FTCE ELA

Comprehension

-the ability to understand and gain meaning from what has been read-

Vocabulary

-the words students must know to communicate effectively

Narrative Skills

Ability to retell stories or describe events

Types of suffixes that impart new meaning to the base or root word all known as: A. Compound words B. prefixes C. inflectional endings D. Morphemes

C. Inflectional Endings

Language and Conventions of print

During the stage children learn how to hold a book, where to begin to read, the left to right motion and how to continue from one line to another

A childs speech and language development (from birth and continues into the preschool years)

Emergent Literacy

Print Awareness

Interest and interaction with print; pretending to read

Print Motivation

Interest in and enjoyment of printed materials

Semantic Understanding

Involves understanding the morphology or meaning of words: vocabulary

Phonological Awareness

Is defined as a broad understanding of the sound of language and occurs as children begin to hear speech sounds and play with them

Pragmatics

Is defined as understanding the social and cultural use of language

Reading process

Phonemic Awareness, Fluency, Phonics, Vocabulary, Test Comprehension

Components of Oral language

Phonological awareness, Semantic understanding, Syntactic understanding, and Pragmatics

Emergent Literacy

Print motivation, Print Awareness, Oral Language, Narrative Skills, Letter Knowledge, Phonological Awareness

Phonological Awareness

The ability to hear and identify individual sounds in spoken words

Morphemic

They develop an understanding of patterns they see in words (Helps readers recognize words more quickly)

Phonemic awareness

is the understanding that the sounds of spoken language work together to make words. It does not involve written letters.

Protolinguistic

this phase includes baby noises, physical movements, and interactions with others.

Reader's Theater

this technique is highly motivational for improving prosody for students who read accurately and at a comfortable rate. Students practice repeated reading of a text as they prepare to present it like a dramatic script. No props or staging is used.

Encode

to change a message into symbols

Decode

to change communication signals into messages

Consonant digraph

two consonants appearing together that represent one phoneme (sound) - ch, sh.

Free write

A writing exercise used for brainstorming and to develop writing fluency. Students write non-stop for five to ten minutes, letting their ideas go without concern for revision or editing or controlling the words.

Anecdotal Record

A written record of a student's progress over time based on teacher observation with notes.

Accuracy

Ability to correctly read the words in the text

Criterion-Referenced Assessment

Achievement

Hyperbole

An exaggerated statement

Hyperbole

An exaggeration used to emphasize a point. Ex: I am so hungry I could eat a horse

Phonic

Application of alphabetical principle; using letter/sound relationships

A media specialist selected mostly award winning classified literature for the media center. This selection process was

Appropriate because the selection represents the best writing models

Anecdotal Records

Are forms of informal assessment based on observation. They include notes about behavior.

What transition words should a student use when writing about cause and effect?

Because, consequently, therefore, as a result of, etc.

Chunking

Breaking down words for the purpose of decoding

Structural analysis

Breaking words apart into smaller units to decode (e.g., dis/cover/y).

A first grade teacher would use a Dr. Seuss book to ask students to listen for specific kinds of words and then record these on the board. What will this activity best reinforce?

Building rhyming word families since many of the Dr. Seuss books build on rhyming words

Accuracy

Can decode words in a text

Norm-Referenced Assessment

Comparative

In a literary genre, a conflict between two forces, is called a

Conflict

Poetry

Contains short lines, imagery, and elements of sound, such as rhythm and rhyme.

Synthetic Phonics

Converting letters into sounds and bel ending the sounds to form recognizable words

The Florida Comprehensive Assessment test (FCAT) is a

Criterion-reference test

2 Types Of Formative Assessments

Criterion-referenced or Performance-based/authentic. * Not normed exams

A teacher is helping his student locate, who, what when and why in reading. This activity will help student develop which of the following reading skills?

Critical reading skills

Criterion-referenced tests

Designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or learning standards

Morphemic Awareness

Dividing words into units of meaning. Example: prefix, root, and suffix

Evaluation

Drawing conclusion based on judgement.based a upon opinion.

Paired/Buddy reading

Each takes turn reading

A child writing letters and nonsense words is evidence of

Emergent writing

E-mail

Epals aid teachers in setting up electronic correspondence with other classrooms.

Narrative Nonfiction

Factual information presented in a format which tells a story; may be personal

Which genre of literature describes deeds of heroes or heroine who are swift, moving rate, magic and with happy endings

Fairy tales

Horror

Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader.

Graphophonemic Cuing System

Focuses on various visual cues & knowledge about the relationship between sounds & symbols. "Does this look right?" Hint: "graphic"

Graphophonemic

Focuses on various visual cues and knowledge about the relationship between sounds and symbols. Phonological awareness is important. "Does that look right?"

Diagnostic Assessment

For Planning

Morphemic

Form of spelling knowledge that focuses on the meaning of words in its smallest form (morphemes) and how they change when making compound words or using suffixes and prefixes

Base or Root

Form the essential meaning of words and generally have Greek or Latin origins.

What would be most important in classroom assessment?

Formative and Summative

Letter formation

Four basic strokes: circles, horizontal lines, vertical lines, slant lines

Fiction in Verse

Full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is presented in (usually blank) verse form.

Personification

Giving human qualities to a thing or abstraction

Using the letter/sound connections is an example of what type of cueing system?

Graphophonemic

Instructional Strategies: A classroom rich in print

Having words from a familiar rhyme or poem using highlighters or sticky tabs to locate upper and lower case letters there should be plenty of books in a classroom for children to read on their own or in small groups

1.11

Identify emergent literacy

At the beginning of the year, the teacher wanted to determine her students' independent and instructional reading levels. Which assessment instrument is most appropriate?

Informal Reading Inventory.

Running Records

Informal assessments that enable the teacher to observe, score & interpret a student's reading behaviors. Observations include: errors, self corrections, meaning, structure, visual

At the beginning of the year a teacher wanted to determine her student independent and instructional levels. Which assessment instrument is most appropriate?

Informal reading Inventory

Nonfiction

Information text dealing with an actual event

Nonfiction

Informational text about real people, places, events, and things

Nonfiction

Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject.

Progress Monitoring

Instrument used throughout the year to show gains in reading achievement and to provide information to the teacher that will help guide instruction

Expository

Intended to explain or describe something.

Educational Technology

Interactive White Boards, Computer Software

Surveys

Interest and attitude surveys can be used to gauge attitudes about reading and identify topics of interest to the students

Motivation

Interest in reading

When are students taught to write in cursive?

Intermediate Grades

When are students taught to write cursive?

Intermediate grades

Running record

Interprets students reading behaviors

Graphophonic

Involve the letter-sound or sound-symbol relationships of language

Analyzing a Running Record

Involves observing how the child uses the meaning (M), structural (S), and visual (V) cues to help her read. Pay attention to fluency, intonation, and phrasing. When child makes an error while reading, record sources of info used by child in 2nd column circling M, S, or V.

Syntactic Understanding

Involves the rules for using words in sentence: grammar

Author's Word Choice

Is an important part of vocabulary development

What are small groups that are provided a task to become experts on the topics and later share their knowledge with the whole class?

Jigsaw

Computer Software

Kidspiration offer students opportunity to create own graphic organizers (charts, timelines, webs) PhotoStory, Windows MovieMaker, iMovie students can create digital stories to share their

Graphophonemic

Know letter/sound connection

Full-Alphabetic

Know sounds, letters, can sound out some words

Figurative Language

Language that utilizes figures of speech, especially metaphors

Embedding Phonics

Learning phonics in the context of connected text rather than in isolation. Note: This method is neither explicit nor systematic and should be used in combination with other methods.

Mythology

Legend or traditional narrative often based in part on historical events that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods.

Penmanship

Legibility, letter formation, spacing

What writing format is used when writing a friend or relative?

Letter

What would an elementary teacher be assessing when they require students to identify select letters on a newspaper?

Letter Identification

Partial-Alphabetic

Letter cues added to context clues

Graphophonemic

Letter/sound recognition

Aesthetic Listening

Listening that is performed for enjoyment and pleasure

Efferent listening

Listening to learn new information

Miss Bankraft wants her students to write an essay that would cause them to consider ways that they have acquired and currently use language. What kind of piece would be most effective for this purpose?

Literacy Autobiography

Critical Thinking Strategies

Making Connections, Making Predictions, Questioning, Summarizing

Making inferences

Making an inferences is often referred to as "reading between the lines" or deriving meaning from the implied or underlying theme/point of the text

Expository reading in the fourth grade classroom often requires students to use what strategies to promote their success as they are reading content information?

Mapping

Semantic Mapping

Maps that can visually display a word or phrase and a set of related words

These words cannot be divided into smaller parts: dog, run, fox, jump. What best describes words that cannot be divided into smaller part?

Morphemes

Summative Assessments

Most are formal standardized assessments and norm-referenced. They take place at the end of a unit or grade to determine if instructional goals and learning outcomes were met. Results are reported as standard scores such as percentile rankings.

A school district wants to assess reading achievement of students entering the 5th grade. The district wants to screen students who have major difficulties in reading as well as assessing the reading growth of the students. The most effective means of assessment is

Norm referenced test

Anecdotal records

Notes recorded by the teacher concerning an area of interest in or concern about a particular student.

Rate

Number of words per minute

Prefixes

Occur at the beginning of a word and changes the meaning of the base.

Suffixes

Occur at the end of a word and changes the word's part of speech.

Self-Correction

Occurs when a child realizes his error & corrects it

Main Idea: Topic

Of a paragraph or story is what the paragraph or story is about.

Summarize

Often included in a retelling of the selection. Think-Pair-Share techniques to discuss summary with partner.

Structure

Often referred to as syntax. It helps the reader to know whether what he reads sounds corrects

Fluency Checks

Often timed, measures accuracy and speed

Research in the area of fluency instruction indicates repeated and monitored _________ reading improves reading fluency.

Oral

Emergent literacy

Oral language development, phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge, concepts of print

Mr. Howard works with a big red book in his kindergarten class, he reads the title and the authors name, emphasizing and explaining the words title and author to stress

Parts of a book

Self-monitoring

Pausing periodically to reflect & think about the information presented in the text

Students in Mrs. Smith's fourth grade classroom are being taught how, in original texts, to use appropriate writing conventions that will enhance the communication of their writing. What includes ways to do this?

Penmanship, capitalization, and punctuation

Norm-reference test

Percentile rank to other studebts

A teacher read numerous word plat book to and with her students. This activity primarily promote the development of

Phonological awareness

What are some elements of narrative text?

Plot, setting and characters

Climax

Point of highest dramatic interest or the turning point in a story

Some 2nd grade students write short, simple sentences. The teacher wants the students to write more interesting and complex sentences. Which activity would be most effective in meeting the teacher's goal?

Practicing sentence combining, expanding, and substitution

Phases of word recognition

Pre, partial, full alphabetic, graphophonemic, morphemic

Methods for Assessing Student Progress

Pretests, Informal Reading Inventories - IRI, Fluency Check, Story retelling, Portfolios, Running records, Anecdotal Records, and Rubrics

is anything you do before you write a draft of your document. It includes thinking, taking notes, talking to others, brainstorming, outlining, and gathering information (e.g., interviewing people, researching in the library, or assessing data).

Prewritting

What is not a technique of prewriting?

Proofreading

Editing

Proofreading the draft for misspelled words, grammatical & mechanical errors. Focus is on mechanics.

Nonfiction

Prose writing that is based on facts, real events, and real people, such as biography or history

Strategic integrations

Providing access to literacy material in classroom writing center and libraries.

Speech

Public address or discourse

Podcasts

Published audio recordings

Third graders have listened to the teacher read the humorous patterned book, Just For You. They each have written an original sentence patterned after the book. The teacher intends to collect their work in a book to be loaned out to the media center. The children are now in the process of illustrating their own sentences. For which of the following are the children preparing?

Publishing

Context Clues

Punctuation, Definition, Comparison, Contrast, and Example

Context clues - Types

Punctuation, definition, comparison, contrast, example

Historical Fiction

Realistic stores of the past

Efferent Listening

Refers to listening to learn new information

Rubrics

Retelling rubrics can be used to identify what important literary elements students are incorporating into their retelling

Syntax

Rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in a language

Metaphor

Saying a chair had legs °

Syntax

Sentence structure

Publishing

Sharing a final product

Portfolios

Shows Progress

Her stare was as cold as ice!

