Foundations in Microbiology, Final Exam Learnsmart Practice Questions

How many chromosomes do bacteria possess?

one

Viral capsids are composed of ______.

protein

Current strategies for determining evolutionary relatedness between organisms rely upon what?

rRNA sequence analysis

which of following is not part of the lower respiratory tract?

sinues

The main criteria used to group viruses are

structure chemical composition Similarities in genetic makeup

In viral entry by endocytosis:

the host cell's plasma membrane surrounds the whole virion and forms a vesicle

which of following is not part of the upper respiratory tract? trachea larynx pharynx nose

trachea

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is A. Mycobacterium. B. Mycoplasma. C. Streptococcus. D. Corynebacterium. E. Salmonella.

A

A pure culture contains A. only one species of microorganism. B. only bacteria. C. a variety of microbes from one source. D. a variety of species from the same genus. E. None of the choices is correct.

A

Choose the statement that best describes the PCR reaction's usefulness in infectious disease diagnosis. A. Results in amplification of sample DNA B. Results in amplification of translation C. Results in increased RNA production D. Uses labeled complementary DNA probes E. Uses fluorescent antibody labeling

A

Choose the term that describes a virus that has a membranous outer covering over its capsid, partially derived from a host cell. A. Enveloped virus B. Naked virus C. Encapsulated virus D. Icosahedral virus E. Coated virus

A

Most fungi obtain nutrients from dead plants and animals. These fungi are called A. saprobes. B. parasites. C. substrates. D. nonseptate. E. dimorphic.

A

Which antibody is concentrated in the respiratory tract? A. IgA B. IgE C. IgG D. IgM E. All of the choices are correct.

A

Which organelle contains cristae where enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration are found? A. mitochondria. B. lysosome. C. Golgi apparatus. D. chloroplast. E. endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Which type of microscope is the most widely used and shows cells against a bright background? A. bright-field B. dark-field C. phase-contrast D. fluorescence E. electron

A

Which of the following is not an example of a biofilm? A) A single bacterial cell growing on an agar surface B) Human normal flora C) Toilet bowl scum D) Organisms that colonize indwelling medical devices E) Dental plaque

A single bacterial cell growing on an agar surface

Which of the following defines a lysosome? A) A vesicle that originates from the Golgi apparatus and contains a variety of enzymes B) A membrane-bound sac containing fluids or solid particles to be digested C) A vacuole that contains reserve nutrients D) A vacuole that regulates osmotic pressure E) A vesicle that is important in the enlargement and repair of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane

A) A vesicle that originates from the Golgi apparatus and contains a variety of enzymes

What statement regarding the fungi is incorrect? A) Most are obligate parasites B) Humans are generally resistant to fungal infections C) Many species are pathogenic to field crops D) Fungi decompose organic matter and return essential minerals to the soil E) They can be used to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and vitamins

A) Most are obligate parasites

The viral envelope performs all but which of the following functions? A) Neutralization of the virus B) Protection of the viral nucleic acid C) Binding to the host cell surface D) Assisting in penetration of the viral nucleic acid E) Stimulation of the host immune response

A) Neutralization of the virus

Select characteristics exhibited by viral capsids. A. Composed entirely of protein B. May be an icosahedral shape C. Contain a significant amount of phospholipid D. May be spherical in shape E. May be helical in shape F. Protect the viral nucleic acid G. Composed of subunits called capsomers H. May bind to the surface of the host cell

A. Composed entirely of protein B. May be an icosahedral shape E. May be helical in shape F. Protect the viral nucleic acid G. Composed of subunits called capsomers H. May bind to the surface of the host cell

Solid media provide a solid surface on which discrete colonies may develop. The inclusion of what component in media allows for the formation of this solid surface?

Agar

What is the key differentiating step in the Gram stain procedure?

Application of the mordant

What organisms are thought to be the first cells to appear on earth?

Archae

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora often cause A. nephrotoxicity. B. superinfections. C. allergic reactions. D. drug toxicity. E. All of the choices are correct.

