients

Macronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs in large amounts. These provide the body with energy (calories). Micronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs in smaller amounts.

Function of liver in digestion

Makes about 1 L of bile a day which is used in the digestion and absorption of fats; Bile is released directly into the small intestine or is stored in the gall bladder

The theca folliculi is a tough connective tissue husk that surrounds which of the following types of follicles?

Mature follicle Tertiary follicle Secondary follicle

Human gametes are produced via what type of cell division?

Meiosis

Which process produces genetically unique haploid cells?

Meiosis

When a person becomes infected with a pathogen that has a foreign antigen, the T cells and B cells respond. The various lymphocytes will kill the invader and then the patient is said to immune to that pathogen. They are immune to it because the second time they encounter the same pathogen, their __________ will respond quickly.

Memory B cells

Identify the uterine phases of the menstrual cycle.

Menstrual phase Secretory phase Proliferative phase Premenstrual phase

Up to a point, a fetus is sexually undifferentiated, as it has both ______ ducts and paramesonephric ducts.

Mesonephric

Which term refers to the peritoneal fold that anchors the anterior margin of the ovary?

Mesovarium

Which term refers to the superficial fat pad overlying the pubic symphysis?

Mons pubis

A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization.

Morula

The female reproductive tract develops because of the absence of which two hormones? Select two answers from the list below.

Mullerian-inhibiting factor Testosterone

what does the zona pellucida surround

Oocyte

ECF ions

Na+, Cl-, HCO3-

When do antibodies develop?

Naturally after infection or artificially after vaccinations

What are the normal components of menstrual fluid? Select all that apply.

Necrotic endometrium Blood Serous fluid

What are sympathetic nerves

Nerves that prepare the body for danger.

Can you see repolarization in the EKG

No it's hidden behind QRS

You have a patient who is exposed to antigen A antibody and the patient is type B, will this person develop the antibodies in that moment?

No, they already have type A, type B antibodies. only RH + or - will be developed in that moment

Which of the following patients would be considered the universal donor (in other words, who can donate blood to a type A, B, AB, and O recipient)?

O

Where are the paired corpora cavernosa located on the penis?

On the dorsal side

Which describes a mature spermatozoon?

Pear-shaped head with a long tail

Match each male anatomical structure with its homologous structure in the female.

Penis - clitoris Scrotum - Labia majora Testes - Ovaries

Which term refers to the developing female gametes as they progress through meiosis I?

Primary oocytes

Which stage of oogenesis is attained by the primary oocyte?

Primary oocytes have started meiosis I.

Which structures release hormones that affect the sexual cycle?

Pituitary gland Ovaries Hypothalamus

most abundant ion in the ICF

Potassium

What term refers to water that is taken into the body via food and drink?

Preformed water

A drop in progesterone from the atrophying corpus luteum begins contraction of the spiral arteries in the stratum functionalis during which phase of the menstrual cycle?

Premenstrual phase

Which phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

Premenstrual phase Secretory phase

about 1,200 mL, is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled.

RV

Which is a pocket formed by peritoneum between the uterus and rectum?

Rectouterine pouch

What occurs when blood volume and pressure are too high?

Release of ADH is inhibited.

function of the larynx

Routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech

What happens when pressure in ventricles are higher than pressure in atria

Semilunar close, AV valves open and eject blood into aorta

Order of action potential

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, branch, fibers

What will be formed only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?

Second polar body

Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II, giving rise to which of the following?

Spermatids

Which is the term for the process of sperm production.

Spermatogenesis

Which is the stem cell that directly produces spermatocytes?

Spermatogonium

Which blood vessels are located within the endometrium?

Spiral arteries

Describe the three types of cells found in the alveoli. Which is the most numerous? ***

Squamous alveolar, great alveolar, and alveolar macrophages (dust cells). Alveolar macrophages are the most numerous

Estradiol serves which of the following functions during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Stimulates the dominant follicle to upregulate its receptors

Function of ADH

Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine. Promotes water reabsorption. Reduces urine volume, increases concentration.

Which term refers to the deeper layer of the endometrium that is retained during each menstrual period and regenerates the superficial layer?

Stratum basalis

What great vessel is coming in the right side of the heart

Superior & inferior vena cava

Male germ cells receive nutrients and protection from the immune system from which cells?

Sustentacular

about 6,000 mL, is the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV).

About 500 mL, is the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing.

TV

What is implantation?

The attachment of a blastocyst to the uterine lining

Which event occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

The corpus albicans develops.

What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

The endometrium thickens as the result of fluid accumulation.

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

The functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt.

Why are infants more vulnerable to dehydration than adults?

The have higher metabolic rates and produce toxic metabolites faster.

Which factors determine the amount of acid or base that can be neutralized by a chemical buffer system?

The pH of their working environmentThe concentration of the buffer

How is the secondary oocyte produced?

