Final review list from prof
Which acrosomal enzyme digests the hyaluronic acid that binds together the granulosa cells surrounding an egg?
Hyaluronidase
What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone?
Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia Hypotension
Which section of the uterine tube is attached to the uterus?
Isthmus
What does lipase do
It breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Which cells are responsible for producing immunity against a disease after the first exposure of the same disease?
Memory B cells
What are some examples of water gains?
Metabolic water, food, drink
What are the parasympathetic nerves?
Nerves that return the body to a normal state after a stressful situation.
most abundant ion in the ECF
Sodium
Which events occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
FSH stimulates follicle growth. FSH stimulates the granulosa cells to secrete estradiol.
Order of vessels leaving and then returning to the heart
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Mucus that prevents the spread of microorganisms from the vagina into the uterus is secreted by glands located in which of the following?
cervical canal
The lumen of the cervix is called the ___________.
cervical canal
Which are paired glands located on either side of the vagina and function to keep the vulva moist and provide lubrication during sexual excitement?
Greater vestibular glands
List the events that occur during spermiogenesis.
Growth of a flagellum Loss of excess cytoplasm
difference between HDL and LDL
HDL is good cholesterol and LDL is bad cholesterol
Parasympathetic effects on the heart, lungs, bladder
Heart - Decrease rate Lungs - Constricts airway Bladder - contracts
What do the theca interna cells of an ovarian follicle become after the egg has been ovulated?
Lutein cells
Ovulation occurs when increased release of estrogen from a maturing follicle release triggers a spike in which hormone?
Luteinizing hormone
What cells will develop antigen receptors when they mature?
Lymphocytes
When are the semilunar valves open and closed?
Open: Systole Closed: Diastole
In which process do the germ layers differentiate into organs and organ systems?
Organogenesis
organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development
Organogenesis
Which artery enters the ovary through the suspensory ligament?
Ovarian artery
Which blood vessel enters the ovary through the mesovarium?
Ovarian branch of the uterine artery
The series of monthly changes that occur within the female gonads are referred to as what?
Ovarian cycle
During this wave, the muscles of the atria are contracting.
P wave
Which is the only type of follicle to contain a primary oocyte?
Primordial
Which type of follicle consists of a layer of flattened epithelial cells surrounding a primary oocyte?
Primordial
What are the earliest stem cells specifically destined to become spermatogonia?
Primordial germ cells
chemical digestion ***
Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use
function of bulbourethral glands
Produce mucus for lubrication and alkaline fluid. Commonly released during arousal.
great alveolar cells (type 2)
Produce surfactant that helps reduce water tension so a alveolus does not stick to itself
Identify the hormones secreted by the corpus luteum.
Progesterone Estradiol Inhibin
Which phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
Proliferative phase Menstrual phase
What does thrombin convert?
fibrinogen to fibrin
function of kidneys
filter blood and produce urine
function of lymph nodes
filter lymph
During oogenesis, meiosis I produces two daughter cells. What is the smaller of the two called?
first polar body
Function of the tongue in digestion
floor of oral cavity, skeletal muscle, movement aids in chewing/swallowing taste buds are useful for detecting poisonous substances (usually have a bitter taste)
extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
Within the ovary, eggs develop within encircling structures called
follicles
digestive hormones
gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin
which omentum? from liver to lesser curviture
lesser omentum
Antibodies
Proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body
after factor X is activated, it combines with factors III and V to produce prothrombin activator. This enzyme acts on a globulin called _____ and converts it to _____.
Prothrombin (factor II), thrombin.
External genitalia of male
scrotum and penis
Which secretion of the prostrate breaks down semenogelin, liquifying the semen?
Serine protease
What are procoagulants?
Substances that promote clotting, proteins produced by the liver.
Which are functions of amniotic fluid?
To protect the fetus from temperature fluctuations To protect the fetus from trauma To allow development of the lungs
what is urea
A chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins
What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg
thyroid cartilage
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.
Epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
What is the relationship between an oocyte and a follicle?
A follicle contains an oocyte.
Erythropoietin
A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
A pregnancy is divided into trimesters, which means which of the following?
A pregnancy is divided into three 12-week periods.
Vascular Spasm
A prompt constriction of a broken vessel. Most immediate protection against blood loss
Aldosterone stimulates which of the following? A. Renal secretion of potassium B. Renal secretion of sodium C. Renal reabsorption of sodium D. Renal reabsorption of potassium
A, C
What is hemostasis?
Blood clotting/Stopping bleeding
How does blood flow on the left side
Blood flows from the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve, and then into the aortic arch.
How does blood flow on the right side
Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary semilunar valve, into the pulmonary trunk, and then into the pulmonary arteries.
How does the liver aid in carbohydrate metabolism
Converts fructose and galactose to glucose
Which term refers to the innermost layer of cells in the cumulus, surrounding the zona pellucida and oocyte?
Corona radiata
After the involution of the corpus luteum, the inactive bit of scar tissue that remains is known as which of the following?
Corpus albicans
Which structure secretes estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin?
Corpus luteum
What is the erectile column of the penis that passes along the ventral side and encloses the penile urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
Which term refers to the paired regions of the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris that attach it to the pubic arch?
Crura
Which are secreted by the seminal vesicles?