Simile

Summarizing

Simply & concisely paraphrasing what has been read

Phoneme

Specific sound

Talking to the text

Strategy known as "a think aloud"

Story retelling

Students are asked to retell a story as a measure of listening comprehension. Story retelling uses that principle with stories.

Learning logs

Students record what they are learning.

Teaching Comprehension :question generating

Students should be taught to constantly question text as they read.

Multiple strategy instruction: Transactional Strategy instruction

TSI helps students link their prior knowledge to a text through discussion and involves constructing meaning through group collaboration rather than individual interpretation.

A class is finishing its writing products. What is an appropriate instructional strategy to teach students to revise their work?

Teach students to use a rubric to help them consider focus, organization, word choice, and supporting details

Think aloud

Teacher or student shares process of thinking, with attention to all possible details of subject. Elaboration and details are encouraged.

Norm Referenced Tests

Tests used to classify student learners into a ranking category for homogenous groupings based on ability levels or basic skills

Teaching Comprehension : Text Structure

Text Structure gives readers important clues on what to look for.

Knowledge of story structure: Mood

The atmosphere or attitude the writer conveys through descriptive language

Performance Based Assessment

(Authentic Assessment) incorporates real-life applications of what has been taught.

Alphabetic principle

(Graphphonemic awareness) it describes the understanding that written words are composed of patterns of letters that represent the sounds of spoken word.

Oxymoron

- A conflicting phrase that often includes opposites, but is true (He is the dumbest genius I know)

Simple chunking

1 separating the prefix and/or the suffix. 2 Separating compound word parts. 3 Looking for the v/cv or vc/cv pattern.

The FCAT writing test is graded on a scale of

1-6

Big 5 critical areas of reading instruction are as follows:

1. phonemic awareness 2. phonics 3. fluency 4. comprehension 5. vocabulary

Haiku

5-7-5

Metaphor

A comparison of two different things suggesting a similarity between them

Ode

A lyrical and expressive poem

Carousel

A questioning strategy used to generate ideas in response to different questions. Working in cooperative groups, each group is given a question. The group then generates responses in their groups. Students rotate from group to group, adding new responses after reading the existing ones from other groups. All ideas are shared at the end of the rotation.

think alouds

" talking to the text" involves the teacher modeling her thoughts aloud while reading text

Wiki sites

"Mini web page" Pb works and Wiki. Students combine text, graphics, animation, and hyperlinks to share knowledge.

Emergent reader

"Pretend" reading books with pictures

Inference

"Reading between the lines." Often includes merging what is already known about topic to new information presented.

Subject verb agreement

"Was playing" "were able" "has missed"

inference

"reading between the lines" or making meaning from the implied or underlying theme/point of the text

When a teacher performs a think aloud, he is essentially

"talking to the text" during the reading.

Think alouds

"talking to the text." Involves teacher modeling her thoughts aloud while reading text to students. Vocabulary often incorporated to pre-teach new words and meanings. Then practiced by students and partners.

words per minute formula

# of words X 60 divided by # of seconds

Chunking

(A) This is a strategy where the reader combines items into meaningful units such as letters into words or words into phrases. (B) A strategy taught to students in which they separate words into smaller parts so that it is more easily read. (e.g., accordion, insignia)

Fluency Checks

(Usually 1 min. timed readings) focus on accuracy, rate, and prosody; student's wpm or wcorrectpm are calculated.

Graphic organizers

(cause and effect, venn diagrams, double entry journals, timelines) can be used to further explore content

Running Records

- A teacher can also use running records to assess a child's reading level. The teacher chooses a book that is close the developmental level of that child, and instructs the child to read aloud. As the students read, the teacher must record each miscue and self-correction. The teacher then uses a specific scoring system to analyze the results

Informal Reading Inventories

- Individual tests that generally include lists of words or sentences and leveled reading passages with questions. Student's independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels recorded to determine too easy, difficult enough to warrant instruction yet avoid frustration, or too difficult.

Meaning (M)

- Part of semantic cueing system in which child takes her cue to make sense of text by thinking about the story background, info from pics, or meaning of sentence. These cues assist in the reading.

Workshop

- begins with teacher demonstration, guided practice, independent practice, sharing.

Penmanship

- the quality or style of one's handwriting is a developmental process. Traditional or D'Nealian (modern incorporates more strokes).

Mediated scaffolding

...

phonemes are represented with a letter and slashes

/b/

6 Instructional Components

1 Oral Language 2 Phonemic Awareness 3 Phonics 4 Fluency 5 Vocabulary 6 Comprehension

4 Forms of Assessments to Guide Instruction

1 Screening to identify need for additional instruction. 2 Progress Monitoring to assure adequate progress 3. Diagnosis to determine their specific instructional needs 4 Outcome measures to guide instruction

digraph

1. A pair of letters representing a single speech sound, such as the ph in pheasant or the ea in beat. 2. A single character consisting of two letters run together and representing a single sound, such as Old English æ.

What concrete examples should teachers look for to show that students have a concrete understanding that print carries meaning(5 basic behaviors)

1. Do students know how to hold the book? 2. Can students match speech to print 3. Do students know the difference between letters and words 4. Do students know that print conveys meaning 5. Can students track print from left to right

Comprehension strategies - eight of them

1. Predicting - what will happen. 2.Connecting -relate the texts to their own life. 3.Visualizing - create mental images of what is being read. 4. Questioning- answering questions they or the teacher will ask.5. Identifying - recognize major points, like plot, topic and theme. 6.Summarizing -restate key points 7.Monitoring - teacher and student check to make sure they know what they are reading.8. Evaluating - requires to think about it

The writing process:

1. Prewriting 2. Drafting 3. Revising 4. Editing 5. Publishing

Blooms Taxonomy

1. Remembering- who, what, where 2. Understanding - comprehending 3. Applying - can use in situations 4. Analyzing - breakdown parts 5. Evaluating-asking why & making judgements or decisions 6. Creating - putting info into new ways each level depends on the one below it

writing process

1. pre-writing - collection info 2. drafting - begin to compose 3. revising - polish & improve composition 4 editing - correct writing 5 publishing - publish

components - 6 - of emergent literacy

1. print motivation - interest in and enjoyment of printed materials 2. print awareness - interest and interaction with print, pretend to read 3. listening and oral vocabularies - words understood when heard, words used in speech

orthography

1. writing words with the proper letters, according to accepted usage; correct spelling. 2. the part of language study concerned with letters and spelling.

Error Rate Formula: Total words ---------------- = error rate Total errors

1:20

Self Correction Formula: errors + self correction -------------------------- = self-correction rate self-correction

1:3

haiku

3 lines

cueing system

3 main systems; semantic, syntactic, & graphophonemic.

How would a teacher arrange desks for cooperative learning experience?

4 Desks

Letter formation

4 basis strokes: circles, horizontal/vertical/slant lines

components of emergent literacy continued

4. narrative skills - ability to retell stories or describe events 5. letter knowledge - understand letter names and shapes6. phonological awareness - ability to understand the sound of language and manipulate or play with speech sounds

limerick

5 humorous

Florida Formula for Reading Success

6+4+ii+iii= No Child Left Behind

IRI's Accuracy Fluency Rate Formula: ( total words read - total errors) ----------------------------- x 100 Accuracy rate total words read

89% and under is frustration levels

Consonant blend

:-two or more consonants appearing together in a word with each retaining its sound - st, bl, br, str.

Phonogram

:another term for rime or word family.

Emergent literacy

A child's speech and language development it begins at birth and continues to preschool age.

Morphemes

A combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing and cannot be divided into smaller parts

Organizational Format

A combination of whole group lessons and small group discussions provides many speaking opportunities. Literacy centers or stations, literature circles.

Internet

A communication system that connects computers & their networks all over the world

Metaphor

A comparison of two distinctly different things suggesting a similarity. Ex: Broken heart - Your heart is not literally broken into pieces; you just feel hurt and sad. Ex: Time is a thief - Time isn't really stealing anything, this metaphor just indicates that time passes quickly and our lives pass us by.

Simile

A comparison using like or as

Simile-

A comparison using like or as (He is a fat as an elephant.)

Simile

A comparison using like or as. Ex: cute as a kitten. Ex: as blind as a bat. Ex: Her eyes twinkle like the stars.

Oxymoron

A contradiction in terms deliberately employed for effect. It is usually seen in qualifying adjective whose meaning is contrary to that of noun it modifies, such as "wise folly"

Author's chair

A designated place where student authors come to read their work to others.

Analogy

A detailed and sometimes lengthy comparison of two ideas. Ex: He is like a rock. This means he is strong.

Biography

A detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death, but also portrays a subject's experience of these life events

A simile is

A direct comparison between two things

Primary Sources

A document or piece of work that was written, recorded or created during a particular time period. Examples: photos, speeches, interviews, diaries, videos, audio

Primary sources

A document or piece of work that was written, recorded, or created during a particular time period: photographs, speeches, interviews...

Personification

A figure of speech where human qualities are given to animals, objects or ideas. (The run down house appeared depressed)

Metaphor

A figure of speech where something is described as though it were something else. (He showered her with gifts)

Limerick

A five line poetic form that is humorous and utilizes an AABBA rhyme scheme

Vocabulary map

A graphic organizer that helps students develop elaborate definitions of words, expand meanings, and discover relationships between words.

Main idea: Paragraph

A group of sentences about one main idea

Problem solution chart

A guide that helps students to think, write, and discuss issues. Problems are listed on the left side, effects in the middle, and solutions on the right.

Idea book

A journal or notebook where a student will record his/her ideas, plans, designs, revisions, problems, solutions, or questions.

Epistle

A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution, but due to the fame of the sender and or recipient becomes public.

Poetry

A literary genre that is pleasant to the ear and contains short text that aids phonological awareness skills in young learners.

Bathos

A ludicrous attempt to portray pathos, that is evoke pity, sympathy , or sorrow.

Analogy

A more complex comparison of two ideas or situations that does not use "like" or "as" (I named the cat Snowball because it was white. It reminded me of how light and white snow is.)

Haiku

A poetic form that includes three lines with 5-7-5 syllables in each line

Anticipation guide

A prediction strategy used for before reading. The teacher provides a series of statements, some true, some false, from what will be read. Students discuss these prior to reading.

Cloze procedure

A procedure where some words are left out of sentences (usually every 5th or 7th word) and the student fills in the missing word. It can be oral or written.

QAR's

A questioning scheme developed by Raphael called Question-Answer Relationships. This strategy is especially helpful as students learn to infer. Students learn to identify different types of questions and to know that they require different kinds of work to answer the questions. Questions include Right-there questions and Think-and-search questions. First students identify the type of questions when asked by the teacher, and then they are asked to create their own types of questions.

Running record

A quick individual assessment of oral reading fluency. Teacher codes each word read.

Tableau

A reading strategy used to increase comprehension by connecting to the emotions of the characters. Students read a portion of text, freeze, then discuss what the characters are feeling at that specific moment in the story.

Allusion

A reference to a famous person or event

Allusion-

A reference to a famous person or event in life of literature

Schema

A representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model

Climax

A series of events that become more intense the peak of a story

Rubric

A set of scoring guidelines or criteria for evaluating student work. Often provide specific guidelines regarding teacher expectations.

Essay . .

A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point

Essay

A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.

Literature Circles

A small, temporary, heterogeneous group of students that gather together to discuss a book of their choice with the goal of enhancing comprehension

Base word

A stand alone light if unit , which cannot be deconstructed or broken down into smaller words. For example in the word ( retell) the base word is (tell)

Criterion referenced Assessment

A standardized test that assess the level of mastery of specific knowledge and skills.

Norm referenced Assessment

A standardized test that focuses on a comparison of a student's score to the average of a norm group.

Paradox

A statement that presents two opposite ideas but still yields truth. (Ex. Bad things happen to good people.)

Allegory

A story in verse or prose with characters representing virtues and vices.

Allegory

A story that explains of teaches something

Allegory

A story that explains or teaches something (The three little pigs teach about hard work)

What is a tall tale?

A story with unbelievable elements, related as if it were true and factual.

Echo reading

A strategy to increase fluency, teach sight words, or improve phrasing and expression in which a skilled reader reads a text, a sentence, a paragraph, one line at a time as the learner tracks the words. The learner then echoes or imitates the skilled reader.

Morphemic Analysis

A strategy used to determine or infer the meanings of words by examining their meaningful parts, root word.

