FSHN150 - Chapter 4 Carbohydrates

- it does not cause dental caries. - it is heat-stable and can be used in baking.

Acesulfame-K is a useful alternative sweetener because Multiple select question. - it is heat-stable and can be used in baking. - it contributes 4 kcal per gram. - it is an all-natural plant extract. - it does not cause dental caries.

- two amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of Multiple choice question. - sucrose bound to three chlorine molecules. - two amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol. - an extract of the monk fruit. - an organic acid linked to potassium.

- promotes satiety - reduces blood cholesterol - slows the rate of glucose absorption

Choose the benefits of consuming soluble fiber. Multiple select question. - promotes satiety - slows the rate of glucose absorption - increases fecal bulk - reduces blood cholesterol

True

True or false: The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps to soften the tough connective fibers in the plants.

True

True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

True or false: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

True

True or false: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed.

True

True or false: When dietary consumption of carbohydrates exceeds the amount needed for energy and glycogen storage, the excess carbohydrates will be stored as fat.

- It increases the risk for dental decay. - It leads to weight gain. - It provides mostly empty calories.

What are the main problems with consuming an excess amount of sugar? Multiple select question. - It provides mostly empty calories. - You will overeat when it comes to healthier foods. - It increases the risk for dental decay. - It leads to weight gain.

- amylopectin - amylose

What are the two forms of starch digestible by humans? Multiple select question. - cellulose - amylopectin - amylose - maltose

- Alternative sweeteners can be used safely by adults and children. - They are considered safe during pregnancy.

What has current research demonstrated about the use of alternative sweeteners? Multiple select question. - Many alternative sweeteners are unsafe to use. - Alternative sweeteners are likely to elicit signs of food allergies. - Alternative sweeteners can be used safely by adults and children. - They are considered safe during pregnancy.

- amylose

What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called? Multiple choice question. - amylopectin - insoluble fiber - amylose - soluble fiber

- Nonfermentable fiber

What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called? Multiple choice question. - Nonfermentable fiber - Carbohydrates - Starches - Fermentable fiber

- Nonfermentable fiber

What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called? Multiple choice question. - Starches - Carbohydrates - Nonfermentable fiber - Fermentable fiber

- secondary lactose maldigestion

What is a temporary condition in which lactase production is decreased in response to another condition, such as diarrhea? Multiple choice question. - primary lactose maldigestion - congenital lactase deficiency - secondary lactose maldigestion - lactose intolerance

- Plant-based "milk" (e.g., almond, rice, coconut, oat, and hemp "milk")

What is not included as part of the dairy group because its overall nutritional content is not similar to dairy milk and fortified soy beverages? Multiple choice question. - Plant-based "milk" (e.g., almond, rice, coconut, oat, and hemp "milk") - cheese and 1% milk - yogurt - fortified soy milk

- 38 grams

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men? Multiple choice question. - 18 grams - 38 grams - 25 grams - 48 grams

- 25 grams

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women? Multiple choice question. - 38 grams - 22 grams - 20 grams - 25 grams

- Fat is produced.

What is the fate of carbohydrates when they are consumed in high amounts and overall calorie needs are exceeded? Multiple choice question. - Excess carbohydrates are excreted in the urine. - Fat is used to help with carbohydrate digestion. - Protein is produced. - Fat is produced.

- glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body? Multiple choice question. - sucrose - galactose - glucose - fructose

- To provide energy for the body

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body? Multiple choice question. - To provide structure to all of the cells in the body - To insulate the body - To provide energy for the body - To build muscle

- 9%

What percentage of the North American population 20 years or older is affected by diabetes? Multiple choice question. - 28% - 50% - 9% - 15%

- Buy "new" potatoes that have thin skins. - Cook potatoes and then refrigerate overnight before eating. - Consume novelty potatoes with deep-colored flesh.

Which of the following are the ways to select or prepare potatoes that will produce a slower rise in blood glucose? Multiple select question. - Consume novelty potatoes with deep-colored flesh. - Cook potatoes and then refrigerate overnight before eating. - Buy "new" potatoes that have thin skins. - Choose potatoes that are harvested late in the season and have thick skins.

- Cooking softens the tough connective structures in the fibrous parts of plants. - When cooked in water, starches swell as they soak up water, making them easier to digest.

Why is food preparation viewed as the start of carbohydrate digestion? Multiple select question. - Cooking softens the tough connective structures in the fibrous parts of plants. - When cooked in water, starches swell as they soak up water, making them easier to digest. - Heating a starch will make it harder to chew or swallow but will aid digestion.