Fructose Proseminogelin Prostaglandins
What is the process in which cells migrate to form the three primary germ layers called?
Gastrulation
Which are found in both a male and female 6 week embryo?
Genital tubercle Urogenital folds Labioscrotal folds
Which term refers to the development of the follicle that surrounds the egg as the egg undergoes oogenesis?
Folliculogenesis
What is involved in the final phase of blood clotting?
Formation of fibrin
What does meiosis produce?
Four genetically unique daughter cells
cuneiform cartilage
a pair of club- or wedge-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages that support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis
corniculate cartilage
a pair of horn-like pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage.
What enzymes are in saliva
amylase and lipase
Why does carbohydrate digestion begin in the mouth?
amylase begins the breakdown of food starches into maltose, a disaccharide
The acidity of the stomach halts the action of _____ but promotes the action of _____, both of which are salivary enzymes.
amylase, lipase
What is the suspensory ligament?
anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
arytenoid cartilage
anchors vocal cords
difference between anoxia and hypoxia
anoxia is complete lack of oxygen Hypoxia is partial lack - cyanosis
Part of an antibody called the __________ binds to part of an antigen called the __________.
antigen-binding site, epitope
What determines blood type
antigens on surface of RBC
What great vessel is coming out of the left side of the heart
aorta
the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart into systemic circulation.
aorta
The appetite hormones ghrelin, leptin, CCK, and others act on part of the hypothalamus called the
arcuate
Vessels coming out of the heart
arteries
What do mesenteries contain?
blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
function of hepatic artery
carries oxygenated blood to the liver
function of urethra
carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
The ______ os is the opening between the cervical canal and vagina.
external
What are the two reaction pathways to coagulation?
extrinsic and intrinsic
uterine tubes are also called
fallopian tubes
True or false: A dramatic drop in the levels of estrogen causes ischemia within the stratum functionalis and brings on the subsequent menses.
false
T/F the hepatic portal vein is another name for hepatic vein?
false, portal vein carries blood and nutrients to the liver, vein carries deoxygenated blood from the liver to the right atrium via inferior vena cava
A pH below 6.8 or above 8.0 is what?
fatal
At about 8 weeks and once all organs system are present, a conceptus is then called a(n)
fetus
function of spleen
filters blood
what does the nephron do
filters blood and produces urine
function of renal corpuscle
filters blood plasma
function of glomerulus
filtration of blood
Oogenesis produces a ______ gamete by means of ______.
haploid, meiosis
While somatic cells are diploid, gametes are ______ ; they have one copy of each type of chromosome.
haploids
Sympathetic effects on the heart, lungs, bladder,
heart - increase rate lungs - dilate bladder - relax
what is the portal triad ***
hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct
what is the functional unit of the liver
hepatic lobule
causes of varicose veins
hereditary weakness, obesity, and pregnancy
Internal genitalia of male
include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
Fimbriae extend off of the ______ of the uterine tube.
infundibulum
the ___ canal allows the passage of the testes through the abdominal musculature during development.
inguinal
endogenous pyrogens
liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis
Where is urea produced?
liver and stored in the kidneys
The right ventricle is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood for the pulmonary circulation. Based on this information, blood from the right ventricle is on its way to the __________.
lungs
The phase of the ovarian cycle that extends from ovulation to the start of menstruation is the _____ phase
luteal
What WBC fights viral infections and cancer
lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
Genetically, a human with XY chromosomes is a ______ while one with XX chromosomes is a ______.
male, female
Is it normal to find glucose in a healthy urine sample
means you're diabetic. Body is not responding to insulin
Which structure divides the scrotum into right and left compartments?
median septum
Which term refers to the inner portion of the ovary that contains the large arteries and veins?
medulla
Genetic recombination and the reduction in chromosome number by one-half, are achieved through which form of cell division?
meiosis
From proximal to distal, the three regions of the male urethra are the prostatic, _______, and the spongy urethra.
membranous
the ____phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by discharge of fluid from the vagina. It also marks the first day of a new cycle.
menstrual
projection of peritoneum that is NOT attached to the organs or the wall but hanging from it
mesentery peritoneum
The portion of the broad ligament surrounding the uterine tubes is called the
mesosalpinx
Produced as a by product of dehydration synthesis reactions and aerobic respiration
metabolic water
The _____ of the sperm contains numerous mitochondria needed to provide energy (ATP) for locomotion.
midpiece
glucose, galactose, fructose
monosaccharides
3 types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
bicarbonate buffer system
most important buffer system that keeps blood pH from changing drastically
what organs make up the digestive tract ***
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs
Middle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
Which WBC fights bacterial infection?
neutrophils
Granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli.
nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
organs of the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
function of the uterus
nurturing the fertilized ovum that develops into the fetus and holding it till the baby is mature enough for birth
_____ physically separates the organs inside the abdomen, limiting the spread of infections and wounds, while ______attaches the small intestine and other organs into the posterior abdominal wall.
omentum, mesentary
_______refers to a fold of peritoneum, connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs while ______ refers to a fold of the peritoneum, which attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.
omentum, mesentary
A single human egg, or ovum, may also be referred to as a(n) ______.
oocyte
An egg cell at any haploid stage between meiosis I and fertilization is known as a secondary
oocyte
The production of the female haploid gamete is called ______.
