FISH250 Final
Match the parameter with how it changes with increasing sediment grain size in a sandy intertidal community. risk of desiccation: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
a
Match the parameter with how it varies when transitioning from an abyssal plain to a hydrothermal vent ecosystem. H2SO4: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
a
Match the parameter with how it varies when transitioning from an abyssal plain to a hydrothermal vent ecosystem. biomass: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
a
Match the parameter with how it varies when transitioning from an abyssal plain to a hydrothermal vent ecosystem. oxygen consumption: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
a
Match the parameter with how it varies when transitioning from an abyssal plain to a hydrothermal vent ecosystem. primary productivity: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
a
Match the parameter with how it varies when transitioning from an abyssal plain to a hydrothermal vent ecosystem. temperature: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
a
Match the plate movement with geology features of the ocean: Plates Spread Apart: a) mid-ocean ridges b) transform faults c) oceanic trenches d) volcanic island arcs e) a and c
a
Of the following sets of fish morphological features which on would correspond to the fastest and most efficient swimmer? a) lunate caudal fin - fusiform body - pointy snout b) round caudal fin - large body depth - round head profile c) truncated caudal fin - filiform body - large head d) heterocercal caudal fin - depressiform body - pointy snout
a
Predict the effect of upwelled waters on... CO2: a) increases b) decreases c) not affected
a
Predict the effect of upwelled waters on... biomass: a) increases b) decreases c) not affected
a
Predict the effect of upwelled waters on... nutrients: a) increases b) decreases c) not affected
a
Predict the effect of upwelled waters on... oxygen consumption: a) increases b) decreases c) not affected
a
Predict the effect of upwelled waters on... primary productivity: a) increases b) decreases c) not affected
a
Predict the effect of upwelled waters on... thermocline: a) shallower b) deeper c) not affected
a
Prior to 1972, why were there so many dolphins captured in purse seine nets? a) tuna are often assumed to be closely associated with dolphins b) their fins are used for soup c) fishermen want to prevent predation of their target species d) dolphins are caught as marine ornamentals for aquariums
a
Some (but not all!) corals are obligated symbionts. What does that mean? a) they have lost their ability to capture plankton b) they can obtain their nutrients from both zooxanthellae and zooplankton c) they can grow in different forms in response to differences in wave exposure or depth d) they have lost their ability to feed on other soft corals
a
True or false: external auditory canal in dolphins is about six times less sensitive to sound than the lower jaw a) true b) false
a
What are the ecosystem services that would be lost if a temperate coastal region had very low production of the giant kelp? a) loss of habitat for juvenile and adult vertebrates and invertebrates b) an increase in the population of sea otters in the region c) loss of protection for coral reefs d) all of the statements are true
a
What are the limiting factors that most influence phytoplankton distribution? a) light and nutrients b) temperature and chlorophyll c) wind and currents d) light and temperature
a
What does the white circle node represent? a) a speciation event b) the common ancestor of species A and B c) a taxonomic group d) all of the above e) a and b
a
At what temperature are water molecules farthest from each other? a) -25˚ C b) 0˚ C c) 4˚ C d) 37˚ C e) 100˚ C
e
Excess of which of the following nutrients may trigger a eutrophication event in marine environments? a) nitrate and bicarbonate b) bicarbonate and silicate c) phosphate and oxygen d) phospate and bicarbonate e) nitrate and phosphate
e
Fill in the blanks: Surface freshening in the Arctic _________ affects the supply of nutrients from deep waters, _________ primary production, leading to __________ plankton in the euphotic zone. a) positively; increasing; larger b) negatively; increasing; larger c) positively; decreasing; smaller d) negatively; increasing; larger e) negatively; decreasing; smaller
e
A new downwelling has been recently described along the coast of Angola (west coast of Africa). Where is the wind blowing FROM? a) north to south b) south to north c) east to west d) west to east
a
A new upwelling has been recently described along the coast of Tanzania. Where is the wind blowing FROM? a) north to south b) south to north c) east to west d) west to east
a
As a result of the Coriolis Effect, a missile fired northward from the equator will seem to be deflected: a) toward the east b) toward the west c) far to the south d) far to the north e) depends on the season
a
As a result of the Coriolis Effect, a missile fired southward from the equator will seem to be deflected: a) toward the east b) toward the west c) far to the south d) far to the north e) depends on the season
a
At what specific depth does the rate of photosynthesis equal the rate of respiration? a) compensation depth b) critical depth c) 100 meters d) above 200 meters e) thermocline
a
Based on Bene's hypothesis, what is not a condition that has to be met in order to feed 9 million people by 2050? a) culture of high-trophic level species will have to be prioritized b) technology to reduce fishmeal dependency will have to be developed c) fisheries will have to be exploited in a sustainable manner d) fisheries bycatch (discards) will have to be reduced
a
Cavefish have evolved an integrated suite of behavioral, morphological, and physical adaptation to cope with environmental stresses. These include: a) degeneration of eyes, reduction in pigmentation, and enhancement of mechanosensory abilities b) increase in brain size and slower metabolism c) large and well-developed eyes and color-changing chromatophores d) degeneration of lateral line, reduction in hemocyanin, and enhancement of electroreception