B

During the Gram stain, gram-_____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied. A. positive B. negative C. both positive and negative D. neither positive nor negative

B

Formation of a pseudomembrane in the back of the throat is seen in A)Pharyngitis B)Diphtheria C)SARS D)Tuberculosis E)Pertussis

B

The Gram staining procedure is best described as a/an __ staining technique. A. acid fast or Ziehl-Neelson B. differential C. capsule D. Schaefer-Fulton E. simple

B

The reservoir for Lassa fever is the A. monkey. B. rat. C. gorilla. D. cat. E. cattle.

B

The type of microscope in which you would see brightly illuminated specimens against a black background is A. bright-field. B. dark-field. C. phase-contrast. D. fluorescence. E. electron.

B

There are nine peripheral pairs and one central pair of _____ found inside eukaryotic flagella and cilia. A. filaments B. microtubules C. flagella D. cilia E. None of the choices is correct.

B

Viruses have all the following except A. definite shape. B. metabolism. C. genes. D. the ability to infect host cells. E. ultramicroscopic size

B

What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors? A. sheath B. tail fibers C. nucleic acid D. capsid head E. None of the choices is correct.

B

What type of isolation technique is most effective for the majority of applications? A. pour plate B. streak plate C. spread plate D. loop dilution E. culture plate

B

Fungi are identified by which of the following characteristics? A) rRNA sequences B) Asexual spore forming structures and spores C) Biochemical analysis D) Presence and type of sexual spores E) Serological analysis

B) Asexual spore forming structures and spores

At the very minimum, a virus must carry genes for all but which of the following functions? A) Mature virus packaging B) Transcription of RNA to DNA C) Viral capsid synthesis D) Host regulation E) Synthesis of viral genetic material

B) Transcription of RNA to DNA

What type of virus has a polyhedral head, a helical tail, and fibers for host cell attachment?

Bacteriophages

Bacteria stain more readily when what type of stain is utilized?

Basic

Why would a differential stain be used to stain a microscopic specimen?

Because differential stains contrast two cell types or cell structures.

Why are encapsulated bacteria generally more pathogenic than unencapsulated strains?

Because the capsule helps prevent phagocyte attachment to the organism.

Why do virologists believe viruses have been an important force in the evolution of living things?

Because they interact with the genetic material of their host cells and they carry genes from one host to another.

What is viewed as a nearly perfect system for viral propagation?

Bird embryos

An organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for cell secretion is the A. mitochondria. B. lysosome. C. Golgi apparatus. D. chloroplast. E. endoplasmic reticulum.

C

Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of A. protozoa. B. algae. C. fungi. D. bacteria. E. All of the choices are correct.

C

Choose the statement that best describes most enzymatic reaction results observed in the biochemical testing of microbial specimens. A. Usually visualized by a breakdown of the media B. Usually visualized by increased growth rate of agent C. Usually visualized by a color change D. Usually visualized by autofluorescence

C

Filamentous fungi are called A. pseudohyphae. B. septa. C. molds. D. dimorphic. E. mycelium.

C

Selective toxicity refers to A. damage to pathogenic organisms. B. damage to prokaryotic cell membranes. C. damage to the target organisms but not host cells. D. damage to nucleic acids. E. None of the choices is correct.

C

Specimen collection A. is always done by a medical professional. B. must be done under sterile conditions. C. must utilize aseptic techniques. D. does not require special handling. E. All of the choices are correct.

C

The Five I's of studying microorganisms include all of the following except A. inoculation. B. incubation. C. infection. D. isolation. E. identification

C

The long, thread-like branching cells of molds are called A. conidiophores. B. pseudohyphae. C. hyphae. D. septate. E. ascus.