oogenesis
The ovarian stem cells that generate oocytes
oogonia
When are the AV valves open and closed?
open during diastole, closed during systole
The ______ buffer system is a solution of H(PO4)2 and H2(PO4).
phosphate
A ______ buffer is a system (for example the respiratory or urinary system) that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2.
physiological
Which gland secretes ADH
pituitary gland
Which structure performs excretory, nutritional, endocrine, and immune functions for the fetus?
placenta
a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.
placenta
function of thyroid cartilage
protects vocal cords/folds
The pH of intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by which of the following?
protein
protein in the urine
proteinuria
function of seminal vesicles
provide sperm with water and fructose
In humans, when do the secondary sexual characteristics first appear?
puberty
function of salivary glands
secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates
A typical ejaculation results in the discharge of 2 to 5mL of a fluid called ______.
semen
What are the accessory glands of the reproductive system
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands.
The ______ are the site of sperm production.
seminiferous tubules
Whats the difference in plasma and serum
serum doesnt have fibrinogen
Lymphatic organs
spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
What do mesenteries do?
stabilize positions of attached organs and prevent intestines from becoming entangled
How does the liver aid in digestion?
the liver produces bile that helps the body absorb fat into the bloodstream.
cricoid cartilage
the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
What are the great vessels?
the superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, and the aorta.
Near the time of ovulation, mucus from cervical glands becomes ______.
thinner
Which lymphatic organ degenerates with age
thymus
larynx cartilages
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
function of esophagus
to carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach
function of alveolar macrophages
to remove dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces
examples of lymphatic tissues
tonsils, spleen, thymus
function of ureters
transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Function of bronchi
transports air from the trachea into the lungs
function of the bile duct
transports bile from gall bladder to small intestine
function of vas deferens
transports mature sperm to the urethra
What are the pumping chambers of the heart?
ventricles
What happens during ventricular diastole
ventricles relax, filling with blood
Can O donate to every blood type
yes
Where do primordial germ cells destined to become sperm form?
yolk sac
What is the term for a fertilized egg?
zygote
What are four functions of sustentacular cells?
To provide nutrients to germ cells To provide growth factors to germ cells To protect germ cells To promote germ cell development
Why is the aorta elastic
To resist high blood pressure
function of the uterine tube
Transports the ova from the ovary and sperm from the uterus for fertilization
function of tonsils
Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials
function of secretin
Triggering pancreas to release bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes to further aid in digestion
Which alveolar cell? Their thinness allows for rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and blood. ***
Type I Squamous alveolar cells
Which alveolar cell produces surfactant and repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous cells are damaged ***
Type II Great alveolar cells
In which fluid excess is when both sodium and water retained and in which the ECF remains isotonic?
Volume excess
What are types of fluid excess?
Volume excess and hypotonic hydration
Which is a pocket formed by peritoneum between the uterus and urinary bladder?
Vesicouterine pouch
Which are a pair of subcutaneous erectile tissues within the labia majora on each side of the vagina?
Vestibular bulbs
Hypovolemia causes
Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin
When does descent of the testes begins?
Week 6
A common adage is that it "only takes one sperm" to fertilize an egg. As an anatomy student, what would be your response?
While only one sperm head enters the egg, thousands are needed to break through the egg's defenses.
During the intrinsic clotting mechanism, platelets degranulate and release factor XII. Through a cascade of reactions, this leads to activated factors ____, ____, and ____ and then finally to factor X. Ca2+ and PF3 are required for this pathway.
XI, IX, VIII
Which sex chromosome is responsible for classifying an individual as male?
Y
Where do antigens come from?
You are born with them or from outside the body through infection or transfusions
What is the correct order of development during the preembryonic stage?
Zygote, morula, blastocyst
A secondary oocyte is which of the following?
haploid
What blood can B+ receive
B+, O+
function of labia majora/minora
Enclose and Protect the vagina.
high density lipoprotein
"good cholesterol";transports cholesterol from the arteries to the liver
Stomach cells
- chief: pepsinogen - parietal: HCl - G: gastrin --> stimulate parietal - mucous: mucous lubricating stomach
The buffering ability of proteins is primarily due to what
-Carboxyl side groups release H+ when pH begins to rise-Amino side groups bind H+ when pH falls
What are the functions of the liver?
-Detoxification of blood including the breakdown of alcohol -Regulation of blood sugar levels -Conversion of ammonia to urea -Production of cholesterol -Production of blood proteins -Production of bile
How is the phosphate buffer system different from the bicarbonate buffer system?
-The phosphate buffer system has a stronger buffering effect than an equal amount of bicarbonate buffer.-Bicarbonates play a larger role in buffering the ECF.-Phosphate is more important in the renal tubules and ICF.
protein buffer system
-the most common buffer system in cells -Primary ICF buffer; also buffers ECF -acts inside & outside the cell; binds with acids & bases to neutralize them
Each human cell normally contains ______ pair/pairs of sex chromosomes.
1
The typical human cell contains which of the following?
1 pair of sex chromosomes and 22 pairs of autosomes
What happens after FSH-induced follicular development?