a
Considering their surface area to volume ratio, which of the following species are more likely to thrive in oligotrophic waters? a) cyanobacteria b) diatoms c) coccolithophores d) dinoflagellates
a
Considering their surface area to volume ratio, which of the following species will thrive in tropical marine waters? a) cyanobacteria b) diatoms c) coccolithophores d) dinoflagellates
a
In which of the following organisms males are no longer part of the reproductive process? a) obligate parthenogenetic rotifers b) budding anemones c) hermaphroditic female corals d) symbiotic zooxanthellae e) endosymbiotic parthenofemale ctenophores
a
It is suggested that many large clam species that live in hydrothermal vents obtain their food a) from symbiotic bacteria living in their gills b) from parasitic relationships in whale fall ecosystems c) by making sugars from photosynthesis d) by eating shrimp and other clams
a
What is FALSE about mangroves? a) they provide kelp forests with nutrients to grow b) they provide habitat for juvenile fishes c) they prevent land erosion d) they act as buffers preventing excess sediment from land to settle on nearby coral reefs e) a and c
a
What is TRUE about marine homeotherms in Polar ecosystems? a) they can survive to long fasting periods, and perform long migrations to lower-latitude waters b) their gill have high surface area to volume ratios to compensate for the low oxygen availability c) they primarily feed on carrion d) they adapt their body temperature to that of the surrounding waters to minimize heat loss
a
What is a characteristic of the Polar Sea ecosystems? a) short food chains with many species b) long food chains with many species c) short food chains with few species d) long food chains with few species
a
What is happening on a molecular level that is preventing the water strider from sinking? a) there is not enough weight to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules at the surface of the water; this is because water is polar b) the covalent bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms are breaking apart due to the light weight placed upon them; this is because water is cohesive c) both oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the top layer are positively charged and therefore much stronger than those in the lower layers; this is because the water is viscous d) both oxygen and hydrogen atoms have a partially negative charge because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen; this is because water is polar e) the surface area o the water strider is quite small as compared to its volume, as a consequence the water strider does break the hydrogen bonds of the water molecules on the surface; this is because water is cohesive
a
What is the effective depth of mixing of a wind-generated wave with a wavelength of 100m? a) no greater than 50 m b) no greater than 25 m c) no greater than 14.28 (1/7 of wavelength) d) no greater than 12.5 e) no greater than the compensation depth
a
What is the effective depth of mixing of a wind-generated wave with a wavelength of 250 m? a) no greater than 125 m b) no greater than 250 m c) no greater than 500 m d) no greater than 50 m (1/5 of wavelength) e) no greater than the compensation depth
a
Which of the following factors has the LEAST effect on the vertical distribution of intertidal organisms within the intertidal zone? a) photoperiod b) solar radiation c) wave shock d) desiccation
a
Which of the following is an important supply of food to inhabitants of the deep-sea floor? a) chitinous exoskeletons shed by planktonic crustaceans b) mollusks-derived calcium carbonate c) diatom silica frustules from epipelagic algal blooms d) phosphate and nitrate components from surface runoffs
a
Which of the following is not a genetic consideration in conservation aquaculture? a) carrying capacity b) inbreeding c) founders effect d) domestication
a
Which of the following species is most likely to thrive in an oligotrophic environment? a) cyanobacteria b) diatoms c) coccolithophores d) dinoflagellates
a
Which of the following species will have the greatest environmental impact if raised in captivity? a) bluefin tuna b) goldfish c) sardine d) mussel
a
Xenoestrogens only affect the reproductive physiology of male fishes? a) False. They can alter the spawning timing in female fishes, which may compromise larval and juvenile survival b) False. This is because xenoestrogens mimic the action of estrogens, which are naturally found in female fishes c) True. This is because xenoestrogens mimic the action of estrogens, which are naturally found in female fishes d) True. This is because males are more sensitive to low levels of vitellogenin than females are
a
You are a voracious anglerfish living in the abyssopelagic zone, and you use a bioluminescent lure to attract prey within a range of your sharp teeth. What would be the most effective bioluminescent color? a) blue b) green c) yellow d) red e) violet
a
An increase in global temperatures results in which of the following? a) the north Atlantic Ocean may become hyper saline due to iceberg melting b) the thermohaline circulation may weaken and transport less heat from the equator to polar waters, and Western Europe may get colder c) the thermohaline circulation may deepen due to the accumulation of saline and warm waters at the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) d) the thermohaline circulation may accelerate due to massive accumulation o water in North Atlantic regions, and Western Europe may get colder e) a massive shutdown of the thermohaline circulation which may lead to a global glaciation event
b