Jigsaw

A strategy where text is divided among individual or paired readers. Each person or pair then reports the information learned from their section to the rest of the group.

Rate

A student whose reading rate is slow, or halting and inconsistent, exhibits a lack of reading fluency.

Attribute or retrieval chart

A table in which there is a list of items on the left side and various characteristics across the top. Items are matched with characteristics in a grid.

Miscue Analysis

A technique for recording and analyzing students' oral reading errors. Ask comprehension questions or students retell what they read.

Fiction

A term used to classify any story created by the imagination, rather than based strictly on history or fact

Cloze Test

A test of reading ability that requires a person to fill in missing words in a text.

Paradox

A true statement that presents two opposite ideas

Two-word summary

A two-word description that summarizes text. Objective is to succinctly capture meaning in two words.

Sarcasm-

A type of humor that is intended to poke fun and be cutting (Well, aren't you just the nicest person...)- when the person is really mean!

Word wall

A visual strategy of arranging words on walls for vocabulary development, language development, use as a thesaurus, and spell check.

Imagery

A visually descriptive or figurative language

Root word

A word from which another word is developed; the second word has its root in the first.

Metonym

A word substitution

Cubing

A writing strategy that prompts students to free write about a given subject or object from six different perspectives. Students are seated in small groups, and each group has a cube with a different verb written on each face: describe, compare, associate, analyze, apply, and argue for or against. The teacher presents a specific idea or object as the focus and directs the groups to position the cube so that DESCRIBE is on top. All students then free write for a few minutes to describe the object. When the time is up, students read what they have written to each other. The same steps are followed for each perspective.

In her short story, a 6th grade student included the following line "The lake was left shivering by the touch of the wind" this is an example of: A. Imagery B. Personification C. Alliteration D. Allegory

A. Imagery

Ellen, a 7th grader, has been diagnosed with a serious illness and will be out of school for several months. Ellen's parents have asked her teacher to send her worksheets home in electronic form. All but which of the following could be used to send electronic copies of paper worksheets?

A. copy machine

Components of Reading Fluency

AARP; accuracy, automacity, rate, prosody

Visual Media

AKA: Non-print Media, Anything that is not printed: TV, Video, Radio, etc.

Media Literacy

Ability of a student to interpret media messages

Accuracy

Ability to correctly read the words in a text

Phonemic Awareness

Ability to hear & manipulate the sounds of spoken language. Includes noticing rhyme & recognizing seperate, small sounds in words (phonemes)

Phonemic Awareness

Ability to hear and manipulate the sounds of spoken language. Includes noticing rhyme and recognizing the separate, small sounds in words (phonemes).

Phonological Awareness

Ability to identify and manipulate large parts of spoken language.

Automaticity

Ability to instantly recognize a large bank of words and quickly decode unfamiliar words

Automaticy

Ability to instantly recognize a large bank of words and to quickly decode unfamiliar words

Automaticity

Ability to instantly recognize a large bank of words to quickly decode unfamiliar words.

Automaticity

Ability to instantly recognize a large bank or words to quickly decode unfamiliar words

Fluency

Ability to read quickly, accurately and with proper expression

Fluency

Ability to read quickly, accurately, and with proper expression.

Prosody

Ability to read with appropriate rhythm and expression

Prosody

Ability to read with appropriate rhythm, intonation and expression

Prosody

Ability to read with appropriate rhythm, intonation, and expression

Prosody

Ability to read with appropriate rhythm, intonation, and expression.

Phonemic awareness

Ability to recognize sounds, syllables, phonemes that make up a word

Phonological awareness

Ability to recognize words/sentences are made up of multiple sounds, letters, syllable

Comprehension

Ability to understand what one has read. Includes recognizing main idea of article or able to compare and contrast different characters.

Components of Reading Fluency

Accuracy, Automaticity, Rate, Prosody

4 Components of fluency

Accuracy, automaticity, rate, and prosody

Fluency

Accuracy, rate, prosody, automaticity.

Prewriting

Activating prior knowledge, gathering and organizing ideas; may include brainstorming a list of ideas and researching / reading about a topic; deciding upon intended audience.

Folktale/fairytale

Adventures of humans/animals with supernatural characteistics.

Which technique would be the most effective in developing students' literary appreciation through recreational reading?

Allow students time to discuss their favorite books

Literacy centers/stations

Allow students time to practice and apply what they are learning. Ex: poetry, listening, word work, writing, spelling, comprehension, literature response, vocabulary, art, independent reading.

Drama

Allow students to role play, storytell, and share reader's theater scripts.

Word Analysis

Also called phonics or decoding is the process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns. Word recognition is the process of automatically determining the pronunciation and, to some degree, the meaning of an unknown word.

Performance-Based Assesment

Also know as authentic assessment- incorporates real life applications of what has been taught.

Visual Media

Also known as print media. Examples: video, t.v., radio

Autobiography

An account of a person's life written by that person

Choose the sentence that contains no errors.

An effective way to teach a large group of students in grades three, four, and five is through the use of flexible groups.

Hyperbole

An exaggerated statement that should not be taken literally

Hyperbole

An exaggerated statement that should not be taken literally (Ex. She must have weighed 10,000 pounds.)

Hyperbole

An exaggeration used to emphasize a point

Idiom

An expression that is peculiar and cannot be understood by the literal meaning of its elements. (My heart's beating out of my chest).

Allusion

An implied reference to a person event thing or part of another text

Ballad

An in media's res story, told or song usually in verse and accompanied by music.

Guided reading

An instructional strategy in which the teacher and a group of children, or sometimes an individual child, talk and think and question their way through a book of which they each have a copy. The teacher shows the children what questions to ask of themselves as readers, and the author through the text, so that each child can discover the author's meaning on the first reading.

Shared Reading

An interactive reading experience that occurs when students join or share the reading of a book or other text while guided and supported by a teacher.

Intrinsic Motivation

An internal source of motivation associated with activities that are rewarding in themselves.

Grapheme

An uppercase or lowercase letter.

Analytic Phonics

Analyzing letter-sound relationships in previously learned words rather than pronouncing sounds in isolation

What are short, concise written observations made while students work?

Anecdotes

Fable

Animals that act like humans are featured in these stories which usually reveals things and teach lessons.

Visual media

Anything not literally printed

o Visual Media

Anything not printed: television, video, some radio broadcasts.

Printed Material

Anything with printed text: books, magazines, journals, etc

o Printed material

Anything with printed text: books, magazines, journals...

Performance-based/authentic

Application and demonstration of skill beyond traditional testing through completion of a complex task, such as a longer writing assignment, science project, speech, presentation, or performance.

Prosody

Appropriate use of phrasing and expression

Fluency Check

Are administered individually to assess oral reading in terms of accuracy, rate , and prosody. WPM = # words x60/number of seconds WCPM = # of words- number of errors (X-E)x 60/ number of seconds WCPM targets are estimates for fluency development

Portfolio

Are collections of student work over a period of time. They often provide a more balanced view of student performance because are based on various artifacts. They can exemplify student progress.

Syntax

Arrangement and relationship of words in sentences or sentence structure Teachers ask "Does that sound correct?"

Mr. Jones notices that Jerry, a 4th grader, has difficulty following written directions. Which strategy would be the most appropriate to assist Jerry?

Ask Jerry questions that focus on the unique characteristics of directions and provide information that facilitates comprehension.

Screening

Assess students at the beginning of year to identify the students' reading level and capabilities.

Criterion-referenced tests

Assess the point at which the student has achieved mastery. Ex: Fcat

Norm-Referenced Tests

Assessment instrument administered to students of various backgrounds to develop norm. Norms are the average scores of the populations. Used as comparison point for teachers' students.

Criterion-Referenced Tests

Assessment instrument that assess if student reached the point mastery. (FCAT)

Norm Referenced Testing

Assessment instruments administered to students of various socioeconomic backgrounds & geographical locations to develop.

Criterion Referenced Test

Assessment instruments that assess the point at which the student has achieved mastery. It enables educators in determining whether or not a student has med a predetermined goal. Example: FCAT

Formal Assessment

Assessment that includes intelligence tests, achievement tests (norm & criterion referenced) & diagnostic tests

Formative Assessment

Assessment that takes place both before and during the learning process.

Informal Assessment

Assessments include but are not limited to: cloze tests, running records, anecdotal notes, rubrics, portfolios, informal reading inventories

An effective method for developing spelling skills is to

Assign spelling textbook practice exercises.

Personification

Assigning human qualities to non living objects

Rubrics

Assignment Expectations

Cloze test

Assists students in the prediction and the use of context clues

The following writing example is which type of writing? "I grew up in a citrus grove in central Florida. One of my chores was to help pick the oranges."

Autobiography.

The students in Mrs. Perky's 1st grade classroom are practicing reading word cards. Which of the following skills is this designed to promote?

Automacity

Fluency in reading depends on

Automatic word which assists the student in achieving comprehension of the material.

Mrs. Thomas recently taught her fifth grade students a new math concept that they seemed to understand clearly. However, when she administered a unit test of the material, more than half of the students failed. Mr. Thomas's first reaction should be to:

B. analyze the test and the results to determine whether the assessment was well-designed and fairly administered

A study guide for a content test should be written in such a way that it ensures that the students

Become aware of the worker's organizational structure

Questioning and Visualizing

Before, during, and after, students should question the content to ascertain important concepts and organize newly learned info. Visualize while listening to enhance critical thinking skills and aid in deeper comprehension.

Which developmental writing does Amy exhibit when she writes a string of standard letters from the left to right on paper?

Beginning writing

Recognizing story structure

Beginning, middle, end with literary elements setting, characters, and plot. Teachers highlight and facilitate the analyzing of story structure through questioning techniques before, during, and after read aloud or shared reading.

Self-monitoring

Being aware of their thinking as they are reading. Students must pause periodically to reflect about info.

A selection in a 5th grade textbook about the first woman astronaut Sally Ride exemplifies the genre of

Biography

A selection in a 5th grade textbook about the first woman astronaut, Sally Ride, exemplifies the genre of

Biography

consonant blend

Blends are "voiced" combinations of two or three consonants. Following are examples: Fl, bl, sl, cl, pl, bl, gr, tr, br, cr, dr, pr, fr, wh, str, sw, sp, sc, sn, sm, sk

What instructional strategies would be a good way to introduce a variety of genres to a class in order to compare and contrast information about a subject?

Book clubs

Non-fiction

Books that present information

Nonfiction

Books that present information

Nonfiction

Books that present information.

Three stages of Word Recognition

Bottom up model, Top down model, and interactive model.

bound morpheme

Bound morphemes are meaning-bearing units of language, such as prefixes and suffixes, that are attached to unbound morphemes. They cannot stand alone.

What stage of the writing process could be enhanced by six-trait writing lessons?

Brainstorm, revision, editing

Chunking

Breaking a word into its parts. Dividing a word into syllables and sounding out smaller parts.

Chunking

Breaking down words or content into digestible bites

Phonemic Segmentation

Breaking words into separate phonemes. Example: How many sounds are in stop?

Syllabication

Breaking words into syllables

Mr. Ferris has asked his 8th grade language arts students to submit their 500-word book reports in Microsoft Word format electronically via email. In terms of assessment, the main advantage of this method is that:

C. Mr. ferris can use the change-tracking device in Microsoft Word to shoe the students how to improve their papers

Multiple strategy instruction : concept oriented reading instruction

CORI integrates comprehension strategies for which the national reading found firm scientific bases for effectiveness with inquiry science. Inquiry science includes hand on activities such observation of real 23rd phe omen and experimentation , designed support student understanding of scientific concepts.

Scoring a Running Record

Calculated rates along with qualitative info and child's comprehension determine child's reading level. See Notebook

Which is not a basic concept of print?

Captions

The study of acronyms would help students understand the meaning of which of the following words?

Care, Scuba, sonar, zip

Close Reading

Careful and purposeful rereading of text. Students focus on what the author had to say and what the author's purpose was.

Which strategy would be most useful for increasing a student's understanding of a main idea?

Categorize phrases in relation to a central idea

Which strategy will be most useful for increasing a students understanding of a main idea?

Categorizes phrases in the lesson to a central idea

Accommodations

Change how a student learns the material

Accommodations

Change how a student learns the material.

Inflectional Endings

Change the gender, number, tense, or form of a base or root word

Modifications

Changes that are made in the curriculum for students

Modifications

Changes that are made in the curriculum for students.