- complex carbohydrate - starch

A digestible polysaccharide that contains 1000 or more glucose units is called a ______. Multiple select question. - complex carbohydrate - starch - cellulose - fiber

- blood pressure - triglycerides - fasting glucose

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated? Multiple select question. - high-density lipoprotein - blood pressure - triglycerides - fasting glucose

- potassium

The "K" in Acesulfame-K represents ______. Multiple choice question. - potassium - the ability to be used in baked goods - vitamin K content

- 6.5%.

The threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c level greater than Multiple choice question. - 5.7%. - 10%. - 6.5%. - 2%.

True

True or false: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides.

- cardiovascular disease - diabetes

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least three risk factors for ______. Multiple select question. - hypertension - cardiovascular disease - android obesity - diabetes

- insoluble

The cellulose in the skin of the apple is primarily ______ fiber. Multiple choice question. - soluble - insoluble

False - pancreas

True or false: Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the liver.

- whole grains

Amaranth, popcorn, whole wheat bread, and wild rice are all examples of ______. Multiple choice question. - refined grains - grains that have had the bran and germ removed from the grain - whole grains - grains with functional fiber added to them

- 80

Amylopectin makes up about ______% of the digestible starches in the diet. Multiple choice question. - 20 - 50 - 80

- decreases.

As intake of added sugars increases, dietary quality Multiple choice question. - decreases. - stays the same. - increases.

- amylopectin; amylose

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ______ is digested more rapidly than ______. Multiple choice question. - amylopectin; amylose - amylose; amylopectin

- polysaccharide.

Fiber is a type of Multiple choice question. - polysaccharide. - amylopectin. - starch. - amylose.

- insoluble fiber.

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called Multiple choice question. - starch. - pectins. - soluble fiber. - insoluble fiber.

- brown rice - baked acorn squash - frozen blueberries with no added sugar

From the following list, choose the foods that adhere to the Dietary Guidelines' recommendations concerning carbohydrates. Multiple select question. - brown rice - baked acorn squash - frozen blueberries with no added sugar - white bread and sugar-coated cereal

- monosaccharide

Glucose is the major ______ found in the body. Multiple choice question. - disaccharide - monosaccharide - polysaccharide

- vitamin D - calcium

Many children and teenagers are drinking an excess of sugared soft drinks and other sugar-containing beverages and much less milk than ever before. This exchange of soft drinks for milk can compromise bone health because milk is a rich source of which of the following bone-building nutrients? Multiple select question. - sodium - calcium - vitamin D - vitamin K

- nonstarch polysaccharides.

Mucilages, lignin, and cellulose are Multiple select question. - forms of dietary fiber. - disaccharides. - starches. - nonstarch polysaccharides.

- nonstarch polysaccharides.

Mucilages, lignin, and cellulose are Multiple select question. - nonstarch polysaccharides. - starches. - forms of dietary fiber. - disaccharides.

- many sugar units.

Polysaccharides are carbohydrates made of Multiple choice question. - two sugar units. - one sugar unit. - many sugar units.

True

True or false: Because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body.

- soluble

Psyllium is a type of ______ fiber that is used as a dietary supplement to improve blood cholesterol and blood sugar. Multiple choice question. - insoluble - soluble

True

True or False: Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.

False

True or false: Aspartame is heat stable so it is appropriate for use in cooking.

True

True or false: Cellulose is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules.

- Food and Drug Administration

Which regulatory agency in the United States determines the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) guidelines for alternative sweeteners? Multiple choice question. - Environmental Protection Agency - American Diabetes Association - Food and Drug Administration - United States Department of Agriculture

intolerance

Lactose ____ is a condition in which significant symptoms, such as abdominal gas and bloating, appear after ingestion of foods containing lactose.

- decreases

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood. Multiple choice question. - increases - decreases - does not affect

- diabetes.

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has Multiple choice question. - hyperthyroidism. - cancer. - diabetes. - a kidney infection.

- glycogen

The advantage of the branched structure of ______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly. Multiple choice question. - glucose - sucrose - glycogen

pancreas

Type 1 diabetes is associated with a decreased release of insulin from the _____.

- Amylopectin

Which type of starch makes up 80% of digestible starches in the diet? Multiple choice question. - Amylopectin - Hemicelluloses - Amylose

- blood glucose.

High levels of hemoglobin A1c indicate chronically elevated Multiple choice question. - triglycerides. - insulin. - blood glucose. - blood pressure.

- Amylopectin

Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly? Multiple choice question. - Amylopectin - Amylose - Lignins - Cellulose

- dietary fiber.

The individual forms of fiber are not each listed on a food label. Instead, they are grouped together as Multiple choice question. - total fiber. - fiber. - dietary fiber. - carbohydrates.

glycogen

The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for _____.

False

True or False: Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.

- inadequate insulin production

Type 1 diabetes results from ______. Multiple choice question. - upper-body obesity - a blood and hormone disorder - inadequate insulin production - insulin resistance

- amylose.

Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of Multiple choice question. - sugar alcohols. - lipids. - amylose. - lactose.

- sugar beets - maple sugar

What are some natural food sources of sucrose? Multiple select question. - sugar beets - breakdown of starches - maple sugar - milk

- more like a protein than a carbohydrate - widespread use throughout the world - Endorsed by the WHO, AMA, and the American Diabetes Association

Which statements are true about aspartame? Multiple select question. - more like a protein than a carbohydrate - widespread use throughout the world - Endorsed by the WHO, AMA, and the American Diabetes Association - very heat stable, so able to be used in cooking

- sucrose

Which sugar is found naturally in sugarcane, sugar beets, honey, and maple sugar? Multiple choice question. - sucrose - maltose - lactose - galactose

- Polysaccharides

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together? Multiple choice question. - Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides - Saccharin

- Cellulose

Which type of fiber is an undigestible, insoluble, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules? Multiple choice question. - Hemicellulose - Pectin - Mucilages - Cellulose

- bone health

Consuming excess soda and energy drinks compromises ______ in children and teenagers. Multiple choice question. - bone health - productivity - fitness goals - weight gain

amylopectin -><- highly branched chain of glucose units amylose -><- straight chain of glucose units

Differentiate between the following types of digestible starch. amylopectin -> amylose -> <- straight chain of glucose units <- highly branched chain of glucose units

- millet and oats - quinoa - dark rye

Examples of whole grains include ______. Multiple select question. - white rice - millet and oats - dark rye - quinoa

- Dietary fiber

How are nonstarch polysaccharides listed on food labels? Multiple choice question. - Insoluble fibers - Dietary fiber - Nonstarch fibers - Soluble fibers

- Eat the potato skin

How can you increase the nutrient consumption of potatoes by 50%? Multiple choice question. - Buy organic potatoes. - Store in cool, dark, well-ventilated location. - Cook the potatoes, refrigerate overnight, and then reheat and eat the next day. - Eat the potato skin

- nutritive sweeteners

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as _____ because they provide calories. Multiple choice question. - alternative sweeteners - empty calories - non-nutritive sweeteners - nutritive sweeteners

- whole fruits.

To get the benefits of dietary fiber from fruits, you should consume Multiple select question. - fruit juices. - whole fruits.

False

True or false: Fermentable fiber is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

True

True or false: Soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

True

True or false: The Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains.

- Hyperglycemia

What is the technical term for high blood sugar? Multiple choice question. - Hyperglycemia - Hypoglycemia - Hyperinsulinemia - Hyperactivity

- 20%

What percentage of adults consume milk on a daily basis? Multiple choice question. - 60% - 80% - 10% - 20%

- 28%

What percentage of the 30 million adults with diabetes do not know that they have the disease? Multiple choice question. - 9% - 40% - 28% - over 50%

- Type 2 diabetes

What type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity? Multiple choice question.  - Type 2 diabetes - Gestational diabetes - Type 1 diabetes

- Breads - Beans - Vegetables

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose? Multiple select question. - Breads - Beans - Vegetables - Milk

- extreme thirst - excessive hunger - frequent urination

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes? Multiple select question. - extreme thirst - excessive hunger - severe diarrhea - frequent urination

- injecting insulin to help lower blood glucose. - taking oral medications that help to lower blood glucose. - incorporating physical activity in the daily routine.

Which of the following are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes? Multiple select question. - injecting insulin to help lower blood glucose. - taking oral medications that help to lower blood glucose. - restricting carbohydrate intake to less than 10% of total kcal. - incorporating physical activity in the daily routine.

- hemicelluloses - pectins - gums - cellulose

Which of the following carbohydrates are classified as dietary fiber? Multiple select question. - lactose - pectins - gums - amylose - cellulose - hemicelluloses

- large waist circumference - high blood triglycerides - low HDL cholesterol - high fasting glucose - high blood pressure

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome? Multiple select question. - high fasting glucose - high blood pressure - low HDL cholesterol - frequent headaches - high blood triglycerides - large waist circumference - persistent hip pain

- Reduces total serum cholesterol

Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber? Multiple choice question. - Reduces total serum protein - Reduces total serum HDL - Reduces total serum cholesterol

- Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl - HbA1c between 5.7% and 6.4%

Which of the following measurements could be used to identify a person with prediabetes? Multiple select question. - HbA1c above 7% - Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl - Fasting blood glucose above 125 mg/dl - HbA1c between 5.7% and 6.4%

- acesulfame-K - neotame - aspartame

Which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States? Multiple select question. - cyclamate - aspartame - acesulfame-K - neotame

- amylopectin

Which polysaccharide is a digestible, branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units? Multiple choice question. - amylose - soluble fiber - amylopectin - insoluble fiber

- Prediabetes

is a condition characterized by moderately high fasting blood glucose (100 - 125 mg/dl). Multiple choice question. - Type 2 diabetes - Type 1 diabetes - Prediabetes - Hypoglycemia

- higher than normal.