At the poles, a process takes place as sea ice forms that is associated with ocean circulation. This process is: a) The expelling of nutrients from the freezing water b) The expelling of salt from the freezing water c) The accumulation of nutrients d) Albedo effect
b
Chlorophyll a is used as a measure of standing crop of phytoplankton because: a) it is used to assess carbon dioxide uptake b) it is a direct measure of photosynthesis present in the total biomass c) it is used to quantify phytoplankton respiration d) it provides information on the critical depth e) this is due to the passive transport of oxygen and other gases between ocean-bottom sediments and interstitial waters
b
Even in the clearest tropical waters, almost all the red light is absorbed in the upper ________. a) 110 m b) 11 m c) 11 cm d) 11 km
b
How do hydrothermal vent bacteria obtains energy? a) consume sulfate and methane in a 1:1 ratio b) use oxygen to oxidize hydrogen sulfide, which is converted to sulfate ion c) reduce sulfate ions to hydrogen sulfide d) use the blue pigment hemocyanin to extract oxygen, which is used to oxidize sugars
b
If two organisms reproduce sexually, then their offspring will exhibit a genetic makeup that is... a) 50% identical to all its siblings b) a unique combination of traits c) identical to one of the parents d) 50% identical to its mother
b
In June 2015, a group of scientists reported that a subpopulation of critically- endangered sawfish (also known as carpenter sharks) switched from sexual reproduction to asexual parthenogenesis in Florida. a) this is a clear example of reproductive plasticity in fishes. The population of sawfish will rapidly increase by parthenogenesis, and the ratio male: female naturally restored. Therefore, this adaptation will save sawfish from the extinction. b) this is a clear example of reproductive plasticity in fishes. The population of sawfish will increase by parthenogenesis, but also it will lead to a loss of genetic diversity, which is critical for a species to remain resilient to new threats c. That scientific study is likely a scam, as only the crustacean daphnia has been reported to switch between sexual and asexual reproduction. d. That scientific study is likely a scam, as parthenogenesis is not possible in vertebrates.
b
In ecology, a trophic level is the position that an organism occupies in a food chain -- what it eats, and what eats it. It is generally agreed that the energy transferred from one trophic level to the next is ______ on average. a) 5% b) 10% c) 20% d) 40% e) 80%
b
Increased nutrient levels in areas with coral reefs can result in major shifts in the community structure. What shift in composition typically occurs? a) Corals become dominant over macroalgae b) Algae becomes dominant over the coral c) Fish diversity increases d) Coral bleaches and macroalgae take over e) More than one answer is correct
b
Inland aquaculture account for the larger majority of _______ farming production, whereas marine aquaculture accounts for the majority of _______ farming production. a) extensive; intensive b) finfish; mollusks c) green algae; crustacean d) mollusks; finfish
b
Laterally-compressed and deep-bodied fishes are: a) acceleration specialists b) maneuvering specialists c) cruising specialists d) anguilliform specialists
b
Many phytoplankton are distant relatives from a phylogenetic perspective, but all of them show some common features that allow them to float and have access to sunlight. What process (es) best describes this phenomenon? a) phototaxis b) natural selection c) vertical or diel migration d) environmental acclimation e) all of the above
b
Match the parameter with how it changes with increasing sediment grain size in a sandy intertidal community. Water retention: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
b
Match the parameter with how it changes with increasing sediment grain size in a sandy intertidal community. biodiversity: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
b
Match the parameter with how it varies when transitioning from an abyssal plain to a hydrothermal vent ecosystem. biodiversity: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
b
Match the parameter with how it varies when transitioning from an abyssal plain to a hydrothermal vent ecosystem. pH: a) increases b) decreases c) does not change
b
Match the plate movement with geology features of the ocean: Plates slide alongside each other: a) mid-ocean ridges b) transform faults c) oceanic trenches d) volcanic island arcs e) b and d
b
Predict the effect of upwelled waters on... pH: a) increases b) decreases c) not affected
b
Predict the effect of upwelled waters on... temperature: a) increases b) decreases c) not affected
b
Recent studies indicate that abyssal plains have ______ biodiversity but relatively _____ biomass. _________, hydrothermal vents have _______ biodiversity, and ________ biomass. a) high; low; similarly; high; low b) high; low; contrarily; low; high c) low; high; similarly; low; high d) low; high; contrarily; high; low
b
Salmon species in the genus Oncorhynchus are __________. After spending much of their lives at sea, they migrate to their natal stream using ________ cues. a) Catadromous; visual b) Anadromous; olfactory c) Catadromous; magnetic d) Diadromous; visual
b
The difference between the formation of mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches is: a) mid-ocean ridges are formed by subduction and ocean trenches are formed by seafloor spreading b) mid-ocean ridges are formed by seafloor spreading and ocean trenches are formed by subduction c) mid-ocean ridges are formed at plate boundaries while ocean trenches can form anywhere on the planet as far as two oceanic crusts collide d) mid-ocean ridges are always deep, while ocean trenches are shallow
b