Partial-alphabetic

Characterizes kindergartners, first graders, and older disabled readers who have rudimentarly working knowledge of the alphabetic system but lack full knowledge, particularly vowel knowledge

Full-alphabetic

Characterizes students in first grade and beyond who have working knowledge of the major grapheme-phoneme units in English.

Graphophonemic

Characterizes students, usually in second grade and beyond, who possess working knowledge of the major graphophonic relations, who have used this knowledge to build a sizeable sight vocabulary, and who as a result have learned how to decode commonly recurring letter patterns as units. Their reading is faster and more fluent.

Ms. Allred is working with her middle school students to increase their reading levels through reading expository texts. As one of the pre-reading activities she has her students list out certain structures and characteristics of expository texts. What should not appear on the lists the students create about characteristics of expository texts?

Characters and setting

Concepts of Print

Checklist that identifies basic knowledge of print conventions and overall book structure (letter identification, word boundaries, book cover)

Concepts of print

Checklists that identifies basic knowledge of print conventions and overall book structure. (letter identification, word boundaries, book cover)

Criterion-referenced test

Checks for mastery

Full alphabetic

Children can read words in this stage

EARLY STAGE

Children in the early stage will understand the basic concepts of print. They are learning more sight words, and will begin to employ various problemsolving strategies while reading. The books children read at this stage should assist in building vocabulary, and contain more advanced language structures. At this stage, it is appropriate for the illustrations to be less leading and supportive of the tex

EMERGENT STAGE

Children in the emergent stage are just entering the world of reading and writing. Children at this stage are beginning to learn basic print concepts and simple reading strategies. They often engage in "pretend" reading. Children at this stage need books with text that possess repetition and predictability. The illustrations in these books should support the text, so that the child can follow the storyline

FLUENCY STAGE

Children in the fluency stage have mastered various reading strategies, and concepts of print. Books given to children in this stage should promote independent reading, aim at allowing the child to derive meaning through more complex stories, and encourage the child's enjoyment of reading.

Breaking down words for the purpose of decoding

Chunking

Prosody is related to word recognition and comprehension and includes:

Clarity, rate, emphasis, tempo, and intonation

Punctuation

Clues - Commas, parentheses, brackets, and dashes. Example: Cognitive (mental) processes include analysis and evaluation

Contrast

Clues - however; on the other hand, on the contrary, while, but, instead of, although, nevertheless, yet

Comparison

Clues - similarly, both, as well as, likewise. Example: Federal as well as state and local taxes must be paid on time.

Example

Clues - such as, like, for example, e.g, Examples: Graphic organizers, such as webs or fishbones help students organize ideas.

Definition

Clues - to, was, are, means, involves, seems, is, called, that, is, i.e, which, and resemble. Example:mPeer tutoring involves students helping each other learn.

Portfolios

Collect work samples over time to gain true insight to students' progression.

Phonemic Blending

Combining phonemes into a word. Example: What word is /c/ /a/ /t/?

Simile

Comparison of two unlike things or ideas using like or as

Simile

Comparison of two unlike things or ideas using like or as. (Good as gold)

Simile

Comparison using "like" or "as"

Mrs. Miller's 3rd grade class is writing paragraphs about reptiles. She has directed the class in brainstorming for ideas. The next step in the writing process is

Composing

A classroom teacher reads numerous word play books to and with her students. This activity primarily promotes the development of

Comprehension

A teacher asks an open-ended question in a fifth grade classroom about the literary piece the class just finished. The students are required to give their answer with support directly from the text. What is this used to assess?

Comprehension

In March, a 1st grade student is able to decode words in a primer but is struggling to master content knowledge in the class. He is having problems with which characteristic of emergent literature?

Comprehension

Directionality

Concept of print that refers to the left to right and top to bottom progression of text on the printed page.

A kindergarten teacher prefaces each reading to the class by pointing out the title, author, illustrator and title page. What skill is this teacher most likely developing with the students?

Concepts about books

Assessment Instruments Informal

Concepts of print, Checklists, Rubrics, games, surveys, portfolios

Pragmatics

Concerns the differences between the writers meaning and the literal meaning of the sentences based on social context.

Summarizing

Concurrently and after questioning, students should synthesize info and see relationships among key concepts.

The most thorough methods for students to research the life of a favorite author is to

Conduct an internet search

Text to Text

Connection implies that reader has made a connection from the reading of one book to another book with similar style, theme or topic.

Context

Consists of the surroundings of an unknown word and context often provides clues to the meaning of the word

Encode

Construct meaning from a code

To encode means that you

Construct meaning from a code

To encode:

Construct meaning from a code

Poetry

Contains short lines, imagery, and elements of sound, such as rhythm and rhyme

A 4th grade teacher has a group of ten students at the 3rd grade instructional reading level. The teacher has determined through observation during the past month that the students are using graphophonemic skills when attacking unknown words. In addition to using graphophonemic skills, what other word should be used to attack the word Pizzas in the sentence below? "Hamburgers, hotdogs, and pizzas were served at the party."

Contextual/Semantic

Decoding

Converting coded signals into understandable messages

Decoding

Converting coded signals into understandable messages. Phonic analysis, structural analysis, context clues are used to decode.

Print

Conveys meaning

In a 4th grade classroom, children of high, middle, and low ability are mixed together in 3-4 member groups. They are assigned tasks to be completed as a group while the teacher circulates as the groups help as requested. This grouping style is an example of

Cooperative groups

Cooperative learning

Cooperative learning occurs when a group of students work together with positive interdependence, individual accountability, processing, and interpersonal skills.

Author's purpose

Could be to explain, inform, persuade, or entertain.

To help her 6th grade students apply critical thinking skills, Mrs. Franklin wants her students to identify propaganda techniques. The most effective instructional practice would be to have students

Create a dictionary of biased or "loaded" words and phrases.

To help her 6th grade students apply critical thinking skills Mrs. Flores wants her students to identify propaganda techniques. The most effective instructional practice would be to have the students

Create a dictionary of biased or loaded words and phrases

Video Projects

Create digital stories or videos related to student learning share and expand knowledge. TeacherTube

Visualize

Create mental pictures in one's mind.

_____ Can be accomplished in a number of ways to meet the needs of students with diverse literacy experiences A. strategic integration B. conspicuous strategies C. language & conventions of print D. Mediated Scaffolding

D. Mediated Scaffolding

A middle school art teacher has taken his class to the school's media center so that the students can use the internet to research their favorite Renaissance artists. If students bookmark the websites that they find useful, which of the following statements is true?

D. the students can only use those bookmarks to return to the websites they've selected if they're using that particular computer

Automaticity

Decode with speed, know sight words

Emergent Literacy

Defined as the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to conventional forms of reading & writing

Criterion-referenced

Demonstrators mastery of learning objectives

selecting quality multicultural lit books

Depicts diversity but avoids stereotyping Explores cultural differences and similarities Provides accurate and positive portrayal of culture represented Language and setting must be consistent with culture

The mode of writing that includes many details and often uses adjectives and adverbs to evoke images in a reader's mind is called

Descriptive

The mode of writing that includes many details and often uses adjectives and verbs to evoke images in a readers mind is called

Descriptive

Which mode of writing is best characterized as using metaphor, similes, and details to create a picture?

Descriptive

Norm-referenced Tests

Designed to compare and rank test takers. Administered to students of various backgrounds and locations in order to develop norms. Ex: a student who scores in the seventieth percentile

Diagnostic Assessment

Designed to provide teachers with information about students' prior knowledge. Determine strengths and Weaknesses.

A fourth grade teacher could best instruct students on informational resources, such as the dictionary, thesaurus, and atlas by what method?

Designing a scavenger hunt in the library with students locating and using correctly the informational resources

Analogy

Detailed & sometimes lengthy comparison or 2 ideas or events

The students participated in reading their favorite selection into the tape recorder several times. The purpose of this activity was to

Determine reading rates

Informal reading inventory

Determines reading level using accuracy rate

Diagnostic assessment

Determines strengths and weaknesses

Informal Reading Inventories

Determines strengths and weaknesses

Developmental reading assessment

Determines students instructional level in reading

Main idea

Determining the essential message of a reading selection.

A student in the beginning stage of writing development will be most likely to

Develop sentence writing

Simile

Direct comparison between two things "red rose"

Simile

Direct comparison of two things

Jerry a bright 6th grade student did not read a short passage and subsequently could not answer the teacher's questions. Which corrective strategy would be most appropriate?

Direct him to read the key portion of the text silently

DRTA

Directed Reading-Thinking Activity - A strategy especially effective for nonfiction. The students identify problems or questions and predict answers. They adjust rate to appropriate level, read passage, and then check information against their predictions or hypotheses.

A 1st grade teacher is reading a book to her students. As she reads, she moves the pointer under the words. Which concept did she focus on?

Directionality

After his student read a detective story from a basal reader, Mr. Voran ask them to make a judgment about the guilt or innocent of the main character. What type of thinking is Mr. Voran promoting?

Divergent

What question might you ask to assist a student in using the semantic cueing system?

Does that make sense?

occurs when you put your ideas into sentences and paragraphs. Here you concentrate upon explaining and supporting your ideas fully. Here you also begin to connect your ideas. Regardless of how much thinking and planning you do, the process of putting your ideas in words changes them; often the very words you select evoke additional ideas or implications.

Drafting

Directions for characters is an example of element most frequently found in

Drama

Which strategy will help an emergent reader become aware of the concept of directionality?

During a shared reading section, the teacher points at each word, to its beginning as it is being read.

Emergent Literacy

During this stage of literacy, children are exposed to the structure or syntax of language & encouraged to predict what text is about

Effect vs affect

E=noun A=verb

Ms. Desmond's class has written a paragraph about some applications. She has asked that they re-read and check carefully for mechanical errors. Ms. Desmond is teaching her class to

Edit

Check for such things as grammar, mechanics, and spelling. The last thing you should do before printing your document is to spell-check it. Don't edit your writing until the other steps in the writing process are complete.

Editing

Children's literature genre came into its own in the _____ century

Eighteenth

If students want to correspond with their peers from another state on an assigned project on emergent technology, which method will be most expedient?

Electronic mail

Anticipation guide

Elicit students' prior knowledge of the topic and establish a purpose for reading

A child who uses "mock" letters when asked to write a sentence is in which stage of writing?

Emergent

Place the following Reading Stages in the correct order of reading ability from low to high:

Emergent, Early, Proficient, Fluent

3 developmental stages of reading

Emergent,early,fluent

Pun

Emphasizes a word that has two meanings, intending to be funny (You know, I get a real kick out of playing soccer)

Which of the following processes is the most effective method for helping students develop writing skills?

Encourage the students to begin by talking, brainstorming, and listing ideas

Which of the processes is the most effective method for helping students develop writing skills?

Encourage the students to begin by talking, brainstorming, and listing ideas

Mrs. Jackson has retrieved the following assessment data for Erika, one of her 6th grade students: FCAT Reading SSS- Scale Score 297 (high end of level 2) FCAT Reading NRT- 30th percentile

Erika is performing at levels that are well below her peers on both the FCAT SSS and FCAT NRT reading assessments.

During a geography lesson, the teacher says, "Imagine that you have just arrived in Paris. You have a ticket that you can use to travel from one country to another. You also have a map. Decide whether the map information is useful for what you want to do." Which comprehension skill is emphasized most?

Evaluative

Hyperbole

Exaggerated

Hyperbole

Exaggeration

Concepts of Print

Examples of letters, words, directionality, punctuation

Emergent literacy area of emerging evudence

Experience with print , letter recognition, strategies for reading

A 6th grade course guide requires students to revise all parts of writing process- prewriting, drafting, revising and editing. What will be the best approach at the beginning of the school year?

Explain all phases of the writing process, provide visual stimuli, and brainstorm ideas on the topic to be assigned

A kindergarten teacher asks students to say words sound by sound while moving blocks for each sound. What instructional method is the teacher using?

Explicit Systematic Instruction

The concept that reading depends on more than letter cues can be developed through the use of

Explicit graphophonemic analysis.

The concept of reading depends on more then letter cues can be developed through the use of

Explicit graphophonics analysis

In her writing tasks Mrs. Charles has asked her students to write a selection that will include characters, action relative to problem and solutions. This an example of what writing mode?