The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce the secondary oocyte.

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation

The pulmonary artery

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium where it is returned to systemic circulation

The pulmonary veins

Which structure develops into the corpus luteum after ovulation occurs?

The ruptured follicle

veins that return deoxygenated blood from circulation in the body and empty it into the right atrium.

The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

What portion of the vein is damaged in varicose veins

The veins valve

The corona radiata encloses which of the following?

The zona pellucida and oocyte

Which term refers to the fibrous connective tissue surrounding secondary (and older) follicles?

Theca folliculi

function of ejaculatory duct

They carry the sperm and fluids known collectively as semen through the prostate gland and into the urethra

squamous type 1 alveolar cells

Thin, broad cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and bloodstream Cover 95% of alveolus surface area

hemolytic disease of the newborn

This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.

Which are functions of the male reproductive system?

To introduce sperm into the female body To produce sperm

Which blood vessel arises from each internal iliac artery and travels through the broad ligament to the uterus?

Uterine artery

Which ligament attaches the posterior side of the uterus to the sacrum?

Uterosacral ligament

Which ligaments attach the posterior side of the uterus to the sacrum?

Uterosacral ligaments

Which organs are part of the internal female genitalia?

Uterus Uterine tubes Vagina Ovaries

about 4,800 mL, is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

During the Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism, the damaged blood vessel releases a lipoprotein mixture called tissue thromboplastin, or factor III. What does factor III combine with to activate factor X in the presence of Ca2+?

VII

Which blood vessel runs from the internal iliac artery to the call of the vagina?

Vaginal artery

Pressure is higher in left atria than left ventricle

Ventricles contract ejecting blood through semilunar valves

Antigens

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

What does the prostate gland secrete?

a weakly acidic fluid (prostatitic fluid), which accounts for 20-30% of the volume of semen

varicose veins

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

lacteals

absorb lipids (fat) from the intestinal tract. The lymph within these capillaries, called chyle, has a creamy white color (rather than clear) due to the presence of fats.

A tissue fluid pH below 7.35 is defined as a state of ______.

acidosis

The modified lysosome within a spermatozoon that contains enzymes needed to penetrate the egg is called the

acrosome

function of trachea

air passageway; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air. windpipe

What inhibits ADH release?

alcohol and caffeine

Which term refers to a tissue fluid pH above 7.45?

alkalosis

blood pH higher than 7.45 is called _____ and can be caused by a CO2 deficiency called ___

alkalosis, hypocapnia

the most numerous of all lung cells

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

The function of ____ fluid is to protect the embryo from infection, trauma, and temperature fluctuations, allow freedom of movement, and allow development of the lungs

amniotic

Which part of the uterine tube is the longest?

ampulla

What does the P wave represent?

atrial depolarization

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome is known as a(n) ______.

autosome

types of buffers

bicarbonate, phosphate, hemoglobin, protein

function of the vagina

birth canal

embryonic or immature cell

blastocyte

Coagulation

blood clotting

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

blood fat that transports cholesterol to organs and tissues; excess amounts result in the accumulation of fatty deposits on artery walls

Types of arrythmias

bradycardia-slow heart rate (below 50 bpm) tachycardia- rapid heart rate (above 100 bpm) fibrillation- rapid, uncoordinated heartbeats

What does amylase do

breaks down starch

function of hepatic portal vein

bring nutrients from the intestines to the liver before they reach the general circulation

phosphate buffer system

buffers pH of ICF and urine

how is urine produced

by filtering waste from the blood into the nephron

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

cardiac shock

caused by impaired function of the heart- myocardial infarction, severe heart failure, and certain disorders of rate and rhythm

Which type of buffer is defined as a substance that binds H+ and removes it from solution as its concentration begins to rise, or releases H+ into solution as its concentration falls?

chemical

Pepsin is the enzyme in the stomach that digests protein. Pepsin is the active form of pepsinogen. What cells of the stomach release pepsinogen?

chief

What cells produce pepsinogen

chief cells

which cells secrete digestive enzymes

chief cells

What do lacteals absorb?

chylomicrons

external genitalia of female

clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora

lymphatic tissues

composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body

What are mesenteries?

connective tissue sheets that loosely suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall

Eggs and developing follicles are located within which portion of the ovary?

cortex

In cold temperatures, which muscle contracts and pulls the testes closer to the body to keep them warm?

cremaster

During prophase I homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called ____ over

crossing

Which structure attaches the penis to the pubic arch?

crus

the _____ oophorus surrounds the oocyte and secures it to the wall of a tertiary follicle.

cumulus

What can hypoxia lead to?

cyanosis

what stimulates the release of erythropoietin?

decreased amount of oxygen going to the kidneys

Hypovelemia or dehydration? Only water is lost. ECF osmolarity rises.