The gilt head sea bream is a euryhaline marine fish found in the Mediterranean Sea. What is TRUE about this species? a) it gains water and ions passively. To compensate for that, it produces diluted urine and does not drink water b) it gains ions and loses water passively. To compensate for that, it drinks a lot of water and produces concentrated uring c) it loses ions and water passively. To compensate for that, it drinks a lot of water and produces concentrated urine d) it loses ions and gains water passively. To compensate for that, it produces diluted urine and does not drink water
b
True or false: active fish have low gill surface area to volume ratios as compared to sedentary fishes: a) true b) false
b
True or false: nutrients from seawater are generally the key limiting resource in the rocky intertidal zone a) true b) false
b
True or false: whereas kelp forests constitute one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the world in terms of CO2 consumption/O2 production, they are often characterized by low diversity of epibenthic organisms a) true b) false
b
What does high levels of plasma vitellogenin indicate in male fishes? a) vitellogenin cannot be detected in male fishes, given that it is a female-specific protein b) male has been exposed to estrogenic compounds, and their reproductive cycle will be altered c) males have been exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and will mature at an early age d) males have been exposed to xenoestrogens, and they will produce high-quality sperm for longer periods of time
b
What is FALSE about daily, vertical migration? a) lower water temperatures at deeper depths reduce an animal metabolic rate and its energy requirements b) they are always triggered by changes in light intensity - under constant light, animals stop migrating c) it enables animals to minimize the risk of predation during the day d) it enables animals to capitalize on the more abundant food resources of the photic zone
b
What is marine snow? a) rare instance where frost (ice crystals) forms in the deep ocean due to high hydrostatic pressures b) organic material that falls from the upper portions of the ocean to the deep ocean c) deep sea sediments that are mixed up due to the action of deep currents, increasing availability of organic matter in surface waters d) oxidized metals that are released from white hydrothermal vents and fall to the deep ocean
b
What is the effect of downwelled waters on the thermocline? a) shallower thermocline b) deeper thermocline c) thermocline not affected
b
Which of the following correctly describes Pacific salmon in terms of"source of heat" and "variance in internal temperature"? a) Homeotherms and Endotherms b) Poikilotherms and Ectotherms c) Poikilotherms and Endotherms d) Homeotherms and Ectotherms
b
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation to deal with desiccation? a) ability to move water b) small size c) find cover in seaweed canopy d) ability to dry out and rehydrate e) all of the statements are true
b
Which of the following strategies are used by epipelagic organisms to stay within an optimal zone? a) develop swim bladders to increase their maneuverability in horizontal migrations b) accumulate oil in liver and muscles to reduce density c) reabsorb spines and body projections during embryonic development to increase surface to area ratio d) grow extensive rete miracle structures to detect changes in electronic potential
b
You are an elite marine biologist that is part of the 2015 Team Zissou Research expedition. You have been sleeping in your bunk but you arise to find a fish that has been caught and brought onto the main deck. It is small (<10 cm), weak and flabby, has large eyes, and has photophores on the bottom of its body. From which zone of the ocean was this fish probably caught? a) hadalbenthic b) mesopelagic c) epipelagic d) abyssalbenthic
b
What is the most diverse group of macroalgae? a) chlorophyta b) diatoms c) rhodophyta d) phaeophyceae
c
Although there is _______ in the deep ocean, the main source of nutrients comes from __________. a) chemoautotrophy; effluent rivers b) chemo- and autotrophy; thermohaline circulation c) primary productivity; the epipelagic zone d) synaptosynthesis; catabolic reactions
c
Approximately, how much of the seafood consumed in the US is imported from other countries? a) 40% b) 50% c) 90% d) 70% e) 10%
c
At what temperature are water molecules closest to each other? a) -25˚ C (solid phase) b) 0˚ C c) 4˚ C d) 37˚ C e) Over 100˚ C (vapor phase)
c
Fill in the blanks with the best option below: I am a ________. I spend only part of my life freely in the water column and am referred to as a ________. a) phytoplankton, holoplankton b) zooplankton, holoplankton c) zooplankton, meroplankton
c
Fill in the blanks: Heat conservation is important for polar homeotherms (i.e. warm-blooded), thus they tend to be _______ so that they _______ their surface area to volume ratios. a) larger; maximize b) smaller; minimize c) larger; minimize d) smaller; maximize
c
Fish species from which of the following environments would you expect to have the most developed lateral line? a) epipelagic b) mesopelagic c) abyssopelagic d) intertidal pool e) estuary f) coral reefs g) a and b
c
What is the ultimate source of genetic variation in a population? a) natural selection b) adaptation c) mutation d) gene flow e) reproduction
c
Ideally, in order to minimize the impact of aquaculture conservation on wild specimens: a) we must confirm that cultured organisms cannot reproduce in the habitat to restore b) we always have to use extirpated broodstocks before locally-adapted specimens c) we must confirm that cultured organisms are not altering the genetic structure of wild specimens d) the number of locally-adapted wild specimens should be above the carrying capacity of the ecosystem
c
In terms of traits, what requirements must be met in order for natural selection to occur? a) traits must increase fitness across environments b) traits must be heritable c) traits must affect fitness and be heritable d) traits must change within a lifetime and eventually over multiple generations e) b and d
c