Expository

I-search reporting

Expository writing based on a question a student poses and then answers by researching information. Research may include interviews and observations as well as use of print and electronic sources. Usually written in first person, and conversational in tone and approach.

After finishing a cooperative group work, Mrs. Konnor asked her students to write an evaluation of their work. This type of writing is an example of

Expository.

Paraphrasing

Express the meaning of using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity

Past perfect tense

Expresses action or a condition that occurred as a precedent to some other past action or condition

Present perfect tense

Expresses action or condition that started in the past and is continued or completed in present

Future perfect tense

Expresses action that started in the past or the present and will conclude at some time in the future

Understatement

Expressing something in a way that is less strong than it should be (When Paul fell asleep while taking his exam, his teacher said, "It appeared that you might have been a little but sleepy.")

Prosody

Expression

The National Reading Panel identified five critical areas for success in reading. They

F is for fulency p is for Phonics p is for Phoneme Awareness r is reading comprehenhension v is for vocabulary

The local newspaper contains two articles on an editorial on the same subject. The two articles could be used in the language arts to teach

Facts and opinions

Fall is the best of the four seasons. The leaves change colors to create a beautiful display of golds, reds, and oranges. The air turns crisp and windy. The scent of pumpkin muffins and apple pies fills the air. Finally , Halloween marks the start of the holiday season. Fall is my favorite time of year.

Fall is the best of four seasons ( topic sentence) The leaves change colors to create a beautiful display of golds, reds, and oranges. (Detail) The air turns crisp and windy. ( detail) Fall is my favorite time of year, ( closing sentence)

The internet is a safe environment for students of all ages.

False

Humor

Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain; but can be contained in all genres.

Short Story

Fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots.

30 word per minute

First and second grade

Limerick

Five-line humorous poem

Limerick

Five-line humorous poem with AABBA rhyme scheme

Semantic

Focuses on any meaning

Fable

Folklore that includes a moral to the story or the teaching of a lesson

Which 6th grade activity represents a student-centered approach of responding to the Theodore Taylor novel, the sniper?

Following reading, students participate in teacher led discussion

Informal Reading Inventories - IRI

Given individually, provides specific information about a student's skills in terms of word recognition in isolation , oral reading, and fluency, silent reading, comprehension , and listening comprehension Because the test is administered individually the teacher gains qualitative information from miscue analysis as well as quantitative information about results

Pretests

Given to class of students before a lesson or unit, Pretests determine a student's starting point or baseline.

Personification

Giving abstract ideas or inanimate objects, traits that living things possess (The clock threw its hands around to noon)

Personification

Giving human qualities to a thing. Ex: The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky. Ex: The run down house appeared depressed.

Glog

Graphic blog

Teaching Comprehension: graphic organizer

Graphic organizer are visual representations of context within text. Venn diagram can be used to highlight the differences between two characters in a novel or two similar political concepts in a social studies textbooks.

Using letter/sound connection is an example of what type of cueing system?

Graphophonemic

Mr. Mixon develops a set of word cards emphasizing the at sound. Each of Mr. Mixon's word has the at sound that has different beginning. He asks the student to read each word. If a student cannot read a word then Mr. Mixon points out the letter difference and how it is pronounced. Mr. Mixon is asking the students to do what?

Graphophonemic Cues

A teacher would like to screen 1st-grade students for their knowledge of phonics. What assessment would be most appropriate?

Group administered invented spelling test

What is a cooperative learning activity?

Groups of 4

Checklists

HIgh frequency word checklists can be used as screening and progress monitoring tools to instantly assess what words students know

To best develop sentence-building and syntax skills, what would a second grade teacher would implement?

Have word banks to create sentences

Retelling

Helps students organize their thoughts into a logical sequence of beginning, middle, end. Focus on big ideas.

Checklists

High frequency word __________ can be used as screening and progress monitoring tools to assess what words students know instantly.

Sight words

High-frequency words in reading. Can also be words that are not phonetically regular

1.9

Higher order thinking / encouraging independent critical thinking

Text Structures

How books are organized

Phonics

How sounds are represented

Pun

Humorous play on words. (A horse is a very stable animal)

Tall Tale

Humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance.

Reading Levels for developing reading fluency

INDEPENDENT- 95% success - misses 1 word in 20 - Good choice for fluency practice INSTRUCTIONAL - 90% success - misses 1 word in 10 - Can be used with teacher's or another adult assistance FRUSTRATION - less than 90% - misses an average of more than 1 word in 10 - Should not be used for fluency work

1.8

Identify appropriate uses of multiple representation of information (chart, tables, graphs, pictures, print, and non print media) for a variety of purpose .graphic representation should be used only if they can convey information better than written text.

1.7

Identify essential comprehension skills

Syntactic Cuing System

Identify sentences that sound correct

Onset-Rime Phonics

Identifying the sound of the letter or letters before the first vowel - the onset - in one syllable words and the sound of the remaining part of the word - the rime

Text to world

Implies that reader has made a connection from the reading to a topic or event that is taking place in the world.

A classroom teacher uses repeated reading for the purpose of

Improving reading fluency

Oral Language Development

In order to enhance a student's oral language or verbal skills, students must be involved in the following on a regular basis: open-ended, discussions, read alouds, echo reading, songs, nursery rhymes, storytelling, readers theater, close activities, poetry, role play and drama.

Inflectional ending

In telling the inflectional ending is ing

Suffix

In the word comfortable able is the suffix.

Prefixes

In the word retell re is the prefix

Teaching Writing Conventions

Include mechanics such as spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and grammar. Taught by whole group through modeled, shared and interactive writing opportunities or to small groups and individuals during writing conferences. Apply knowledge during editing and publishing phases of writing process. Rubrics

Informal Reading Inventory

Include word lists and books to assess the children's reading abilities from pre-primer to eighth grade. Each book level has two or three selections. These selections are meant to assess the child in both their oral and silent reading comprehension. Therefore, one book is designated for each type of reading. The Informal Reading Inventory also allows the teacher to assess the child's listening comprehension, word recognition, and reading strategies

Phonological Awareness

Includes ability of a student to identify & manipulate large parts of spoken language & awareness of other aspects of sound in language. Examples: alliteration, intonation, rhyming.

Vocabulary

Includes all the words the reader can understand and use

Vocabulary

Includes all the words the reader can understand and use.

Pre Writing

Includes the following stages: activating prior knowledge, gathering/organzing ideas, brainstorming, researching

For 1st grade students, the best strategy to encourage vocabulary development through writing is to have students

Incorporate words from a list into their writing.

Cognitive Development

Increasing complexity of thought and reasoning.

What contributes to students' vocabulary development?

Independent Reading

Main idea: Topic Sentences

Indicates what a passage is about

Informal Reading Inventories

Individual tests that genetically include lists of words or sentences & leveled reading passages with accompanying questions. These are used to identify appropriate reading levels.

Mary is reading a book and is making judgments and decisions beyond what is stated in the text of the book. What method of comprehension is Mary using?

Inferential

A third grade teacher is checking for understanding for his students' skills in higher level thinking in comprehension. They have just finished reading two different versions of the same story so he wants the students to determine what points are different and what points are the same. Which level of comprehension is he checking?

Inferential comprehension

Response Logs

Informal assessment that documents students reading, viewing, & listening. Students record their thoughts/feelings as they read, watch or listen to text

Running Records

Informal assessments that enable the teacher to observe, score & interpret a student's reading behaviors. Observations include: errors, self corrections, meaning, structure, visual.

Running Records

Informal assessments that enable the teacher to observe, score, and interpret a student's reading behaviors. Observations include:

Types of reading assessments

Informal reading inventory, running records, story telling, anecdotal records

Propaganda

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

A first grade teacher might design a word wheel where only the beginning letter of the word changes when you spin the wheel. What does this activity best assess?

Initial Blends

ii

Initial instruction in All K - 3 Classrooms - Initial instruction in reading within classrooms should integrate the 6 components. Instruction should be differentiated according to students needs, print rich environment m

What is the most effective method for teachers of beginning 1st grade students who have had very little periods with prints to read?

Instruction in phonics

Methods for development of decoding skills

Instructional method: Phonics, Method of Phonics Instruction, Sight Words, and Chunking.

In a heterogeneous 3rd grade class, what information would be used most accurately for reading groups?

Instructional reading levels

In a heterogeneous 3rd grade class, what information would be used to most accurately for reading groups

Instructional reading levels

Students are working on several groups around the classroom after becoming familiar with the textbook Williams Staige. Some are constructing murals. Others are dramatizing the story. The rest of the students are constructing the story a large paper Marche model. Which grouping style is used in this situation?

Interest

Surveys

Interest and attitude ________ can be used to gauge attitudes about reading and identify topics of interests to students

The old man walked down the trail with difficulty. Being confined during the winter had caused his legs to grow stiff. Now he needed to be able to move quickly to escape his attackers. The hungry wolves were much too swift for him. The teacher asks, "What may have happened to the old man?" This question checks what type of comprehension

Interpretive

The old man walked down the trail with difficulty. Being confined during the winter has caused his legs to grow stiff. Now he needed to be able to move quickly to escape his attackers. The hungry wolves were much too swift for him. The teacher asks, "What may have happened to the old man?" This question checks what type of comprehension?

Interpretivie

Rubrics

Is a checklist to help writers identify writing objectives and a tool for grading or scoring writing according to the objective. It also allows the teacher to clearly set standards and then determine if students reach those. It also provides teachers with consistent format for assessing qualitative work to reach a quantitative score.

Visual

Is related to the "look" of the letter in a word and the word itself. Used by a reader when he studies the beginning sound, word length, word chunks, etc. Part of the graphophonemic cuing system.

Phonemes

Is represented as a letter within slashes. e.g.,/b/

Accuracy

Is the ability to both pronounce or sound out a word and also know www the meaning.

Knowledge of story structure: Plot

Is the series of events in a story.

Structural Anaysis

Is the understanding that words have parts that fit together and contribute to meaning.

Alphabetic principle or graphophonemic awareness

Is the understanding that written words are composed of letters ie..graphemes and that groups of letters represent the sounds of spoken words.

Haiku

Japanese type of poetry that is suited to elementary children because of its brevity. Brevity means quality of expressing much in a few words. Has 17 words in 3 lines . It has 5 words in first line, 7 in the second, and 5 in the third line.

A first grade has completed a unit on nature and science and syllabication in reading. When the class creates these words as interdisciplinary project, what type of writing is appropriate?

Journal

Reading fluency Accuracy

Keep running record of students during oral reading calculating the reading levels let you ifa book is at a level the child read independently or comfortably with guidance of if the book is at too high level which frustrates the child.

When students dictate stories reread their stories then practice the words on flash cards, the teacher is using

Language experience approach

As Mrs. Ivar's kindergarteners asked her to write their favorite books. She writes on chart paper each phrase or sentence the children dictate. She directs their attention to the beginning and ending of each line as she writes and then orally repeats the dictation to reinforce

Left - to - right sequencing

As Mrs. Ivar's kindergarteners asked her to write their favorite books. She writes on chart paper each phrase or sentence the children dictate. She directs their attention to the beginning and ending of each line as she writes and then orally repeats the dictation to reinforce

Left - to - right sequencing.

Mrs. Rivera's kindergarten class asked her to write their favorite poem. She writes each phrase or sentence the child dictates. She directs their attention to the beginning and ending of each line as she writes and then orderly repeats the dictation to reinforce

Left to right writing knowledge

Writing development has predictable stages. What best describes the stages of writing development?

Letter formation, word writing, sentence construction, spelling, punctuation, and grammatical expression

Partial Alphabetic

Letter is associated with sound at this stage

Students in the fifth grade typically have a mastery of the elements of the alphabetic principle. However, teachers need to have a clear understanding of this principle in order to be aware of any student's difficulties in this area. What are the elements of the alphabetic principle?

Letter names, graphophonemic knowledge, and the relationship of printed words to spoken language

What are the elements of the alphabetic principle?

Letter names, graphophonemic knowledge, and the relationship of printed words to spoken language

What is an example of nonfiction literature?

Letters, biographies, journals

Aesthetic listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Miss Bankraft wants her students to write an essay that would cause them to consider ways that they have acquired and currently use language. What kind of piece would be most effective for this purpose?

Literacy autobiography

Miss Bankraft wants her students to write an essay that would cause then to consider ways that they have acquired and currently use language. What kind of piece would be most effective foe this purpose?