dehydration

What would increase or activate the release of ADH

dehydration

function of the penis

deliver sperm to vagina

What is the nephron loop?

descending and ascending limbs

What results from ADH hyposecretion

diabetes insipidus

How do oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients cross the placenta?

diffusion

function of small intestine

digestion and absorption of nutrients

Human somatic (body) cells are ______; they have ______ chromosomes.

diploid, 46

maltose, lactose, sucrose

disaccharides

Spermatozoa are transported to the epididymis by which of the following?

efferent ductules

What type of artery is the aorta

elastic artery

the most abundant solute particles

electrolytes

A developing individual from the sixteenth day of gestation is defined as an

embryo

The blastomeres form three primary germ layers during the process of

embryogenesis

The process by which a single-celled zygote becomes a multicellular embryo.

embyrogenesis

the inner layer of the uterine wall

endometrium

what is the innermost layer of the uterine wall

endometrium

The stomach stretches when food enters. This stretching action causes cells of the stomach to release gastrin, which causes other cells to release products used for digestion. What is the name of the cells that release gastrin?

enteroendocrine

Which WBC fights parasitic infections?

eosinophils

A tissue that functions by swelling with blood is known as a(n)

erectile

When inadequate amounts of oxygen are delivered to body cells, a condition called hypoxia, the kidneys increase ____ secretion, which in turn stimulates an increase in erythrocyte production.

erythropoietin

What does the mediastinum contain?

esophagus, trachea, heart, great vessels, thymus

Which hormone stimulates mitosis of the stratum basalis in order to rebuild the stratum functionalis?

estrogen

A blind pouch at the superior end of the vagina that extends beyond the cervix is called a(n) ______.

fornix

During meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte divides, resulting in a total of _____spermatids combined from the two spermatocytes.

four

where is blood flowing during disatole

from the atrium into the ventricles

What does the seminal vesicle secrete?

fructose and prostaglandins

The innermost layer of the endometrium that is shed during each menstrual period is the stratum _____

functionalis

What is the most superior region of the uterus?

fundus

antibodies belong to a class of plasma proteins called

gama globulins

The sex cells, sperm and eggs, are referred to as what?

gametes

Food in the stomach causes G cells to secrete _____, which in turn stimulates the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen.

gastrin

urine production

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Types of WBCs

granulocytes and agranulocytes

During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, estradiol is secreted by the ____ cells of the antral follicles.

granulosa

Stratified follicular cells surrounding an oocyte are called ______ cells.

granulosa

which omentum? from greater curviture to abdominal wall

greater omentum

The folding of the lateral margins of the embryonic disc around the sides of the yolk sac encloses a longitudinal channel known as the primitive _____

gut

What is the thyroid cartilage composed of

hyaline cartilage

Why does protein digestion begin in the stomach

hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acids.

what is the difference between hydrostatic and oncotic pressure?

hydrostatic is the pressure that pushes blood out of vessel, oncotic pressure is retaining blood in the vessel and induced by proteins

Which term refers to the membrane that stretches across the vaginal orifice?

hymen

Hypovelemia or dehydration? Both water and electrolytes are lost. Total body water declines but osmolarity remains the same.

hypovelemia

adaptive immunity

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component

A sperm count lower than 20 to 25 million sperm/mL usually results in a condition called ______.

infertility

Loss of water that we're not usually aware of.Examples: output through the breath and cutaneous transpiration

insensible water loss

the opening between the cervical canal and the lumen of the uterus.

internal os

What makes up the ECF

interstitial fluid and plasma

Why is the vaginal environment acidic?

it protects the woman against bacteria and infections

If you have a patient hyperventilating, what is going to happen to the amount of CO2 in that patient?

it will decrease

what causes proteinurea?

kidneys are not functioning correctly

organs of the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

renal anemia

lack of EPO

what is hypoxia

lack of oxygen

specialized lymph capillaries that occur in the fingerlike projections (villi) that extend into the small intestine

lacteals

the _____ ligament attaches the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus.

ovarian

The female gonads are the ____ which produce egg cells and sex hormones

ovaries

The primary sex organs of the female are the ______.

ovaries

internal genitalia of female

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Which organ is supported by the mesovarium?

ovary

another name for an oocyte or egg cell.

ovum

Which property of a solution is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions?

pH

What is the swallowing center?

pair of nuclei in medulla oblongata that coordinates swallowing

The complex of veins within the spermatic cord is the ______.

pampiniform plexus

Which cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?

parietal

What cells produce HCL

parietal cells

function of the pharynx

passageway for air and food

The diamond shaped area between the thighs, bordered by the pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx is the

perineum

Clots form to stop the "leakage" of blood from a damaged vessel. After the damaged vessel has healed, the clot is no longer needed and goes through a process of dissolution. Which of the following is involved in the dissolution of a clot?