Is the oxygen a limiting factor for organisms in the deep ocean? a) No, as oxygen diffuses from the epipelagic zone b) Yes, but only in areas where primary producers (e.g., oxygen-producing bacteria from deep trenches) cannot sustain efficient production of oxygen c) No, as the rates of oxygen consumption in deep-water environments are low compared to the supply of waters from polar regions d) Depends on the proximity to the thermocline
c
Some ________ fishes lack respiratory pigments. This advantage stems largely from the fact that the ______ the water is, the more oxygen it can hold. a) caribbean; warmer b) hadalpelagic; deeper c) antarctic; colder d) upwelling; acidic e) deep-water; darker f) marine; saltier
c
Some people call seagrasses the "winners of ocean acidification." Why is this statement incorrect? a) reductions in calcium carbonate impair seagrass ability to anchor themselves to substrate b) it is difficult for seagrasses to photosynthesize when water becomes more alkaline c) seagrasses are part of complex food webs. If one organism in this web is negatively affected, all can be negatively affected d) increased carbon dioxide is better for seagrass photosynthesis
c
The disphotic zone is the transition between photic and aphotic zones Which of the following statements about the disphotic zone is TRUE? a) algae normally accumulate large amounts of chlorophyll and other accessory pigments to cope with the low light intensity b) only brown algae can liveterm-73 in this zone, as their pigment fucoxanthin can absorb light at 610-625 nm c) while light is so low that it does not allow for photosynthesis, it is enough to stimulate photoreceptors in some species d) all of the statements are true
c
The sea ice and snow keeps the poles cold and covered. The ability of snow and ice to reflect the Sun's energy is called the: a) thermodynamic model b) infrared effect c) albedo effect d) polar dynamic model
c
The term "benthic-pelagic coupling" describes the following relationship: a) the food webs of the polar regions are characterized by long trophic links between primary producers, grazers, and top predators b) abundant phytoplankton during the spring bloom overwhelms grazers, consequently, a large amount of phytoplankton die and sink to the seafloor, feeding benthic communities c) the close relationship between benthic grazers, such as walruses and gray whales, and the abundance of pelagic zooplankton predators d) the annual vertical migration that Arctic copepods undertake from the pelagic zone to the benthic zone
c
What causes the annual peaks and valleys in the Keeling Curve? a) geographic variation causes gradual increase in CO2 emissions over several decades? b) humans tend to drive less in the winter, so less nitrogen emissions are released into the atmosphere c) seasonal variation of CO2 uptake due to changes in primary productivity d) hurricane season in Hawaii increases barometric pressure and displaces CO2 from the ocean
c
What is FALSE about marine snow? a) on the way down, sinking particles or organic material are repeatedly consumed and defecated by pelagic scavengers b) the time lag between the initial production of organic material in the photic zone and its arrival on the deep-sea floor may be a few days or as much as several weeks c) as consequence of the continued accumulation of organic material, the nutritive value of marine snow increases as it travels down the water column, which allows it to fuel most life in abyssal plains d) the amount of photic zone productivity that reaches the sea bottom is typically only a few percent
c
What is FALSE? a) typically, cones serve as high intensity and color reception, whereas rods serve as low-intensity receptors b) for all fishes with one type of cone, vision is limited to detecting variations in light intensity - they cannot see varying colors c) the relative proportion of cone vs. rod cells increase when moving from the epipelagic to the mesopelagic zone d) it is relatively common to find reef fish with three different types of cones, whereas that is not true in deep-sea fishes e) complex eyes have evolved independently in marine species a number of times f) more than one statement is false
c
What is a key component of an observational type of study? a) manipulating the variable of interest and observe how organisms respond in their wild habitat b) knowing everything about all the environmental factors c) not manipulating the variable of interest d) including a control to compare the effects of a treatment e) accept your hypothesis
c
What is an advantage to mass spawning in corals? a) facilitates fragmentation in clonal colonies b) enables water conditions for rapid growth c) increases chance of egg fertilization d) facilitates CaCO3 exoskeleton formation
c
What is an essential structure associated with countercurrent flow within fish gills? a) concentration gradient pressure b) vestibule-ocular blood vessel complex c) close proximity of circulating blood to water flow d) hemocyanin arches
c
What is the main factor controlling the ability of ultraphytoplankton to bloom after the other two phytoplankton types have done so? a) diatoms and dinoflagellates are better adapted than ultraphytoplankton to thrive in oceanic environments b) some dinoflagellate species produce toxins that can cause red tides, increasing the amount of organic matter for ultraphytoplankton at night--so they do not use their own glucose reserves c) the surface area of the ultraphytoplankton relative to their volume is very large which makes them efficient at absorbing nutrients in nutrient-depleted environments d) ultraphytoplankton moves slower than diatoms and dinoflagellates, so it usually takes longer for ultraphytoplankton to get to nutrient-rich areas (e.g. upwelling) e) the surface area of the ultraphytoplankton relative to their volume is relatively small which makes them efficient at surviving in environments where most o the nutrients have been consumed by diatoms and dinoflagellates.