Literacy autobiography

Personification

Literary device that assigns human characteristics to inanimate objects or abstract concepts

Conspires strategies

Locate front and back of books locate titles of books, look at pictures predict the story

Epic

Long poem usually of book length reflecting values inherent in the generative society.

To teach metacognitive skills, a fourth grade teacher will provide which strategy/activity during reading time?

Looking back (called "Look Backs") to verify facts and Reflective journal writing

Reading Comprehension

Main idea, supporting details and facts, author's purpose, fact and opinion, point of view, inference, visualize, conclusion

Phonemic Addition/Subtraction

Making a new word by adding or subtracting a phoneme. Example: What word is stop without /s/? And what word do you get if you add /s/ to the beginning of top?

Semantic Mapping

Maps that can visually display a word or phrase and a set of related words or concepts

A third grade independent reading program should consist of

Matching successful reading material with enjoyment level

A third grade independent reading program should consist of:

Matching successful reading material with enjoyment level

Semantic

Meaning of a word or sentence

It is very difficult for student to accommodate new information that conflicts the previous information of belief. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?

Metacognitive process

It flopped around like a fish out of water

Metaphor

60 words per minute

Mid third grade

Blending

Mixing sounds in words smoothly while reading

A 4th grade teacher wants her class to read with fluency in expression. To achieve the objective, she reads aloud every day. This type of instructional strategy is called

Modeling

onset & rime

Monosyllabic words can be split into two parts - the onset and the rime - each of which are smaller than syllables, but may be larger than phonemes. The onset is the initial consonant sound (b- in bag, sw- in swim), and the rime is the vowel and the rest of the syllable that follows (-ag in bag, -im in swim)

Repeated Reading

Most effective way to develop students reading fluency.

Online book clubs

Motivate students to discuss books they have been reading online with other students outside of classrooms

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation created by events or rewards outside the individual.

Fable

Narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale.

Fiction

Narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact.

Biography/Autobiography

Narrative of a person's life, a true story about a real person.

The State Academic Assessment exams are typically what kind of test?

Norm referenced

Self-Corrections (SC)

Occurs when a child realizes his error and corrects it. Previous substitution not scored as an error.

Automaticity

Occurs when a reader can identify words without conscious effort. Word recognition without thought.

Cloze Test

Offers the students the opportunity to predict and use context clues.

WEB

One acronym for independent silent reading, meaning Wonderfully Exciting Books. Students choose their own books that are read both at school and home for twenty minutes twice a day. Students keep a reading log of their daily reading with the title of the book and the pages read. Additionally, students meet in small groups and discuss the books that they have completed. The book sharing usually can be done during the independent reading time or the literacy block.

Strip story

One or more paragraphs have been rewritten as a list of sentences in mixed-up order. Students cut out the sentences and put them in the right order.

Analysis

One takes a whole and breaks it into piecee.

Synthesis

One takes different things and makes them one whole thing.

A primary source document is

One that was created during that time period

Malapropism

One word is replaced by another that is similar in sound but different in meaning.

Concept attainment/development

One-by-one the teacher presents examples and non-examples of a concept and then asks students to name the concept and define it based on the identified essential characteristics.

Formative Assessments

Ongoing and informal. Examples: quizzes, exit tickets, and eyed-back prompts

Oral language development

Open-ended, whole group , small group, one-on-one, discussions, read alouds, echo reading, songs, nursery rhymes, storytelling, readers theater, cloze activities, poetry, role-play, drama, fingerplays

The ______________ mode of writing aims to convince the reader.

Opinion/argument

One third of a 3rd grade class scored below the 50th percentile on the comprehension portion of the State's norm-referenced test. To obtain additional information to guide instruction, what assessment should the teacher administer next?

Oral Reading Fluency

To help students develop meanings for figurative language, a teacher should use which of the following strategies?

Paraphrasing

Which instructional methods will help students recognize the following words? Shred, flake, crumble, bake, broil, fried, stir, toss, fold, mixture, and blend

Paraphrasing

A teacher wants to enlist the assistance of her students' reading performance. The most effective way to involve the parents is to

Parent-child pair reading

Meaning

Part of the semantic cuing system in which a child takes her to cue to make sense or text by thinking about the story background, info from pictures, or meaning of a sentence

Children who use decoding and some analogies to read unfamiliar words demonstrate characteristics of which phase of word recognition?

Partial Alphabetic

Buddy Reading

Partner reading that includes students of different grade levels reading the same text together

Penmanship

Penmanship, letter formation, spacing, letter size and alignment, line quality,

What is an element of a writing rubric?

Performance Standards

Several collisions have occurred at a busy intersection near the neighborhood school. While no one has been seriously injured or killed, many students are worried that something worse could occur. They plan to ask the city council to install a stop light. The best form of written communication for the student to use would be

Persuasion

reading process - 5 critical skills - areas of reading development

Phonemic Awareness -- Fluency -- Phonics -Comprehension - Vocabulary

The Five Components of Reading

Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Fluency, Vocabulary, Comprehension

In 2000 the national reading panel released athe most critical areas of reading they are

Phonemic awareness, phonics, flency, comprehension, vocabulary

5 Components of Reading

Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension

Different types of Phonemic Awareness

Phonemic isolation, identification, categorization, addition/subtraction, blending, segmentation, and substitution

Which of the following stages of spelling development is primarily characterized by letter-sound correspondence?

Phonetic

Which approach would be most effective in teaching students to decode the following words: grump, whack, squall, blate?

Phonic Analysis

Which approach would be most effective in teaching students to decode the following words: grump, whack, squall, blate?

Phonic analysis

In a 1st grade classroom, 3 students are unable to blend sounds to help them decode unfamiliar words. Which should be used to teach the skill?

Phonics approach

Instructional method: Phonics

Phonics emphasizes the association between grapheme- written symbols and phoneme - speech sound

Aaron is a 1st grade student who has transferred to a new school. His new teacher has discovered that he is weak in letter and letter-sound recognition. To remedy this deficiency, one of the best pedagogical approaches would be

Phonics instruction.

Tad is a 3rd grade student working on a 2.5 instructional reading level. He enjoys reading but has difficulty in comprehension. He is having difficulties in pronouncing words. What would the first appropriate test foe the teacher to administer?

Phonics test

Word Identification Strategies for Decoding

Phonics, Analogical Word Reasoning, Syllabication, and Morphemic Awareness

Spelling

Phonics, sight words, word walls

A teacher asks her students, "Which two words rhyme: fat, rag, cat?" Which area of emergent literacy does this illustrate?

Phonological Awareness

A teacher asks her students, "Which two words rhyme: fat, rag, cat?" Which area of emergent literacy does this illustrate?

Phonological awareness

One of the best methods for improving the reader's attitude towards reading is to

Place students in books at their appropriate reading levels

The writing process needs to be taught and retaught in many grades, including the fifth. What includes the steps in the writing process?

Planning, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing

A 1st grade student creates books containing pictures and names of chain restaurants, labels from food containers, and household products. The child is in which phase of word recognition?

Pre-Alphabetic

A 1st grade student creates books containing pictures and names of chain restaurants, labels from food containers, and household products. The child is in which phase of word recognition?

Pre-alphabetic

Phonological Awareness

Pre-requisite for spelling and phonics Ability to identify and manipulate large parts of spoken language and awareness of other aspects of sound in language like alliteration, intonation, and rhyming.

Developmental Stages of Writing

Pre-writing, drafting, revising, editing, publishing

Teachers must make informed decisions about the appropriateness of modifications needed when using assessment instruments with specific populations. In deciding how to address this situation, in a class that includes several ELL students, which would be the best choice?

Preparing an alternative assessment form, based on ELL students' ability levels

Mr. Stratton is beginning a new unit in his social studies textbook. He instructs the class to read the title; read the introduction, summary, and question; read the headings and sub headings; read the print; study visual materials, such as pictures, maps and diagrams. Which of the following study skills is he demonstrating?

Previewing

Mr. Sutton is beginning a new unit in his social studies textbook. He instructs the class to read the title; read the introduction, summary and question; read the heading and sub headings; read the print; study visual materials such as pictures, maps and diagram. Which of the following study skill is he demonstrating?

Previewing

A 1st grade teacher shares a poem about mice and nice and says, "I think mice are nice!" each child is asked something about mice. This exercise represents which type of writing process?

Prewriting

The Writing Process

Prewriting-prior knowledge, gathering and organizing ideas, brianstorming Drafting-transfer ideas to paper, focus on content rather than spelling, grammar and mechanics Revising-refining and clarifying the draft, focus on meaning Editing-proofread for errors, misspelled words and grammatical and mechanical errors, focus on mechanics (punctuation, fragments, capitalization, etc.) Publishing-Share final product

Internet safety

Primary students use preselected sites Intermediate students use preselected sites and be taught advanced search skills to collect helpful info Once accessed, students taught to critically question and evaluate site. Older students taught citation skills and copyright laws.

The teacher and her class write a language experience about their trip to the zoo. The class reads their stories together while the teacher sweeps her hands along the text. This is a good practice activity to develop

Print concept

Set a Purpose

Prior to a read, ensure students understand the objective of the lesson. Making predictions helps set purpose to listen attentively. Activate prior knowledge related to the topic. Use of visuals.

Cloze Test

Procedure involves getting students to full in words deliberately omitted from a passage of text. Assists students in the prediction and the use of context clues.

Editing

Proofreading the draft for misspelled words, grammar, mechanic errors.

Three stages that oral language is developed in

Protolinguistic Transition Language

Mrs. Thomas wants to teach critical thinking skills to her third grade class. What would be the most effective strategy in doing this?

Provide open-end reading problems to solve in groups

During the first months of school, a kindergarten teacher is planning lessons to enhance students' skills in the alphabetic principle. Which one of the following activities would best help her students?

Providing time daily to read aloud to students while modeling book orientation including examining the front and back covers along with the title page and pointing to individual words while moving from left to right in Big Books

3rd graders have listened to the teacher read the humorous part of a book just for you. They each have written an original sentence after the book, the teacher intends to collect their work in a book loaned out in the media center. The students are now in the process of illustrating their own sentences. For which of the following are the children preparing?

Publishing

A 2nd grade student receives an interactive computer game that helped her dramatically improve her mathematics skills and understanding. For a teacher to ethically incorporate these games into lessons for all his students, he should

Purchase a side license for his class so that the game can be loaded on several computers for all the students to use

Tall tales

Purposely exaggerated accounts of individuals with superhuman strengths.

Along with professional judgment, the two measures that should be used to evaluate text complexity are

Quantitative and qualitative

To evaluate text complexity, use _____ measures.

Quantitative and qualitative

A teacher wants to improve students' meta-cognition as they read. The most effective method is for the teacher to

Question the class

The ___________ strategy is useful in both effective listening and speaking.

Questioning

Metacognition

Questioning, visualizing, synthesizing information through scaffolding and reciprocal teaching.

Fluency Checks

Quick assessments that focus on accuracy, rate & prosody.

The study of acronyms would help students understand the meaning of which of the following words?

Radar, laser, sonar, scanner

Students are to read one another's composition in an initial peer editing exercise. The best approach for students to take when reading each other's work is to

Read the paper, one sentence at a time, noting errors in mechanics and sentence structure.

"Reader and author" (implicit or experienced based)

Reader must combine own experience with what texts states.

"On my own" (implicit or experienced based)

Reader must generate answer from prior knowledge.

The teacher has organized her classroom to allow for small groups. Students are listening to audio books, reading poetry, and responding to quality literature in writing. This is an example of what organizational format?

Reading Centers/stations

Knowledge of vocabulary or word meaning correlates strongly with

Reading Comprehension

A third grade teacher reads a fictional story to the class and bases activities on one character of the story. The teacher assigns the same story to be read that night with parents/guardians and provides questions based on another character. What would this lesson best promote?

Reading for a purpose and fluency

Mrs. Bradley encourages her ESOL students to read each Basal reading story five times to their parents. The purpose of this reading activity is to increase

Reading interests

Mrs. Snider encourages her ESOL students to read each Basal reading story five times to their parents. The purpose of this reading activity is to increase

Reading interests

What is NOT associated with fluent reading abilities?

Reading sentences word by word

Which of the following reading strategies is NOT associated with fluent reading abilities?

Reading sentences word by word

Which of the following reading strategies is not associated with fluent reading abilities?