plasmin

platelet plug formation

platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall

starch, glycogen, cellulose

polysaccharides

The fertilization of an egg with more than one sperm is known as _______ and may result in three or more sets of chromosomes.

polyspermy

What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?

pre-ejaculate/lubricant

Function of lower esophageal sphincter

prevent backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus

Which type of follicle consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells surrounding a secondary oocyte?

primary

Which organs produce gametes?

primary sex organs

Which cell undergoes meiosis I giving rise to two equal-size, haploid, and genetically-unique secondary spermatocytes?

primary spermatocyte

What are clotting factors called?

procoagulants

function of ovaries

produce eggs and hormones

exogenous pyrogens

products of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxin, blood, blood products, vaccines, or injectable solutions

The hormone that stimulates fluid accumulation within the stratum functionalis during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is

progesterone

the ____ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the rebuilding of the stratum functionalis of the endometrium via mitosis.

proliferative

Semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta

What great vessel is coming out of the right side of the heart

pulmonary artery

What great vessel is coming in the left side of the heart

pulmonary veins

Tachycardia

rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute

intrinsic mechanism

reaction pathway in which only clotting factors found in the blood itself are used

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

What is the nephron composed of?

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

A buffer can be generally defined as a mechanism that does what?

resists changes in pH

Which two organ systems form physiological buffers that help stabilize pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2?

respiratory/urinary

Which ligaments run from the anterior surface of the uterus through the inguinal canals to the labia majora?

round

The ridges in the vaginal wall that function to produce friction to stimulate the penis are called vaginal

rugae

what are the accessory organs of the digestive tract ***

salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, and liver, tongue, teeth

What is the pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue that contains the testes?

scrotum

Meiosis I of spermatogenesis gives rise to two equal-size, haploid and genetically unique ______ spermatocytes.

secondary

The uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia are examples of which sex organs of a female?

secondary sex organs

Within the male reproductive system, a system of ducts, glands, and the penis are considered what

secondary sex organs

function of prostate gland

secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that helps sperm viability

what are gametes

sex cells (sperm and egg)

The epithelium of the endometrium is ______.

simple columnar

function of thymus

site of T cell maturation

function of gastrin

sitmulate parietal cells to secrete HCL.

Brachycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

What is a creamy secretion sometimes found accumulated beneath the prepuce called?

smegma

What is the mediastinum?

space between the lungs

A testis is considered an exocrine gland because it produces ______.

sperm

The male reproductive structures function to produce ______ cells and introduce them into the vagina.

sperm

A spermatozoon is a mature ______.

sperm cell

The bump upon the surface of the ovary where ovulation will occur is called the

stigma

Function of gall bladder in digestive system

stores and concentrates bile

function of bladder

stores urine

How does the liver aid in vitamin and mineral metabolism

stores vitamin A, D, and B12 Converts D3 to calcidiol

function of mediastinum

structures loosely bound together by CT and fat, allows for movement, changes in volume or pressure in thoracic cavity (example: movement of diaphragm while breathing, movement of lungs and heart, esophagus while swallowing)

what is a pyrogen

substance that induces fever

The blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between adjacent ______ cells.

sustentacular

The presence of a fluid-filled antrum is first evident in _____ follicles.

tertiary

what are gonads

testes and ovaries

Blood leaves the testis by way of the pampiniform plexus of veins which converge to form the ____ vein

testicular

In prophase I of meiosis, each pair of homologous chromosomes line up side by side and form a(n)

tetrad

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

True or false: A four week old fetus has the potential to produce both male or female gonads.

true

True or false: Both male and female gonads initially develop near the kidneys in the fetus.

true

The capsule surrounding an ovary is called a ______.

tunica albuginea

attaches the fetus to the placenta

umbilical cord

Which term refers to the duct that extends from the ovary to the uterus and conveys an egg or conceptus to the uterus?

uterine tube

The ______ is the large muscular organ that opens into the roof of the vagina.

uterus

AV valve

valve between the atria and ventricle

Vessels coming into the heart

veins

What does the QRS complex represent?

ventricular depolarization

What does the T wave represent?

ventricular repolarization

The most familiar and feared Arrhythmia

ventricullar fibrillation (myocardial infarction)

area enclosed by labia minora

vestibule

When do monocytes increase?

viral infections and inflammation

examples of pyrogens

viruses, bacteria, fungi, drugs and toxins

small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism.

vitamins

Micronutrients

vitamins, minerals, water

The female external genitalia

vulva

function of large intestine

water absorption

The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is a solution of ______ acid and bicarbonate ions.

weak

In the bicarbonate buffer system, H2CO3- acts as a ______ by releasing H+ and lowering pH, while HCO3- acts as a ______ by binding H+, removing the ions from solution, and raising pH.

weak acid, weak base