1. FSH causes follicular development 2. follicles release estrogen 3. estrogen triggers release of LH 4. LH triggers ovulation
Hemostasis steps
1. vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) 2. platelet plug formation (platelet aggregation) 3. coagulation
what causes hypoxia
1.) Decreased RBC numbers by hemorrhage (blood loss from vessels) or premature destruction 2.) Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (i.e. iron deficiency) 3.) Reduced availability of O2 (i.e. not breathing, holding breath)
A healthy, post-pubescent, young man can produce about how many sperm per day?
400 million
In mitosis each parent cell produces ______ daughter cells, while in meiosis, ______ gametes are produced.
2, 4
The total water output a day by a resting adult is about ____ L (gains and losses)
2500
Maximal sperm production occurs when the testes are at what temperature?
35 degrees c
normal ph
7.35-7.45
What is referred to as the "salt-retaining hormone" because it plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion?
Aldosterone
Which of the following patients would be considered the universal recipient (in other words, who can receive blood from a type A, B, AB, and O donor)?
AB
Patient with type B positive, who can they donate to?
AB + and B+
If a patient has type AB blood, they could receive blood from who?
AB, O
It is impossible for a blood type O+ baby to have a type ____ mother
AB-
Osmoreceptors detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary which triggers the release of what?
ADH
What happens when pressure in atrium is higher than pressure in ventricle
AV close and ejects blood through semi lunar valves
If the SA node stops working, what takes over
AV node
arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
What leads to the development of female (rather than male) reproductive structures during fetal development?
Absence of testosterone and MIF
Difference between acidosis and alkalosis
Acidosis refers to an excess of acid in the blood that causes the pH to fall below 7.35, and alkalosis refers to an excess of base in the blood that causes the pH to rise above 7.45.
When does a RH+ mother experience pregnancy problems with an RH- fetus?
After the first one because theres no antibodies developed yet in the first
Which alveolar cell? Macrophages found between the alveoli that keep the alveoli free of debris by phagocytizing dust particles that escape entrapment by mucus ***
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
The end of the ductus deferens widens into which of the following before merging with the duct of the seminal vesicle?
Ampulla
The development of a female results from the absence of the which hormones?
Androgens
Which term refers to the large pool of follicular fluid found in tertiary follicles?
Antrum
Lymphocytes are the main cells involved in our immune system. Which are involved in producing antibodies?
B cells
humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity
Which WBC fights allergens
Basophils
Why can a patient with type B+ donate to AB+
Because AB can receive any blood type
Why is the SA node the pacemaker?
Because it sets the pace of the heart (72x/min)
Where is the amniotic cavity found?
Between the embryoblast and the trophoblast
function of lungs
Brings O2 into the body and removes CO2 and some water
hemoglobin buffer system
Buffer mechanism in the erythrocytes that works by binding to or releasing hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Which ligament extends from the superior part of the vagina and the cervix to the pelvic wall?
Cardinal ligament
What is the cell division that occurs in the earliest stages of zygote development called?
Cleavage
function of lymphatic vessels
Collect excess tissue fluid and blood proteins Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to bloodstream
What are the primary effects of aldosterone on urine composition?
Decreases NaCl, increases K+, and decreases pH
Which traits are commonly regarded as male secondary sex characteristics?
Deeper voice Facial hair Muscular physique Coarse and visible hair on the torso and limbs
function of pancreas
Delivers enzymes to the small intestine to help with digestion
Ekg steps
Depolarization, contraction, repolarization
Where does a sperm generally fertilize an egg?
Distal one-third of the uterine tube
Which structures are located within the spermatic cord?
Ductus deferens Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus
During fetal development, blood from the umbilical cord flows directly into the vena cava bypassing the liver via which vessel?
Ductus venosus
about 1,200 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.
ERV
As an egg undergoes oogenesis, the single layer of squamous cells that surround the egg undergoes which of the following?
Folliculogenesis
What is atresia?
Egg cell degeneration
Which developmental stage is complete once the blastomeres arrange to form the three primary germ layers?
Embryogenesis
What are the three primary germ layers?
Endoderm - inner Ectoderm - outer Mesoderm - middle
What are the two requirements for sperm motility?
Energy source Elevated pH
Efferent ductules carry sperm from the testes to which structure?
Epididymis
What factor forms the structural framework of a blood clot?
Factor XIII
True or false: The first sperm to reach an egg is the one that fertilizes it.
False
What are some examples of water losses?
Feces, expired air, cutaneous transpiration, sweat, urine
Which term refers to the fringe-like projections extending from the infundibulum of the uterine tube?
Fimbriae
The head of a sperm is comprised of what three components?
Flagellar basal body Nucleus Acrosome
What are some causes of hypovelemia?
Hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea
In which fluid excess is when more water than sodium is retained and the ECF becomes hypotonic?
Hypotonic hydration (water intoxication/positive water balance)
Cold weather respiratory and urine losses lead to what?
Hypovolemia
about 3,600 mL, is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired
IC = TV + IRV
Dehydration that occurs in cases such as profuse sweating, affects which fluid compartments?
ICF, blood, and tissue fluid
about 3,100 mL, is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.
IRV
Types of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
innate immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
What occurs during the preembryonic stage of gestation?
Implantation Cleavage Embryogenesis
The uterus, uterine tubes, and vagina are part of which of the following?