Reading sentences word by word

Choral reading

Reading that is practiced and read together in a group.

Fluency

Reading with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension

Early reader

Readings sight words with less picture indicators

Which of the following indicates that a student is a fluent reader?

Reads texts with expression or prosody

Artifacts

Real Objects; usually from a particular culture or event.

Artifacts

Real objects, usually representative of a particular culture or event

o Artifacts

Real objects; usually representative of a particular culture or event

Historical fiction

Realistic stories set in the past.

Historical Fiction

Realistic stories that are set in the past

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning that proceeds from general principles to a logical conclusion.

Reciprocal teaching

Reciprocal teaching is an instructional activity in a form of a dialogue between teachers and students regarding segments of text. The dialogue is structured by the use of four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and predicting. The teacher and students take turns assuming the role of the teacher.

Multiple strategy instruction

Reciprocal teaching, concepts-oriented reading instruction , and transactional strategy instruction are three examples of multiple-strategy instructional techniques that have demonstrated classroom sucess.

Phonemic isolation

Recognition of individual sounds. Example: What is the first sound in top?

Phonemic identification

Recognition of same sounds. Example: What sound is the same in these words? top, ten, tall

Phonemic categorization

Recognition of similar sounds and choosing the different sound. Example: Which word doesn't belong? dip, dime, sun

Pre-Alphabetic

Recognize some phonemes but words not decoded

Running record

Recording how a child is reading how many words wrong how many right and so on

Informal assessment

Records, portfolios, etc

Metacognition

Refers to higher order thinking which involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in learning

Semantics

Refers to the meaning expressed when words are arranged in a specific way. Ex You said _________ ( the child's incorrect attempt) . Does that make sense to you?

Semantic

Refers to the meaning of the text.

Penmanship

Refers to the quality or style of one's handwriting

Penmanship

Refers to the quality or style of one's handwriting. IE: Letter Formation, Spacing, Letter Size and alignment, Line Quality.

Prosody

Refers to the rhythm, stress patterns, and intonations of speech. Expressive reading reflects skillful use of prosody.

Syntax

Refers to the rules or patterned relationships that correctly creates phrases and sentences from words.readers understand the structure of how sentences are built.

Rate

Refers to the speed at which a reader can read a specific text and generally refers to silent reading rate.

Revising

Refining and clarifying the draft. Focus is on meaning & further developing the writing piece.

Revising

Refining and clarifying the draft; focus on meaning and further developing the writing piece

After a unit on book report the teacher receives the following response from the writing assignment. "I grew up in a citrus grove in central Florida. One of my duties was to help pick the oranges." This is an example of what type of writing?

Reflective

Pre-Alphabetic

Relies on visual cues to help read words. Usually pre-k stage. (ex.- knowing McDonald's b/c of the golden arches)

What would be the most effective to develop students' reading fluency?

Repeated Readings

The most important strategy for increasing students reading fluency is

Repeated reading

Phonemic Subsitution

Replacing one phoneme with another to make a new word. Example: What word is formed if the /t/ in tap is replaced with /m/?

Mr. Smith has a culturally diverse class of 6th grade at- risk- readers. When selecting reading materials for this class, Mr. Smith should select books that are

Representative of students' cultures and supportive of students' varied reading levels.

Orthography

Representing a spoken language through the use of written symbols

Oral Reading Fluency

Required for successful reading comprehension. Students who read with automaticity and have appropriate speed, accuracy, and proper expression are more likely to comprehend material because they are able to focus on the meaning of the text.

Listening

Requires student to take in or receive what has been heard and seen, attend to what is important and comprehend the message.

Listening

Requires the student take in, or receive, what has been heard or seen

Alphabet Knowledge

Requires young learners to identify & name upper & lowercase letters of the alphabet

Written response

Responding to reading in writing. Independent graphic organizers, reading logs, learning logs, and reading response journals

What is the best way to assess if students comprehended a story read in 1st grade?

Retell

is the key to producing effective documents. Here you think more deeply about your readers' needs and expectations. The document becomes reader-centered. How much support will each idea need to convince your readers? Which terms should be defined for these particular readers? Is your organization effective? Do readers need to know X before they can understand Y?

Revising

What strategy can a teacher use to improve students' sentence writing skills?

Revising sentences

Students need to further develop an original draft of writing as part of

Revision

Phonological awareness skills

Rhyming syllables Blending sounds Identify beginning and ending sounds Breaking words down in segment Recognizing words by removing ending [hear &ear]

The most helpful strategy for students learning to write a persuasive essay is to

Role play the intended audience prior to writing

Characteristics of a good historical fiction include

Romantic and exaggerated accounts of historical events.

Letter Size and Alignment

Roughly the same size on written lines, using the headline, midline, and baseline as instructed.

literary elements

SETTING, CHARACTERS, PLOT, THEME STYLE

Which of the following would be considered a consonant blend?

STR

Irony

Saying one thing, but meaning just the opposite Metaphor- A comparison in which one thing is said to be another (Ex. My father's anger was a dark think cloud that loomed over me all day.) Onomatopoeia- The word itself sounds imitates the sound the word makes (Ex. squash, kerplunk, buzz)

Simon scored at the 80th percentile on a standardized reading achievement test. This indicates that Simon

Scored as well as or better then 80% of the normal group

If a student were to score in the 70th percentile, what does that mean?

Scored the same or better than 70% of the students in the norm group.

Initial Assessments

Screening - given before a student begins a course or grade. Used to determine a student's cognitive or academic readiness to succeed and if additional programming or support is needed. Diagnostic - standardized tests that pinpoint reading strengths or weakness, and if additional support or remediation is required.

The first developmental phase of writing

Scribbling

Developmental Stages of Writing

Scribbling, mock handwriting, mock letters, conventional letters, invented (temporary) phonetic spelling, conventional spelling

Developmental Writing Stages

Scribbling, mock, handwriting, mock letters, conventional letters, invented temporary or phonetic spelling and conventional spelling.

Readers Theatre

Script reading that focuses the reader on fluency, accuracy, rate, and prosody.

Readers Theater

Script reading that focuses the reader on the key elements of fluency, accuracy, rate, and prosody

Phonics Through Spelling

Segmenting words into phonemes and making words by writing letters for phonemes

How to rate student reading

Select a reading passage that is grade level. Count only the correct words divide this word count into elapsed time to determine the students reading rate.

Willa is a potential at risk emergent learner who lacks exposure to literature. The most effective activity for her is

Selecting books from the classroom library

Mr. Lee wanted his students to become independent learners who use their background knowledge and prediction skills to continually monitor their comprehension. The first strategy for teaching this strategy is

Semantic Mapping

The vocabulary strategy that requires a teacher to select a super-ordinate concept and provide examples and attributes of that super-ordinate concept is

Semantic Mapping

Identify the instructional methods that will help students to recognize the relationship among the following words: alligators, frogs, crocodiles, toads, salamanders

Semantic feature analysis

Mr. Lee wanted his students to become independent learners who use their background knowledge and prediction skills to continually monitor their comprehension. The first strategy for teaching this strategy is

Semantic mapping

3 main cuing systems

Semantic, Syntactic, Graphophonemic

Cueing Systems

Semantic, Syntactic, Graphophonemic

What are the three main cueing systems?

Semantic, Syntactic, Graphophonemic

Cueing systems

Semantic, syntactic, graphophonemic

Supporting details

Sentences that provide more information about the topic and main idea.

What word is spelled incorrectly?

Seperate

Methods/Strategies to enhance listening

Set a purpose, questions and visualize, summarize, graphic organizers

Rubric

Set of scoring guidelines or criteria for evaluating student work.

Literary Elements

Setting, Characters, plot, theme, style

Literary Elements

Setting, characters, plot, theme, Style

Literary Elements

Setting, characters, plot, theme, style

Diamante

Seven lines; form diamond shape

After listening to the story "Brown Bear, Brown Bear" several times, students in a 1st grade class are asked to recite the words to the story as the teacher reads aloud. This instructional method is called

Shared reading

Publishing

Sharing the final product with an audience

A hyperbole is an exaggerated statement used for effect and is not meant to be taken literally. What is a hyperbole?

She must have weighed 1,000 pounds!

A hyperbole is an exaggerated statement used for effect and is not meant to be taken literally. Which of the following is a hyperbole?

She must have weighted 1000 pounds!

Anecdotal Notes

Short, concise written observations made by teacher while students work.

Anecdotal Notes

Short, concise written observations made by the teacher while students work. The purpose is to observe & record information

Anecdotal Notes (Records)

Short, concise, written observations made by teacher while students work. Purpose to observe and record info used to guide reading instruction and share with parents. Dating them and file in portfolio.

Contractions

Shortened forms of two words in which a letter or letters have been deleted. The deleted letters are replaced by an apostrophe.

Spacing

Should be consistent between letters, words, and sentences

Concepts of print

Should understand print conveys meaning, directionality, concept of word (word boundaries), one-to-one corresponding letter knowledge, phonemic awareness, and literacy language (author, illustrations, title...).

A 5th grade teacher wants to help his students to use more creative language by emphasizing the use of vivid verbs. The best active learning is to:

Show students examples of vivid verbs in sentences selected from a novel they are reading

At the beginning of the school year, a first grade teacher assesses the students to determine their understanding of print book. This will best be demonstrated by the students

Showing where to start reading the text

Which word recognition method would be most effective for determining the pronunciation of the following words: What, Where, They, Have

Sight Word Instruction

Administering a high frequency word list for students to read will be an appropriate procedure for assessing

Sight word Knowledge

Games

Sight word bingo can be used to informally assess sight word recognition

Games

Sight word bingo can be used to informally assess sight words recognition

Which word recognition method would be most effective for determining the pronunciation of the following words: What, Where, They, Have

Sight word instruction

Which word recognition method would be most effective for teaching the following words? Mail man, fire place, anchor woman

Sight words

A student has come upon the word in his language experience story and is reconstructing the story. This activity will most likely use which two words?

Sight words and structural analysis

Stanine Score

Similar to percentile rankings concept divides score into 9 ranges Example 1 - 3, 4 - 6, 7 - 9.

Identify the literary device used in the following example: His nose was red as a rose

Simile

Identify the literary device used in the following example; "his nose is a s red as rose."

Simile

Figure of speech

Simile, metaphor, parallelism, euphemism, hyperbole, climax, bathos, oxymiron, irony, alliteration

Two Types of Chunking

Simple chunking and Complex chunking

Amy, a 4th grade student, obtained a Language Art grade equivalent score of 7.6 on a standardized test. What is the best explanation to give the parents about the score?

Since she scored this high on the test, she has some mastery of specific skills needed for 7th grade.

When reading a paragraph in her social studies textbook, Mary has difficulty distinguishing a main idea from supportive points and details. An appropriate activity that will help her will be to

Skim an entire reading selection rapidly

Students in a 6th grade class are encouraged to read the news paper for a part of the class period 3 days a week. The teacher should suggest to the student that the best approach for reading a newspaper is to

Skim the entire newspaper, then read closely the important and interested articles

Skimming and scanning skills

Skimming is reading quickly through a passage to get the gist of it; scanning is moving your eyes quickly over a passage looking for a specific piece of information.

Video Conferencing

Skype allow for discussions for further understand with other students.

Teaching Comprehension: Discussion

Small group or whole group students talking and discussing the text.

Literature Circles

Small, temporary, and heterogeneous groups of students that gather together to discuss a common book that each of them is reading with the goal of enhancing comprehension

Literature Circles

Small, temporary, heterogeneous groups that gather to discuss a book to with goal to enhance comprehension.

Morphemic

Smallest meaningful unit of speech (Root Word)

Opinion

Something that a person believes , thinks or feels.

Fact

Something that is true and can be proved.

Decode

Sound out a printed sequence of letters

To decode is to

Sound out a printed sequence of letters

To decode:

Sound out a printed sequence of letters

Which instructional strategy would best help an emergent reader identify unknown words?

Sound out the letters in a word

What is the largest vocabulary for a 2nd grade child?

Speaking

Speaking

Speaking is an essential part of communicating, thinking, and learning. It allows students to express themselves, to negotiate relationships, to give definition to their thoughts, and to learn about language, themselves, and their world. Listening is making sense of oral language. It is constructing meaning by attending, anticipating, predicting, focusing, visualizing, making connections, generalizing, and evaluating.