Hyperglycemia refers to blood sugar that is Multiple choice question. - normal. - higher than normal. - lower than normal.

True

Individuals who do not consume enough dietary fiber from natural food sources can take dietary supplements (e.g., psyllium), to obtain the health benefits of increased fiber intake.

- amylose

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch. Multiple choice question. - amylopectin - amylase - glucose - amylose

- A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

Which description best describes a starch? Multiple choice question. - A six-carbon monosaccharide that usually exists in a ring form - A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest - A simple form of carbohydrate - Substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the stomach or small intestine

- Sugar-free gelatin desserts - Diet soft drinks - Sugar-free chewing gum

Which of the following are appropriate uses of aspartame? Multiple select question. - Sugar-free gelatin desserts - Diet soft drinks - Sugar-free chewing gum - Sugar-free brownie mix

- Reduces constipation - Reduces transit time of feces

Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet? Multiple select question. - Reduces blood glucose - Reduces transit time of feces - Reduces blood cholesterol - Reduces constipation

- Type 2 diabetics eventually rely on insulin injections. - Children are developing type 2 diabetes.

Why did the name for type 2 diabetes change from noninsulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes to type 2 diabetes? Multiple select question. - Type 2 diabetes is the next stage of diabetes after type 1. - Children are developing type 2 diabetes. - The pancreas is no longer producing insulin. - Type 2 diabetics eventually rely on insulin injections.

- sucralose

Choose the alternative sweetener that can be used in baking because it does not break down under high heat conditions. Multiple choice question. - aspartame - saccharin - sucralose - advantame

- Fiber makes the stool large and soft. - The larger stool size stimulates the intestinal muscles to contract. - Fiber remains in the intestinal tract and supplies bulk to the feces, making elimination easier.

How does fiber help prevent constipation? Multiple select question. - Fiber helps decrease the fluid content of the stool making it easier to pass. - Fiber remains in the intestinal tract and supplies bulk to the feces, making elimination easier. - Fiber makes the stool large and soft. - The larger stool size stimulates the intestinal muscles to contract.

- The chemical bonds in fibers that hold the sugar units together cannot be digested, preventing the absorption of these sugars.

How is fiber different from starches? Multiple choice question. - Fiber is a single substance, whereas starches are a group of substances. - The chemical bonds in fibers that hold the sugar units together cannot be digested, preventing the absorption of these sugars. - Fiber is easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria. - Fiber is readily absorbed and transported to the liver for energy.

- whole grain breads and cereals - beans - fruits and vegetables

Your daily carbohydrate intake should come mainly from ______. Multiple select question. - refined grains and potatoes - whole grain breads and cereals - beans - fruits and vegetables

True

True or false: The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

- 200 times

Acesulfame-K is how much sweeter than sugar? Multiple choice question. - 200 times - 2000 times - 2 times - 20 times

nutritive sweeteners -><- a class of sweeteners that provides calories for the body alernative sweeteners -><- a class of sweeteners that does not provide any calories

Match the term with its definition. nutritive sweeteners -> alernative sweeteners -> <- a class of sweeteners that does not provide any calories <- a class of sweeteners that provides calories for the body

- 25 to 38 grams

What is the recommended daily intake of fiber for someone with type 2 diabetes? Multiple choice question. - 10 to 15 grams - 50 to 100 grams - 32 to 56 grams - 25 to 38 grams

- fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. - soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted.

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because Multiple select question. - soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted. - high-fiber foods are rich in heart-healthy HDLs and low in LDLs. - fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. - increased insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

- physical inactivity - history of gestational diabetes and prediabetes - upper-body (android) obesity - obesity and older age - family history of diabetes

Choose the factors that increase your risk for type 2 diabetes. Multiple select question. - lower-body (gynoid) obesity - physical inactivity - history of gestational diabetes and prediabetes - upper-body (android) obesity - obesity and older age - family history of diabetes

- whole orange

Choose the food that will have the most fiber. Multiple choice question. - orange flavored drink - whole orange - orange juice with pulp - orange soda

- starch.

Complex carbohydrates are also known as Multiple choice question. - starch. - glucose. - peptides. - sucrose.

- Sucrose - High-fructose corn syrup - Sorbitol

Select all of the following that are nutritive sweeteners. Multiple select question. - Sorbitol - Sucrose - Sucralose - High-fructose corn syrup

- limit the intake of added sugars. - consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains.

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to Multiple select question.  - consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains. - incorporate at least 3 ounces per day of refined grains. - consume only whole grains. - limit the intake of added sugars.

True

True or false: Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity, especially intra-abdominal obesity.