Internal female genitalia
Explain how ADH hypersecretion would affect the sodium concentration of the urine and why. Under what conditions would this occur?
Increase in ADH causes H2O absorption by increasing aquaporins, leaving sodium behind in tubular fluid leading to an elevated concentration of sodium. Dehydration can cause this.
How does blood flow through the heart?
Inferior and superior vena cava (1) dump blood into the right atrium (2) Right ventricle (3) 2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenated Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7) Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to the rest of the body (10) Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1)
Which term refers to the flared region at the distal end of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum
extrinsic mechanism
Initiated by factors from damaged vessels and tissues around the vessels (factors not from blood), quicker 15 sec to clotting.
innate vs adaptive immunity
Innate immunity: An individual's genetically predetermined resistance to certain diseases. Adaptive immunity: Ability of the body to react to specific microbial infection. ANTIGEN SPECIFIC
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes the process of ______ to form the corpus albicans.
Involution
What is a myocardial infarction?
It happens when blood stops flowing properly to part of the heart and the heart muscle is injured due to not receiving enough oxygen. Heart attack
What best describes how aldosterone acts as the "salt retaining hormone"?
It increases the number of Na+-K+ pumps in the nephron.
Which describes the acrosomal reaction?
It is the release of acrosomal enzymes on the surface of an egg.
Which describes the blood-testis barrier?
It protects developing sperm from destruction by the host's immune cells and antibodies.
ICF ions
K+, PO43- , Mg +
What is bad cholesterol?
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
The formation of the corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle is regulated by which hormone?
LH
What are some causes of dehydration?
Lack of water, diabetes mellitus, ADH hyposecretion, sweating, and overuse of diuretics.
patient with chronic liver disease - fluid in the abdomen. Why is the fluid leaving vessels in liver disease
Liver isnt producing the right amount of protein, fluid will be released (oncotic pressure)
Difference between macronutrients and micronutrients
Macronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs in large amounts. These provide the body with energy (calories). Micronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs in smaller amounts.
Function of liver in digestion
Makes about 1 L of bile a day which is used in the digestion and absorption of fats; Bile is released directly into the small intestine or is stored in the gall bladder
The theca folliculi is a tough connective tissue husk that surrounds which of the following types of follicles?
Mature follicle Tertiary follicle Secondary follicle
Human gametes are produced via what type of cell division?
Meiosis
Which process produces genetically unique haploid cells?
Meiosis
When a person becomes infected with a pathogen that has a foreign antigen, the T cells and B cells respond. The various lymphocytes will kill the invader and then the patient is said to immune to that pathogen. They are immune to it because the second time they encounter the same pathogen, their __________ will respond quickly.
Memory B cells
Identify the uterine phases of the menstrual cycle.
Menstrual phase Secretory phase Proliferative phase Premenstrual phase
Up to a point, a fetus is sexually undifferentiated, as it has both ______ ducts and paramesonephric ducts.
Mesonephric
Which term refers to the peritoneal fold that anchors the anterior margin of the ovary?
Mesovarium
Which term refers to the superficial fat pad overlying the pubic symphysis?
Mons pubis
A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization.
Morula
The female reproductive tract develops because of the absence of which two hormones? Select two answers from the list below.
Mullerian-inhibiting factor Testosterone
what does the zona pellucida surround
Oocyte
ECF ions
Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
When do antibodies develop?
Naturally after infection or artificially after vaccinations
What are the normal components of menstrual fluid? Select all that apply.
Necrotic endometrium Blood Serous fluid
What are sympathetic nerves
Nerves that prepare the body for danger.
Can you see repolarization in the EKG
No it's hidden behind QRS
You have a patient who is exposed to antigen A antibody and the patient is type B, will this person develop the antibodies in that moment?
No, they already have type A, type B antibodies. only RH + or - will be developed in that moment
Which of the following patients would be considered the universal donor (in other words, who can donate blood to a type A, B, AB, and O recipient)?
O
Where are the paired corpora cavernosa located on the penis?
On the dorsal side
Which describes a mature spermatozoon?
Pear-shaped head with a long tail
Match each male anatomical structure with its homologous structure in the female.
Penis - clitoris Scrotum - Labia majora Testes - Ovaries
Which term refers to the developing female gametes as they progress through meiosis I?
Primary oocytes
Which stage of oogenesis is attained by the primary oocyte?
Primary oocytes have started meiosis I.
Which structures release hormones that affect the sexual cycle?
Pituitary gland Ovaries Hypothalamus
most abundant ion in the ICF
Potassium
What term refers to water that is taken into the body via food and drink?
Preformed water
A drop in progesterone from the atrophying corpus luteum begins contraction of the spiral arteries in the stratum functionalis during which phase of the menstrual cycle?
Premenstrual phase
Which phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
Premenstrual phase Secretory phase
about 1,200 mL, is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled.
RV
Which is a pocket formed by peritoneum between the uterus and rectum?
Rectouterine pouch
What occurs when blood volume and pressure are too high?
Release of ADH is inhibited.
function of the larynx
Routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech
What happens when pressure in ventricles are higher than pressure in atria
Semilunar close, AV valves open and eject blood into aorta
Order of action potential
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, branch, fibers
What will be formed only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?
Second polar body
Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II, giving rise to which of the following?
Spermatids
Which is the term for the process of sperm production.