C

What do the Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain have in common? A. used on a wet mount of the specimen B. use heat to force the dye into cell structures C. outcome based on cell wall differences D. use a negative stain technique E. are simple stains

C

Collectively, viruses can contain all but what type of nucleic acid? A) Double-stranded DNA B) Double-stranded RNA C) Double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid D) Single-stranded DNA E) Single-stranded RNA

C) Double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid

Which of the following eucaryotic organelles originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and allows for the transportation of materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and ultimately to the cell's exterior? A) Golgi apparatus B) Cisternae C) Endoplasmic reticulum D) Polyribosomes E) Mitochondria

C) Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is an example of a clinical sample? A) Soil B) Water C) Feces D) Sewage E) Foods

C) Feces

During bacteriophage replication, proteins are synthesized which perform all but which function? A) Enzymes for viral nucleic acid replication B) Make up the viral capsid head and parts of the tail C) Protect the virus from destruction by the host cell D) Enzymes that weaken the bacterial cell wall E) Proteins to repair the hole in the cell wall made during host cell entry

C) Protect the virus from destruction by the host cell

Which of the following is incorrect regarding chloroplasts? A) They are the primary producers of organic nutrients. B) They are found in algae and plant cells. C) They reside in cells that undergo aerobic respiration. D) Oxygen gas is produced as a by-product of their activities. E) They convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

C) They reside in cells that undergo aerobic respiration.

Which is not a characteristic of viruses? A) Viruses contain DNA or RNA but never both. B) Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. C) Viruses are active both inside and outside of host cells. D) Viruses can infect bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals. E) Viruses exhibit high specificity for their respective host.

C) Viruses are active both inside and outside of host cells.

Negative staining is useful for observing the presence of what?

Capsule

Which component is not found in the cytoplasm of the majority of procaryotes?

Capsule

The cell walls of fungi are composed of what?

Chitin or cellulose

What defines a viral plaque?

Clear, well-defined areas in a monolayer of cells

What type of medium contains at least one component that is not pure and does not have an exact chemical formula?

Complex

Most human illnesses caused by algae have been associated with what?

Consumption of algal toxins

When unwanted microorganisms of unknown origin appear in a culture of known identity, the culture is said to be what?

Contaminated

Where are the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration located in eucaryotes?

Cristae of the mitochondria

A patient's specimen contains a suspected pathogen that will display a distinctive reaction with red blood cells

Culture specimen on differential media

In the patient's specimen, the suspected pathogen is present in very small numbers

Culture specimen on enrichment media

A patient's nonsterile fecal specimen contains an array of bacterial species in addition to the suspected pathogen

Culture specimen on selective media

Virus-induced damage to a cell that alters its microscopic appearance is known as what?

Cytopathic effects

What is not a cytoplasmic organelle present in all eucaryotic organisms?

Cytoskeleton

A superinfection results from A. build up of a drug to toxic levels in the patient. B. the wrong drug administered to the patient. C. an immune system reaction to the drug. D. decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species. E. All of the choices are correct.

D

Agar is a complex polysaccharide that comes from a/an A. green plant. B. fungus. C. mold. D. algae. E. euglena.

D

Antibody testing requires A. a known antigen. B. a known antibody. C. both a known antigen and a known antibody. D. either a known antigen or a known antibody.

D

Choose the statement that best describes the normal biota of the eye. A. The normal biota of the eye resembles that found in the mouth B. The normal biota of the eye only includes bacteria C. The normal biota of the eye is large in numbers but lacks diversity D. The normal biota of the eye is generally sparse

D

Lysogeny refers to A. altering the host range of a virus. B. latent state of herpes infections. C. virion exiting host cell. D. viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome. E. None of the choices is correct.

D

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes A. the positive RNA strand from a negative RNA strand. B. a negative RNA strand from a positive RNA strand. C. RNA from DNA. D. DNA from RNA. E. None of the choices is correct.

D

The causative organism of malaria is a A. bacterium. B. virus. C. fungus. D. protozoan. E. prion.

D

The primary advantage of genotypic methods of identification is A. they are easier than any other method. B. they are less expensive than other methods. C. they are widely available. D. culturing of the organism is not required. E. All of the choices are correct.

D

The property of a test to detect only a certain antibody or antigen, and not to react with any others is A. cross-reaction. B. agglutination. C. precipitation. D. specificity. E. sensitivity.