c
Which of the following is classified as symbiosis? a) effect of nutrients and sunlight on diatom growth b) coho salmon feed on planktonic crustaceans c) a parasitic worm infection in bluefin tuna d) all of the above e) none of the above
c
Which of the following statements related to coral reefs is FALSE? a) in coral reefs, primary production is coupled with efficient utilization and regeneration of nutrients, which allows an unusually high productivity in a nutrient poor environment b) upwelled nutrients can increase primary production, including phytoplankton concentrations which, in turn, may decrease light availability to reef building corals c) upwellings decrease water temperature and pH, while concentrations of inorganic nutrients and dissolved carbon increase, creating an environment that favors reef building corals d) herbivores are important for supporting coral communities: by grazing on corals, herbivore fishes prevent algae overgrow e) all the statements are true
c
Which of the following swimming behaviors is the most efficient for a high sustained swimming speed? a) anguilliform b) subcarangiform c) thunniform d) ostraciiform
c
Which of these statements is the most accurate reason for tropical seas to have low productivity, and thus clearer waters? a) tropical water is too warm to support the growth of most phytoplankton b) a large population of herbivores in the zooplankton keeps phytoplankton at a low level c) significant upward transport of nutrients is prevented by thermal stratification d) the premise is false; temperate, not tropical seas exhibit this characteristic e) the premise is false; tropical seas exhibit high productivity
c
Which statement does NOT support the "visual-interaction hypothesis"? a) visual pelagic organisms have higher metabolic rates than their deep-water counterparts b) a high metabolic rate helps epipelagic organisms avoid visual predators and perform well as a visual predator itself c) the efficiency of visual predation in the mesopelagic zone decreases substantially as compared to bathypelagic waters, and high metabolic rates are no longer needed d) animals in the epipelagic zone have higher oxygen consumption rates than animals in the hadalpelagic zone e) metabolism in visual pelagic animals decreases with depth, and this is also observed in polar ecosystems (where temperature does not change with depth)
c
Which statement is TRUE? a) sea ice formation is initiated by wind-driven upwelling which brings cold water to the surface which then freezes, expelling brine which then sinks back down b) sea ice formation is initiated by cold winds, freezing the top layer of the sea, leading to the creation of a cold, fresh, top layer c) sea ice formation is initiated by cold winds cooling the ocean surface to freezing, which results in the expulsion of salty brine which then sinks to the seafloor d) sea ice formation is initiated by cold winds cooling the ocean surface to freezing, which is then driven down to the seafloor by wind-driven upwelling
c
You are a voracious fish. Where would you have the best chance of finding prey? a) upwelling areas, where cold-shallow water, rich in nutrients and dissolved gases accumulates near the coast supporting decomposers b) upwelling areas, where cold-deep water, often rich in nutrients but poor in dissolved gases is brought up to the surface supporting primary consumers c) upwelling areas, where deep-cold water, acidic and rich in nutrients, is brought up to the surface, supporting primary producers d) upwelling areas, where cold-shallow water, often poor in nutrients but rich in CO2 accumulates near the coast favoring phytoplankton blooms
c
A scientist hypothesizes that the temperature at which an alligator's egg is incubated will determine whether the alligator will be male or female. What is the dependent variable? a) the temperature b) the incubator c) the number of eggs d) the gender of the alligator e) the male alligator
d
A sea urchin spends 40% of its energy on general activity and maintenance, 30% on calcification and growth, 30% on reproduction. How may this energy budget change as ocean acidification progresses? a) energy could be diverted away calcification and growth, leaving the urchin test (calcified exoskeleton) more brittle b) if the urchin acclimatizes to more acidic conditions, the energy budget will remain unchanged c) energy could be diverted from reproduction to calcification and growth so the urchin can continue building its test d) all of the above e) none of the above
d
A small earthquake sets off a tremor that creates waves moving across the Pacific ocean. Which scenario best describes how the wave moves? a) energy, water molecules, and floating debris are transferred out and away from the origin b) particles from the earthquake origin will be transported via waves across the ocean in small circular movements c) water molecules travel in rolling waves across the ocean d) energy is transferred out and away from the origin with little transport of water molecules
d
An unusual genetic mutation leads to a change in the gill circulatory system of an estuarine fish species. As result, the commonly observed co-current systems changes to a counter-current dynamic. What are the expected results? a. The efferent arteries will support higher blood pressure than afferent arteries b. The venous system will come to a diffusion equilibrium with the arterial system c. The venous system will carry more CO2 but less O2 than the arterial system current system is not observed in estuarine fish d. A branchial co-current system is not observed in estuarine fish species
d
Do phytoplankton perform aerobic respiration? a) they do not -- photoautotroph organisms harvest energy from the sun, therefore they do not need to oxidize organic matter (e.g. glucose) to obtain energy. That is why they are called primary producers b) they do -- but it depends on the environment -- photoautotroph organisms use the energy from the sun to thrive in environments where light and nutrients are abundant. In oligotrophic environments (poor in nutrients), or in dark environments, they oxidize glucose to obtain energy c) they do not -- photoautotroph organisms use the energy from the sun to synthesize glucose which in turn is converted through a series of light-independent reactions. That is why some phytoplankton can live below their compensation depth (=dark environments) d) they do -- photoautotroph organisms synthesize glucose to store energy obtained from the sun; glucose in turn is oxidized to release that energy (like heterotroph organisms)