Spermatogenesis
Which is the stem cell that directly produces spermatocytes?
Spermatogonium
Which blood vessels are located within the endometrium?
Spiral arteries
Describe the three types of cells found in the alveoli. Which is the most numerous? ***
Squamous alveolar, great alveolar, and alveolar macrophages (dust cells). Alveolar macrophages are the most numerous
Estradiol serves which of the following functions during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
Stimulates the dominant follicle to upregulate its receptors
Function of ADH
Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine. Promotes water reabsorption. Reduces urine volume, increases concentration.
Which term refers to the deeper layer of the endometrium that is retained during each menstrual period and regenerates the superficial layer?
Stratum basalis
What great vessel is coming in the right side of the heart
Superior & inferior vena cava
Male germ cells receive nutrients and protection from the immune system from which cells?
Sustentacular
about 6,000 mL, is the maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV).
About 500 mL, is the amount of air inspired during normal, relaxed breathing.
TV
What is implantation?
The attachment of a blastocyst to the uterine lining
Which event occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
The corpus albicans develops.
What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
The endometrium thickens as the result of fluid accumulation.
What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
The functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt.
Why are infants more vulnerable to dehydration than adults?
The have higher metabolic rates and produce toxic metabolites faster.
Which factors determine the amount of acid or base that can be neutralized by a chemical buffer system?
The pH of their working environmentThe concentration of the buffer
How is the secondary oocyte produced?
The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I to produce the secondary oocyte.
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation
The pulmonary artery
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium where it is returned to systemic circulation
The pulmonary veins
Which structure develops into the corpus luteum after ovulation occurs?
The ruptured follicle
veins that return deoxygenated blood from circulation in the body and empty it into the right atrium.
The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
What portion of the vein is damaged in varicose veins
The veins valve
The corona radiata encloses which of the following?
The zona pellucida and oocyte
Which term refers to the fibrous connective tissue surrounding secondary (and older) follicles?
Theca folliculi
function of ejaculatory duct
They carry the sperm and fluids known collectively as semen through the prostate gland and into the urethra
squamous type 1 alveolar cells
Thin, broad cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and bloodstream Cover 95% of alveolus surface area
hemolytic disease of the newborn
This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.
Which are functions of the male reproductive system?
To introduce sperm into the female body To produce sperm
Which blood vessel arises from each internal iliac artery and travels through the broad ligament to the uterus?
Uterine artery
Which ligament attaches the posterior side of the uterus to the sacrum?
Uterosacral ligament
Which ligaments attach the posterior side of the uterus to the sacrum?
Uterosacral ligaments
Which organs are part of the internal female genitalia?
Uterus Uterine tubes Vagina Ovaries
about 4,800 mL, is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
During the Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism, the damaged blood vessel releases a lipoprotein mixture called tissue thromboplastin, or factor III. What does factor III combine with to activate factor X in the presence of Ca2+?
VII
Which blood vessel runs from the internal iliac artery to the call of the vagina?
Vaginal artery
Pressure is higher in left atria than left ventricle
Ventricles contract ejecting blood through semilunar valves
Antigens
a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
What does the prostate gland secrete?
a weakly acidic fluid (prostatitic fluid), which accounts for 20-30% of the volume of semen
varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs
lacteals
absorb lipids (fat) from the intestinal tract. The lymph within these capillaries, called chyle, has a creamy white color (rather than clear) due to the presence of fats.
A tissue fluid pH below 7.35 is defined as a state of ______.
acidosis
The modified lysosome within a spermatozoon that contains enzymes needed to penetrate the egg is called the
acrosome
function of trachea
air passageway; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air. windpipe
What inhibits ADH release?
alcohol and caffeine
Which term refers to a tissue fluid pH above 7.45?
alkalosis
blood pH higher than 7.45 is called _____ and can be caused by a CO2 deficiency called ___
alkalosis, hypocapnia
the most numerous of all lung cells
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
The function of ____ fluid is to protect the embryo from infection, trauma, and temperature fluctuations, allow freedom of movement, and allow development of the lungs
amniotic
Which part of the uterine tube is the longest?
ampulla
What does the P wave represent?
atrial depolarization
Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome is known as a(n) ______.
autosome
types of buffers
bicarbonate, phosphate, hemoglobin, protein
function of the vagina
birth canal
embryonic or immature cell
blastocyte
Coagulation
blood clotting
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
blood fat that transports cholesterol to organs and tissues; excess amounts result in the accumulation of fatty deposits on artery walls
Types of arrythmias
bradycardia-slow heart rate (below 50 bpm) tachycardia- rapid heart rate (above 100 bpm) fibrillation- rapid, uncoordinated heartbeats
What does amylase do
breaks down starch
function of hepatic portal vein
bring nutrients from the intestines to the liver before they reach the general circulation
phosphate buffer system
buffers pH of ICF and urine
how is urine produced
by filtering waste from the blood into the nephron
Macronutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
cardiac shock
caused by impaired function of the heart- myocardial infarction, severe heart failure, and certain disorders of rate and rhythm
Which type of buffer is defined as a substance that binds H+ and removes it from solution as its concentration begins to rise, or releases H+ into solution as its concentration falls?
chemical
Pepsin is the enzyme in the stomach that digests protein. Pepsin is the active form of pepsinogen. What cells of the stomach release pepsinogen?