D

When minute samples of DNA need to be genetically analyzed for identification purposes, which test can be effectively used? A. direct fluorescence antibody B. Widal C. Weil-Felix reaction D. PCR E. direct antigen reactio

D

Which test uses radioactive isotopes to label antibodies or antigens in order to detect minute amounts of corresponding antigen or antibody? A. Ouchterlony double diffusion B. Western blot C. immunelectrophoresis D. radioimmunoassay (RIA) E. Quellung

D

Which of the following stains is not a differential stain? A) Gram B) Acid-fast C) Endospore D) Granule E) Flagellar

D) Granule

Oncoviruses cause transformed cells to exhibit all but which of the following? A) Increased rate of growth B) Alterations in chromosomes C) Changes in the cell's surface molecules D) Production of reverse transcriptase E) Capacity to divide for an indefinite period

D) Production of reverse transcriptase

Which of the following is incorrect regarding plasmids? A) They are extra-chromosomal. B) They can become integrated into the bacterial chromosome. C) They can confer protective traits. D) They are essential for bacterial growth and survival. E) They are important in genetic engineering techniques.

D) They are essential for bacterial growth and survival.

When a microscopic image is brightly illuminated, but is surrounded by a black field, what type of microscope is being used?

Dark-field

For what purpose are semisolid media used?

Determination of motility of a culture

ost bacteriophages contain what type of nucleic acid?

Double-stranded DNA

A diagnosis of tuberculosis involves A. chest x-ray B. acid fast stain of sputum C. sputum culture D. tuberculin skin test E. all of the above

E

A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the A. Kirby-Bauer. B. antibiogram. C. E-test. D. MIC. E. therapeutic index (TI).

E

All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except A. gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane. B. are comprised primarily of lipids. C. contain special virus proteins. D. help the virus particle attach to host cells. E. are located between the capsid and nucleic acid.

E

Anthrax is A. a zoonosis. B. transmitted by contact, inhalation, and ingestion. C. a disease that, in humans, can cause a rapidly fatal toxemia and septicemia. D. only seen sporadically in the United States. E. All of the choices are correct.

E

Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed A. antibiotics. B. narrow-spectrum drugs. C. semisynthetic drugs. D. synthetic drugs. E. broad-spectrum drugs.

E

Bubonic plague is transmitted by A. mosquitos. B. flies. C. animal bites. D. sexual contact. E. fleas.

E

Differential media results in which of the following growth characteristics? A. different color colonies B. different media color post incubation C. precipitates D. gas bubbles E. All of the choices are correct.

E

Extrapulmonary TB can involve the A. kidneys. B. long bones. C. spine. D. brain. E. All of the choices are correct.

E

Lyme disease is transmitted by A. flies. B. droplets. C. lice. D. fleas. E. ticks.

E

Plasmids A. are found in all bacteria. B. are essential for survival. C. cannot be passed between organisms. D. cannot be passed on to progeny. E. are often the site of pathogenic genes.

E

The basal body of a flagellum is anchored into the A. hook. B. outer membrane. C. cell wall. D.peptidoglycan layer. E. cell membrane.

E

The most common causative agent of otitis media is A. Aspergillus fumigatus. B. Haemophilus influenzae. C. Candida albicans. D. Corynebacterium. E. Streptococcus pneumoniae

E

The size of a eukaryotic cell ribosome is A. 30S. B. 40S. C. 50S. D. 70S. E. 80S.

E

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments). E. sex pili.

E

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a mold is a/an A. septum. B. rhizoid. C. spore. D. bud. E. mycelium.

E

When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a visible, thread-like mass called the A. nuclear envelope. B. nucleosome. C. nucleolus. D. nucleoplasm. E. chromatin.

E

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the use of animals in biology and medicine? A) Animals are used in drug and vaccine research to prevent harmful effects on humans with untested materials. B) Animal models can be used to study disease progression. C) Animals are important sources of immune products. D) Animals are used to determine the toxicity of certain organisms. E) All bacteria require an animal host in order to be grown in the laboratory.

E) All bacteria require an animal host in order to be grown in the laboratory.