d
Euryhalinity is the capability of some organisms to tolerate a wide range of salinities. In which of the following aquatic environments are we LEAST likely to find a euryhaline fish? a) marine shoreline b) estuary c) tide pool d) lake
d
How can some corals cope with bleaching? a) move to a cooler area b) switching from heterotrophic to autotrophic energy sources c) outcompete tenacious algae species d) switching from autotrophic to heterotrophic energy sources
d
How much of the seafood consumed in the world comes from aquaculture? a) 30% b) 70% c) 90% d) 50% e) 10%
d
In case of a constant upwelling throughout the year, when would you expect to measure the lowest concentration of dissolved oxygen in surface waters? a) winter at night b) summer at day c) spring at night d) summer at night e) winter at day
d
In nature, different adaptive strategies have different trade-offs. Being big in the ocean helps organisms avoid predation, but, when compared to smaller organisms, they tend to: a) sexually mature earlier b) grow quickly and sexually mature later c) grow slowly and sexually mature earlier d) grow slowly and sexually mature later
d
In the case of a constant upwelling throughout the year, when would you expect to measure the highest oxygen consumption in the epipelagic zone? a) winter at night b) summer at day c) spring at night d) summer at night e) winter at day
d
In the deep-ocean abyssal plains, the dominant source of food/nutrients is from _________, primarily generated by ___________. a) hydrothermal vents; chemoautotrophy b) the photic zone; chemoautotrophy c) hydrothermal vents; photosynthesis d) the photic zone; photosynthesis
d
Inbreeding, simply defined as the mating of relatives, is considered a problem in many conservation programs because it increases the chances of receiving deleterious recessive alleles from a common ancestor. However, some programs may use inbreeding intentionally to: a) enhance disease resistance caused by recessive alleles b) decrease the carrying capacity of the habitat to restore c) increase genetic diversity among syblings d) uniform traits from one generation to another
d
Living in a rapidly-changing world, which of the following organisms have better chances to adapt and survive? a) hermaphroditic snails b) parthenogenetic crayfish c) budding hydras d) broadcast-spawning sardines
d
One of the purposes of conservation aquaculture is to: a. produce organisms with higher genetic diversity than their wild counterparts so new niches in the degraded environment can be occupied b. produce organisms with a suite of artificially-selected traits that will benefit the adaptation to the degraded habitat c. produce high number of organisms but with low reproductive performance, so they do not interbreed with endangered, wild populations d) produce organisms with the minimal genetic divergence from their wild counterparts to maintain long-term adaptive traits e) produce organisms that will replace endangered local populations f) a and e g) b and e
d
What is FALSE about reproduction in the deep sea? a) to compensate for the absence of a dependable external food supply, some species produce fewer and larger eggs b) deep-sea fish species often have eggs with high amounts of yolk so larvae can develop fairly advanced stages before hatching c) larvae are hatched at fairly advanced stages of development d) given the relatively high biodiversity (although low biomass) in the deep sea, finding a mate is generally not a limitation e) asexual reproduction poses an evolutionary advantage f) there are more than one FALSE statement (a-e) g) all statements are true (a-e)
d
What is happening on a molecular level that is preventing the water strider from sinking? a) both oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the top layer are positively charged and therefore much stronger than those in the lower layers b) both oxygen and hydrogen atoms have a particularly negative charge because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, which creates a stronger surface tension c) the surface area of the water strider is quite small as compared to its volume, as a consequence the water strider does break the ionic bonds of the water molecules on the surface d) there is not enough weight to break the ionic bonds between water molecules at the surface of the water e) none of the above
d
What is not a source of salt in ocean water? a) chemical weathering of rocks on continents b) volcanoes c) hydrothermal vents d) iceberg melting e) river discharges
d
What type of drag significantly affects the locomotion of dolphins but does not affect deep-water fishes? a) induced drag b) frictional drag c) pressure drag d) wave drag
d
When does upwelling usually occur? a) spring b) primarily in spring, but also in fall c) winter d) it can happen year-round
d
Which factor(s) influence the sinking rates of organisms? a) density of the organism b) density of the water c) viscosity of the water d) all of the above e) none of the above
d
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of zooxanthellae: a) provide most of the color seen in corals b) the concentration of their photosynthetic pigment may vary among species c) they do not have cellulose walls d) they have a whip-like appendage (i.e. flagella) that enables them to swim
d
Which of these statements is the most accurate reason that "tropical seas have low productivity"? a) tropical water is too warm to support the growth and reproduction of most phytoplankton species b) warm climates favor secondary consumers which keeps phytoplankton populations at a low level c) significant transport of nutrients and gases from the epipelagic zone to the photic zone is prevented by thermal stratification d) whereas tropical seas have low productivity, that is not always true; events that stir up ocean waters (storms and hurricanes) can promote blooms of phytoplankton e) c and d
d
Which of these statements is the most accurate reason that "tropical seas have low productivity?" a) tropical water is too warm to support the growth and reproduction of most phytoplankton species b) warm climates favor secondary consumers which keeps phytoplankton populations at a low level c) significant transport of nutrients and gases from the epipelagic zone to the photic zone is prevented by thermal stratification d) whereas tropical seas have low productivity, that is not always true, events that stir up ocean waters (storms and hurricanes) can promote blooms of phytoplankton e) c and d