chief
What cells produce pepsinogen
chief cells
which cells secrete digestive enzymes
chief cells
What do lacteals absorb?
chylomicrons
external genitalia of female
clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora
lymphatic tissues
composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body
What are mesenteries?
connective tissue sheets that loosely suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall
Eggs and developing follicles are located within which portion of the ovary?
cortex
In cold temperatures, which muscle contracts and pulls the testes closer to the body to keep them warm?
cremaster
During prophase I homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called ____ over
crossing
Which structure attaches the penis to the pubic arch?
crus
the _____ oophorus surrounds the oocyte and secures it to the wall of a tertiary follicle.
cumulus
What can hypoxia lead to?
cyanosis
what stimulates the release of erythropoietin?
decreased amount of oxygen going to the kidneys
Hypovelemia or dehydration? Only water is lost. ECF osmolarity rises.
dehydration
What would increase or activate the release of ADH
dehydration
function of the penis
deliver sperm to vagina
What is the nephron loop?
descending and ascending limbs
What results from ADH hyposecretion
diabetes insipidus
How do oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients cross the placenta?
diffusion
function of small intestine
digestion and absorption of nutrients
Human somatic (body) cells are ______; they have ______ chromosomes.
diploid, 46
maltose, lactose, sucrose
disaccharides
Spermatozoa are transported to the epididymis by which of the following?
efferent ductules
What type of artery is the aorta
elastic artery
the most abundant solute particles
electrolytes
A developing individual from the sixteenth day of gestation is defined as an
embryo
The blastomeres form three primary germ layers during the process of
embryogenesis
The process by which a single-celled zygote becomes a multicellular embryo.
embyrogenesis
the inner layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
what is the innermost layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
The stomach stretches when food enters. This stretching action causes cells of the stomach to release gastrin, which causes other cells to release products used for digestion. What is the name of the cells that release gastrin?
enteroendocrine
Which WBC fights parasitic infections?
eosinophils
A tissue that functions by swelling with blood is known as a(n)
erectile
When inadequate amounts of oxygen are delivered to body cells, a condition called hypoxia, the kidneys increase ____ secretion, which in turn stimulates an increase in erythrocyte production.
erythropoietin
What does the mediastinum contain?
esophagus, trachea, heart, great vessels, thymus
Which hormone stimulates mitosis of the stratum basalis in order to rebuild the stratum functionalis?
estrogen
A blind pouch at the superior end of the vagina that extends beyond the cervix is called a(n) ______.
fornix
During meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte divides, resulting in a total of _____spermatids combined from the two spermatocytes.
four
where is blood flowing during disatole
from the atrium into the ventricles
What does the seminal vesicle secrete?
fructose and prostaglandins
The innermost layer of the endometrium that is shed during each menstrual period is the stratum _____
functionalis
What is the most superior region of the uterus?
fundus
antibodies belong to a class of plasma proteins called
gama globulins
The sex cells, sperm and eggs, are referred to as what?
gametes
Food in the stomach causes G cells to secrete _____, which in turn stimulates the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen.
gastrin
urine production
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
Types of WBCs
granulocytes and agranulocytes
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, estradiol is secreted by the ____ cells of the antral follicles.
granulosa
Stratified follicular cells surrounding an oocyte are called ______ cells.
granulosa
which omentum? from greater curviture to abdominal wall
greater omentum
The folding of the lateral margins of the embryonic disc around the sides of the yolk sac encloses a longitudinal channel known as the primitive _____
gut
What is the thyroid cartilage composed of
hyaline cartilage
Why does protein digestion begin in the stomach
hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino acids.
what is the difference between hydrostatic and oncotic pressure?
hydrostatic is the pressure that pushes blood out of vessel, oncotic pressure is retaining blood in the vessel and induced by proteins
Which term refers to the membrane that stretches across the vaginal orifice?
hymen
Hypovelemia or dehydration? Both water and electrolytes are lost. Total body water declines but osmolarity remains the same.
hypovelemia
adaptive immunity
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component
A sperm count lower than 20 to 25 million sperm/mL usually results in a condition called ______.
infertility
Loss of water that we're not usually aware of.Examples: output through the breath and cutaneous transpiration
insensible water loss
the opening between the cervical canal and the lumen of the uterus.
internal os
What makes up the ECF
interstitial fluid and plasma
Why is the vaginal environment acidic?
it protects the woman against bacteria and infections
If you have a patient hyperventilating, what is going to happen to the amount of CO2 in that patient?
it will decrease
what causes proteinurea?
kidneys are not functioning correctly
organs of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
renal anemia
lack of EPO
what is hypoxia
lack of oxygen
specialized lymph capillaries that occur in the fingerlike projections (villi) that extend into the small intestine
lacteals
the _____ ligament attaches the medial pole of the ovary to the uterus.
ovarian
The female gonads are the ____ which produce egg cells and sex hormones
ovaries
The primary sex organs of the female are the ______.
ovaries
internal genitalia of female
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Which organ is supported by the mesovarium?
ovary
another name for an oocyte or egg cell.
ovum
Which property of a solution is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions?
pH
What is the swallowing center?
pair of nuclei in medulla oblongata that coordinates swallowing
The complex of veins within the spermatic cord is the ______.