What statement regarding procaryotic and eucaryotic flagella is correct? A) Both are the same thickness B) The structure of both is identical C) Both possess an external covering D) The motion of both types is the same E) Both function in locomotion

E) Both function in locomotion

Microbiologists must contend with unique problems when studying microorganisms. What is not one of these problems? A) Pure cultures do not exist in nature. B) Groups of microbes must be separated from each other prior to study. C) Microbes must be grown under artificial conditions in the laboratory. D) Microbes are invisible and widely distributed. E) Contamination of a microbial culture is unlikely

E) Contamination of a microbial culture is unlikely

The viral multiplication cycle dictates all of the following properties except which? A) Virus infection control measures B) Immune response of the host C) Viral mode of transmission D) Viral pathogenicity E) Host cell type

E) Host cell type

What statement does not support the theory that mitochondria arose from an endosymbiotic relationship with bacteria? A) Bacterial membranes surround mitochondria B) Mitochondrial division is independent of the eucaryotic host C) The mitochondrial chromosome contains bacterial DNA sequences D) Mitochondrial ribosomes are 70S rather than 80S E) Mitochondria have paired chromosomes

E) Mitochondria have paired chromosomes

Both simple and differential stained specimens allow for the visualization of all but which of the following?' A) Cell shape B) Presence or absence of certain structures C) Arrangement of groups of cells D) Biochemical composition of the specimen E) Motility

E) Motility

What is not one of the three general shapes possessed by bacteria? A) Rods B) Cocci C) Bacilli D) Curved forms E) Pleomorphic

E) Pleomorphic

What is not a function of the cytoskeleton? A) Anchor organelles B) Provide cellular support C) Permit eucaryotes to change shape D) Permit cellular movement E) Synthesize proteins

E) Synthesize proteins

Every virus particle contains ______.

Either DNA or RNA

Cultivation of fastidious microorganisms requires the use of what type of media?

Enriched

Since the eye's primary function is vision, it is important to have a strong, easily initiated inflammatory response in this region. True False

False

True or False: A naked virus fuses with the host cell membrane

False

At the end of the Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria will be seen as pink cells.

False; purple

What type of appendage may be responsible for the formation of biofilms?

Fimbria

What term refers to the fine, hairlike bristles that aid in adhesion in procaryotic organisms?

Fimbriae

What type of microscopy is commonly used in the clinical setting to diagnose infections caused by specific organisms?

Fluorescence

This category includes techniques for the analysis of a microbe's DNA or RNA.

Genotypic

Germination of an asexual mole spore initially involves the production of what structure?

Germ tube

The membrane receptors that animal viruses typically attach to are actually what?

Glycoproteins

An enveloped virus may acquire its envelope from all but which of the following? A) Nuclear envelope B) Golgi apparatus C) Endoplasmic reticulum D) Cell membrane E) Cytoplasmic membrane

Golgi apparatus

Where is the site for protein modification in eucaryotes?

Golgi apparatus

Pili, elongated tubular structures composed of pilin, are only found on what type of organisms?

Gram negatives

When performing the Gram stain, what type of specimen is used?

Heat-fixed

The limitation in the scope of hosts an animal virus can infect is known as what?

Host range

Filamentous fungi form long, threadlike extensions known as what?

Hypha

This category includes techniques for the analysis of a microbe using antibodies, or of patients' antibodies using pre-packaged antigens.

Immunologic

Which of the "Five I's" promotes multiplication of microbes over a period of hours, days, or weeks?

Incubation

What does the nucleic acid of an animal virus do immediately upon entry into the host cell?

It alters the genetic expression of the host and instructs it to synthesize building blocks for new viruses.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the bacterial cell wall? A) It is a target of certain antibiotics. B) It determines the shape of a bacterium. C) It prevents a bacterium from bursting due to changes in osmotic pressure. D) Its composition varies among the major bacterial groups. E) It is composed of a repeating framework of lipids.

It is composed of a repeating framework of lipids.

What dictates how a parasitic protozoan is transmitted to other hosts?

Life Cycle

The outermost layer of the outer membrane is composed of what?

Lipopolysaccharide

The condition in which the host cell chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA is known as what?

Lysogeny

Which of the following are the primary targets of parasitic worm infections? A) The elderly B) Pre-school children in daycare settings C) Anyone living in rural areas D) Societies living in tropical areas E) Malnourished children

Malnourished children

Asexual reproduction in microscopic eucaryotes occurs by what process?

Mitosis

In a peritrichous arrangement of flagella, how are the flagella distributed over the organism?