d
Which water property does the following scenario describe? "We recorded the temperature of the surface water before the storm, it was 28˚ C. After the storm had passed, air temperatures dropped from 30˚ C to 18˚ C and the surface temperature of the water had only changed to 27.6˚ C." a) light absorption b) surface tension c) latent heat of fusion d) heat capacity e) cohesion
d
Why is the protein vitellogenin used in ecotoxicology studies? a) given that it is a flatfish-specific protein, it provides information on the reproductive stage of female and male flatfishes b) given that it is a a yolk protein produced in the liver of oviparous animals in response to androgens (=male hormones), normally occurs only in sexually mature males with developing eggs c) given that it is a male-specific protein, it provides information on the reproductive stage of male fishes d) given that it is female-specific, it provides information on the impact of environmental estrogens on male fishes as well alteration in the reproductive performance of females
d
Would you expect the primary production along the WA coast to be higher in summer and winter? a) summer, when there is a lot of sun, and deep, cold water rich in O2 and nutrients is available b) winter, when there is enough solar radiation, and cold water rich in O2 and high in pH is available c) summer, when there is a lot of sun, and cold water rich in CO2, nutrients and high pH is available d) summer, when acidic, cold water rich in nutrients as well as solar radiation are available
d
Xenoestrogens are a group of endocrine disrupting chemicals that... a) are structurally similar to vitellogenins that are produced in the liver under androgen control b) are produced by males during spermiation c) are only found in naturally mature females d) are structurally similar to to estrogens that are produced naturally in the body
d
You are on a ship in the middle of a very productive area of the ocean. A researcher gives you a water sample that was collected from a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) from approximately 900 m deep. Which of the following properties would you expect the water sample to have? a) high oxygen, low chlorophyll-a, low pH (acidic) b) high oxygen, high chlorophyll-a, high pH (basic) c) low oxygen, low chlorophyll-a, high pH (basic) d) low oxygen, low chlorophyll-a, low pH (acidic)
d
Many phytoplankton species are distant relatives from a phylogenetic perspective, but all of them show some common features that allow them to float and have access to sunlight. What process or processes may describe this phenomenon? a) mutation b) genetic drift c) natural selection d) genetic acclimatization e) a and c
e
Match the plate movement with geology features of the ocean: One Plate Sinks Under Another Plate: a) mid-ocean ridges b) transform faults c) oceanic trenches d) volcanic island arcs e) c and d
e
Net production efficiency (NPE) measures the ability of a trophic level to convert the energy it receives from the previous trophic level into biomass. What is FALSE about NPE? a. Endotherms have lower NPE than ectotherms as they use more energy to maintain body temperature (=heat production) and metabolic rates b. Most endotherms have to eat more often than ectotherms to get the energy they need to survive c. The opah must consume more energy to assimilate the same amount of biomass than an Atlantic croaker would d. Endothermic marine birds and mammals have an increased metabolic rate and energy intake compared to similar-sized marine ectotherms e. All are TRUE
e
What is FALSE about sharks a) their body fluids have the same concentration of solutes as seawater, but differ in composition b) one of the solutes that sharks use is urea. Urea is relatively easy to produce, and works just as fine as a solute from an osmotic perspective c) the main downside is that urea has a destabilizing effect on many enzymes, which is countered with the use of another ion: trip-methyl amine oxide (TMAO) d) after a shark dies, the urea in their body fluids converts into the foul-smelling and toxic ammonia e) all are true
e
What is FALSE about sharks? a) Their body fluids have the same concentration of solutes as seawater, but differ in their composition b) The concentration of Na+ is higher in the seawater than in their body fluids c) One of the solutes that sharks use is urea. Urea is relatively easy to produce, and works just fine as a solute from an osmotic perspective d) Urea increases their plasma osmolarity e) The concentration of Cl- is the same in the seawater than in their body fluids f) After a shark dies, the urea in their body fluids converts into the foul- smelling and toxic ammonia g) More than one statement is false
e
What is not a force of evolutionary change? a) natural selection b) genetic drift c) mutation d) gene flow e) reproduction
e
When a symbiotic relationship benefits only one organism, it is an example of: a) Commensalism b) Mutualism c) Parasitism d) Predatism e) More than one answer is correct f) None of the answers is correct
e
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of deep-sea thermal vents/seeps? a) most animals are highly adapted to live in a chemical-rich area b) these environments are highly stable c) these communities contain endemic species d) these communities face the same temperature and food limitations as abyssal plain communities e) b and d
e
Which of the following is classified as symbiosis? a) heterotroph bacteria obtaining energy from decomposing organic matter b) hagfish using its skin to feed on a whale carcass c) upward migration of zooplankton towards the sea surface at night and downward movement in daytime d) all of the above e) none of the above
e
Which of the following reactions best describes the formation of anoxic conditions on the seafloor? a) CO2 + H20 -> H2CO3 b) CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2 c) C6H12O6 -> C2H5OH + CO2 d) HCO3- + H+ -> CO3-2 + H+ e) C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
e
If two organisms reproduce sexually, then their offspring will exhibit a genetic makeup that: a) Is identical to one of the parents b) Is 50 % identical to its mother c) Is 50% identical to all its siblings d) Contains all the recessive traits from their parents e) All of the above f) None of the above
f