pampiniform plexus
Which cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?
parietal
What cells produce HCL
parietal cells
function of the pharynx
passageway for air and food
The diamond shaped area between the thighs, bordered by the pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx is the
perineum
Clots form to stop the "leakage" of blood from a damaged vessel. After the damaged vessel has healed, the clot is no longer needed and goes through a process of dissolution. Which of the following is involved in the dissolution of a clot?
plasmin
platelet plug formation
platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall
starch, glycogen, cellulose
polysaccharides
The fertilization of an egg with more than one sperm is known as _______ and may result in three or more sets of chromosomes.
polyspermy
What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?
pre-ejaculate/lubricant
Function of lower esophageal sphincter
prevent backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus
Which type of follicle consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells surrounding a secondary oocyte?
primary
Which organs produce gametes?
primary sex organs
Which cell undergoes meiosis I giving rise to two equal-size, haploid, and genetically-unique secondary spermatocytes?
primary spermatocyte
What are clotting factors called?
procoagulants
function of ovaries
produce eggs and hormones
exogenous pyrogens
products of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxin, blood, blood products, vaccines, or injectable solutions
The hormone that stimulates fluid accumulation within the stratum functionalis during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is
progesterone
the ____ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the rebuilding of the stratum functionalis of the endometrium via mitosis.
proliferative
Semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta
What great vessel is coming out of the right side of the heart
pulmonary artery
What great vessel is coming in the left side of the heart
pulmonary veins
Tachycardia
rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute
intrinsic mechanism
reaction pathway in which only clotting factors found in the blood itself are used
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow
What is the nephron composed of?
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
A buffer can be generally defined as a mechanism that does what?
resists changes in pH
Which two organ systems form physiological buffers that help stabilize pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2?
respiratory/urinary
Which ligaments run from the anterior surface of the uterus through the inguinal canals to the labia majora?
round
The ridges in the vaginal wall that function to produce friction to stimulate the penis are called vaginal
rugae
what are the accessory organs of the digestive tract ***
salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, and liver, tongue, teeth
What is the pouch of skin, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue that contains the testes?
scrotum
Meiosis I of spermatogenesis gives rise to two equal-size, haploid and genetically unique ______ spermatocytes.
secondary
The uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia are examples of which sex organs of a female?
secondary sex organs
Within the male reproductive system, a system of ducts, glands, and the penis are considered what
secondary sex organs
function of prostate gland
secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that helps sperm viability
what are gametes
sex cells (sperm and egg)
The epithelium of the endometrium is ______.
simple columnar
function of thymus
site of T cell maturation
function of gastrin
sitmulate parietal cells to secrete HCL.
Brachycardia
slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)
What is a creamy secretion sometimes found accumulated beneath the prepuce called?
smegma
What is the mediastinum?
space between the lungs
A testis is considered an exocrine gland because it produces ______.
sperm
The male reproductive structures function to produce ______ cells and introduce them into the vagina.
sperm
A spermatozoon is a mature ______.
sperm cell
The bump upon the surface of the ovary where ovulation will occur is called the
stigma
Function of gall bladder in digestive system
stores and concentrates bile
function of bladder
stores urine
How does the liver aid in vitamin and mineral metabolism
stores vitamin A, D, and B12 Converts D3 to calcidiol
function of mediastinum
structures loosely bound together by CT and fat, allows for movement, changes in volume or pressure in thoracic cavity (example: movement of diaphragm while breathing, movement of lungs and heart, esophagus while swallowing)
what is a pyrogen
substance that induces fever
The blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between adjacent ______ cells.
sustentacular
The presence of a fluid-filled antrum is first evident in _____ follicles.
tertiary
what are gonads
testes and ovaries
Blood leaves the testis by way of the pampiniform plexus of veins which converge to form the ____ vein
testicular
In prophase I of meiosis, each pair of homologous chromosomes line up side by side and form a(n)
tetrad
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
True or false: A four week old fetus has the potential to produce both male or female gonads.
true
True or false: Both male and female gonads initially develop near the kidneys in the fetus.
true
The capsule surrounding an ovary is called a ______.
tunica albuginea
attaches the fetus to the placenta
umbilical cord
Which term refers to the duct that extends from the ovary to the uterus and conveys an egg or conceptus to the uterus?
uterine tube
The ______ is the large muscular organ that opens into the roof of the vagina.
uterus
AV valve
valve between the atria and ventricle
Vessels coming into the heart
veins
What does the QRS complex represent?
ventricular depolarization
What does the T wave represent?
ventricular repolarization
The most familiar and feared Arrhythmia
ventricullar fibrillation (myocardial infarction)
area enclosed by labia minora
vestibule
When do monocytes increase?
viral infections and inflammation
examples of pyrogens
viruses, bacteria, fungi, drugs and toxins
small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism.
vitamins
Micronutrients
vitamins, minerals, water
The female external genitalia
vulva
function of large intestine
water absorption
The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is a solution of ______ acid and bicarbonate ions.
weak
In the bicarbonate buffer system, H2CO3- acts as a ______ by releasing H+ and lowering pH, while HCO3- acts as a ______ by binding H+, removing the ions from solution, and raising pH.
weak acid, weak base