Multiple flagella randomly dispersed over the cell surface

The acid fast stain is used to identify organisms containing what chemical in their cell walls?

Mycolic acid

The combination of a viral nucleic acid plus the viral capsid is known as what?

Nucleocapsid

Where does rRNA synthesis in eucaryotes occur?

Nucleolus

All fungi utilize what as a nutritional substrate?

Organic nutrients

What type of microscopy allows for the visualization of internal components within live, unstained specimens?

Phase-contrast

This category includes techniques for the observation of a microbe's microscopic and macroscopic morphology, physiology, and biochemical properties.

Phenotypic

Algae are one of the main components of the large floating community of microscopic organisms known as what?

Plankton

"Mad cow disease" is the result of infection of cattle with what agent?

Prions

When present, what is the viral envelope composed of?

Proteins and lipids

Identification of bacteria requires a study of all but which of the following?

Quantitative analysis

Adsorption of the bacteriophage occurs when molecules on the tail fibers bind to what component on the host cell?

Receptors

What step in the viral multiplication cycle is defined as the copying and expression of the viral genome by the host's synthetic equipment?

Replication

Which of the following is defined as the ability to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects or points from one another in a microscopic specimen?

Resolving power

The type of microscopy in which the surface of a specimen is bombarded with electrons is known as what?

SEM

Of the five senses, which one must microbiologists rely upon when studying microorganisms?

Sight

Molecules that protrude from the viral envelope and which are essential for attachment are known as what?

Spikes

What type of organisms possesses axial filaments?

Spirochetes

What method of isolating bacterial colonies involves the use of a hockey stick?

Spread Plate Method

What is not a function of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?

Storage of nutrient reserves

Which method of obtaining isolated colonies is most commonly used for most applications?

Streak Plate Method

What type of bacteria naturally lacks a cell wall?

The Mycoplasmas

In motile bacteria the presence of attractant molecules causes an increase in what?

The length of runs

The style of bacterial grouping, or arrangement, is based on what factor?

The number of planes in which the bacteria divide

Why must a drop of oil be placed between the tip of the oil immersion lens and the specimen on a glass slide?

The oil prevents light from bending as it passes through the specimen.

What will happen once a virus has entered a host cell and uncoated?

The synthesis of new virions will occur

Why is the flagellum effective in guiding bacteria through the environment?

The system for chemical detection is linked to the mechanisms that drive the flagellum.

Protozoan infections are typically geographically restricted to what areas?

The tropics and subtropics

Which statement describes why Gram negative organisms are more sensitive to lysis than Gram positive organisms?

They have a cell wall that is one layer thick.

Why are sterols important components of eucaryotic cell membranes?

They provide strength and stability.

Most protozoa are recognized by a motile feeding stage known as what?

Trophozoites

Almost immediately upon entry, the viral nucleic acid alters the genetic expression of the host cell.

True

An antibiotic of the penicillin family is penicillin G. True False

True

Fluorescent dye can be used as a label to trace antibody-antigen reactions in an ELISA assay. True False

True

Keratitis is a more serious eye infection than conjunctivitis, and involves microbial invasion of deeper eye tissues which can lead to corneal destruction. True False

True

The Kirby-Bauer test uses an agar surface, seeded with the test bacterium, to which small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the surface. True False

True

The MIC is the smallest concentration of an antimicrobial required to inhibit the growth of the microbe. True False

True

The first modern antimicrobial drugs were sulfa drugs. True False

True

True or False: Both enveloped and naked viruses can enter a cell by endocytosis.

True

How many magnifying lenses does a compound light microscope contain?

Two

Under what conditions are endospores formed?

When carbon and nitrogen sources become depleted

What is the definition of the eclipse phase?

When the virus is developing but not yet infectious

What is formed when hyphae of two opposite fungal strains fuse and form diploid spores?

Zygospores

s. pneumoniae A. alpha-hemolytic on blood agar B. often referred to as pneumoccous C. gram positive diplococcus with a capsule D. most likely to cause infection in older adults E. all of the above

all of the above

Viral spikes

attach specifically to host cell receptors

The causative organism of whooping cough is

bordetella pertussis