Phoneme vs phonic

Specific sounds Letter/sound representation

Rate

Speed of reading

Diagnostic Assessment

Standardized tests (assessments) that aim to determine a student's strengths and weaknesses

Line quality

Stokes of pencil should be consistent smoothness, color, and weight. Not too dark or to wavy, too light or varied.

Drama

Stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.

Knowledge of Story Structure: character

Stories contain heroes, villians, comedic characters, dark characters, etc.

Realistic Fiction

Stories focusing on events that could happen in the "real" world

Realistic Fiction

Stories focusing on events that could happen in the real world

Realistic fiction

Stories focusing on events that could happen in the real world.

Fantasy

Stories that cannot happen in the real world

Fantasy

Stories that could not happen in the real world

Science Fiction

Stories that might happen in the future

Science fiction

Stories that might happen in the future

Modern Fantasy

Stories that start off based on reality , which make it easier for the reader to suspend disbelief and enter world's of unreality.

Biography

Stories that tell about a person's life

Biography

Stories that tell the tale of a person's life

Folklore

Stories that were told by word of mouth: nursery rhymes, fairy tales, fables, myths, legends, tall tales,

Folklore

Stories that were told by word of mouth: nursery ryhmes, fairy tales, fables, myths, legends.

Folklore

Stories told by word of mouth. Examples: nursery rhymes, fables, fairy tales

Fairy Tale

Story about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.

Science Fiction

Story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets.

Realistic Fiction

Story that can actually happen and is true to life.

Legend

Story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, which has a basis in fact but also, includes imaginative material.

Alliteration

String of words or syllables that start with the same letter

Structure (S)

Structure of language or syntax (syntactic cueing system). Knowing structure helps reader know what is read sounds correct.

1 to 1 Reading

Student reads aloud to an adult

Think-pair-share

Students a.) think individually about a response b.)pair with another and discuss ideas c.) share thinking with the rest of class.

Author's craft

Students analyze what an author does to make his/her writing effective (e.g., figurative language, dialogue, sentence variety, text forms, and features, etc.)

Teaching comprehension: question answering

Students answer questions regarding text, either out loud , in small group, or individually on paper. The best questions are those that require students to think about the text ( rather than just find an answer in the text)

Highly recurring phonics elements

Students are taught highly recurring phonic patterns through recitation and intensive practice of 3-5 new patterns every 2 days. The teacher continually refers to the patterns whenever new words that contain one or more of the patterns are introduced.

List-group-label

Students begin with an array or words or phrases. These are then placed into groups that have like characteristics. Finally, a label is given to each group.

A teacher used repeated listening and repeated writing of a popular book Curious George, with her 1st graders forming a 1st grade novel. This instruction is appropriate because

Students can gain fluency

Recorded Reading

Students can record themselves digitally and playback too review their work.

Eye (witness) Reports

Students choose a place that they want to know more about or have been assigned to cover for a particular assignment. They observe there, take notes, and write up the visits according to a purpose that they may discuss with partners before the visit and refer to in workshop sessions afterwards.

Language experience

Students dictate a short story and the teacher writes it down so the student can reread it.

Student-generated questions

Students generate their own questions to be answered as they read.

Letter sound match

Students identify upper and lower case letters and match sounds to the appropriate letter symbol.

80 words per minute

Students in fourth grade or higher

What best describes "conventional spelling"?

Students know and use most basic spelling rules and spell most words correctly, and can usually recognize when a word is misspelled

Activate prior knowledge

Students must connect what they hear, read, and view with what they already know. Can use Think-Pair-Share technique to discuss previous knowledge with partner. Graphic organizers (K-W-L charts) can elicit what students already know about topic.

Teaching Comprehension: Monitoring Comprehension

Students need to be aware of their comprehension , or lack of it, in particular texts. It is important to teach students what to do when the text suddenly stops making sense. Students can go back and reread , students can take notes students can read the table of content to make sure they are comprehending each section.

Readers' Theater

Students practice reading short plays or text rich in dialog.

A fifth grade science teacher wants to determine if the reading from the textbook and some assigned outside readings are on the correct reading level for her students. She asks the campus reading specialist what she can do to find out if the materials are on the instructional reading level, in particular with several students who are English Language Learners. What is most likely the response by the reading specialist about how to decide the appropriate reading level?

Students read aloud a passage of 80 words while the teacher counts to see if they make more than 8 errors in their reading

Choral Reading

Students read aloud in unison from books or from projected content

Partner Reading

Students read aloud to each other.

Reading Logs

Students record a list of books he or she has read.

Response Logs

Students record thoughts and feelings as they read or watch video.

Teaching comprehension : summarization

Students review the main point of the text , along with strategically chose details that highlight the main point. Students find the most critical areas of text.

Point of view

Students should be able to identify which __________ an author is writing.

Fact and opinion

Students should know difference when reading.

Possible sentences

Students take an array of words from text to be read and try to make sentences incorporating the words that will give them a clue to content.

Character profile and analysis

Students use explicit and inferred information from the text to list distinctive attributes of a particular character.

Listening

Students use listening to begin the process of learning to comprehend and produce language. By listening to the language around them, they construct their knowledge of oral language as well as get an introduction to reading and writing. Hearing stories read and told to them, they begin connecting what they hear and see on the printed page with what can be read and written.

Word splash

Students write original and interesting stories from the words that are randomly "splashed" on paper (a picture graphic). Students can use the words from a story, book, or dictionary.

What is not an appropriate strategy to promote letter identification among first grade students at the beginning of the school year?

Students write the alphabet in order every morning when they come into class

Which student assignment will best accomplish analyzing advertisement for hidden messages?

Studying an advertisement provided by the teacher and asking questions.

Theme

Subject or central idea of the story

Running Record Errors

Substitutes another word for a word in the text Omits a word Inserts a word Has to be told a word by the person administering the running record

An effective way to determine students' ability to recall information is

Summarizing

Vocabulary extensions

Supporting strategies and activities that go beyond the vocabulary lesson. One example for vocabulary extension is to have students locate words that they are studying in a different text or context.

How can you be sure that you have the topic sentence?

Switch the sentence you think is the topic sentence into a question. If other sentences seem to answer the question you have the topic sentence.

is the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts. The main device for showing the relationship among words is word order; e.g., in "The girl loves the boy," the subject is in initial position, and the object follows the verb. Transposing them changes the meaning. In many other languages, case markers indicate the grammatical relationships.

Syntax

focus on helping children to understand and use correct sentence construction and grammar. Syntax activities focus on helping children learn to formulate and appreciate complete and complex sentences.

Syntax activities

Graphic organizers are

Synthesizing and summarizing tools that aid comprehension

Types of Phonic Instruction

Synthetic Phonics, Analytic Phonics, Analogy- Based Phonics, Phonics Through Spelling, Embedded Phonics, Onset-Rime Phonics

Buddy Reading

Takes place between two students of differing grade levels, usually primary and intermediate students/classes.

Individual assessment checklist

Target skills that are assessed by the teacher at a certain grade level that are on a checklist to assist teachers in keeping track of skills that are taught and mastered. The skills are categorized by subject area, i.e. reading, writing, evaluating, etc. There is one checklist per student.

Phonics

Teach readers to associate letters of alphabet with their sound values. Knowledge of letter sound is vital to beginning readers.

Methods for Developing Fluency

Teacher Modeling, 1 to 1 Reading, Choral Reading, Recorded Reading, Partner Reading, Readers'Theater.

Teacher Modeling

Teacher demonstrates reading with automaticity an prosody as students follow along in their books or on projected content.

Inductive teaching

Teacher gives examples and students must figure out the general concept

Deductive teaching

Teacher gives/explains concept and students come up with examples

Dancing definitions

Teacher writes out 10 - 12 vocabulary definitions in a rhythmic pattern. Students recite the definitions repeatedly over a period of several days.

Questioning

Teachers model varying levels of ___________ (literal, inferential, critical) and students add them to own repertoire.

Questioning

Teachers must model different questions for students to internalize and implement in own reading.

Miscue Analysis

Technique for recording & analyzing students' oral reading errors in order to gain an insight into the reading process they employ

Miscue Analysis

Technique for recording & analyzing students' oral reading errors in order to gain an insight into the reading process they employ.

Retelling

Technique that involves reading and then retelling what has been read.

Retelling

Technique that involves reading, either silently or aloud, & then retelling what has been read

Criterion referenced assesment

Test that look at specific student learning goals and performances compared to a norm group of students learners *sat* *fcat*

Norm referenced test

Test used to classify students learners into a ranking category for ho, or no us grouping based on ability level or basic skills

Story Retelling

Tests ability to comprehend and summarize

Criterion Referenced Assessments

Tests that look at specific student learning goals and performance compared to a norm group of student learners

Performance Based Assessment

Tests that measure the learning outcomes of individual students in subject content areas

Formal assessment

Tests, etc

An effective note-taking technique that requires both a narrow and a wide margin and provides a way for students to review their notes is called

The Cornel Method.

Media Literacy

The ability of a student to interpret media messages.

Phonological Awareness

The ability of the reader to recognize the sound of spoken language.

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to hear and manipulate the sound of spoken language. This includes noticing rhyme and recognizing the separate, small sounds in words.

Phonemic Awareness

The ability to hear and manipulate the sounds of spoken language. Includes noticing rhyme and recognizing the separate, small sounds in words (phonemes).

The term flexibility refers to which reading strategy?

The ability to read different materials at the appropriate levels.

Fluency

The ability to read quickly, accurately, and with proper expression.

Automaticity

The ability to recognize a large bank of words by sight; ability to decode unfamiliar words quickly; includes the ability to comprehend the words

Metacognition

The ability to recognize one's own thought processes and being conscious of strategies being used.

Metacognition

The ability to recognize when you understand and when do not.

Comprehension

The ability to understand what one has read. It includes: recognizing main idea, understanding plot, ability to compare/contrast

Decoding

The application of alphabetic principle to correctly say or read written words with understanding

Parallelism

The arrangement of ideas I phrases sentences, and paragraphs that balance one element with another of equal importance and similar wording "reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing and exact man."

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences.

Authors Purpose

The attitude reflected in statement or passage.

The use of passages from Charles Dickens' novel A Tale of Two Cities to illustrate the excitement and chaos of revolution in a social studies class is an example of

The combination of literary analysis of a concept

Idealism

The educational philosophy that embraces a belief in unchanging principles and eternal truths.

Conclusion

The end or summation of a reading.

Plot

The events that take place in a story

Knowledge of story structure : plot (denouement)

The final resolution of the plot.

Graphophonemic

The graphophonemic cuing system focuses on various visual cues and knowledge about the relationship between sounds and symbols, for example: Letter/sound recognition. The student's phonological awareness is very important for this cuing system. If you were using the graphophonemic cuing system, you would want to investigate how the reader applies their knowledge about phonology as they read. When using this system, you may want to assess if the child can distinguish between sentences that look right, and those that do not.

Phonemic Awareness

The idea that words are composed of . To be phonemic ally aware means that the reader and listener can recognize and manipulate specific sounds in spoken word. ( The ability to hear rhymes, children can look at pictures and say the sound, blending words, count syllables,)

Main idea

The important ideas that the author wants the reader to know about topic.

Phonics

The knowledge allows a reader to "decode" words by translating the letters into speech sounds

Mrs. DeLaCruz teaches a mixed ability fifth grade class with a number of ELL students in it. She is finding it challenging for her students to understand the connotative meaning of many words and visual images. What is connotative meaning?

The meaning derived from various hints, suggestions, or feelings

Mrs. Green realizes her classroom need a wider selection of multicultural books. To help her choose good books she would refer to

The media center's collection

Repeated Reading

The most effective way to develop student's reading fluency.

Onomatopoeia

The naming of a thing or action by vocal imitation of the sound associated with it, such as BUZZ, or "Hiss" or the use of words whose sound suggests the sense.

Alliteration

The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of closely connected words.

Onset and Rimes

The onset is the initial sound in a word and the remaining sound is the rime

Panoramic book

The panoramic talking book is a student made book that is built upon the walls of the classroom. Using student artistic creations based on a currently studied theme, students create bubbles to share what the characters on the wall are saying. The purpose of the book is to provide a successful reading experience with the student's own words in their environment. The process is excellent for building understanding of quotation marks, punctuation, and language patterns.

Knowledge of story structure: Plot ( rising action)

The point at which conflict starts to occur.

Assessment

The process for gathering data about students to identify areas of strengths & weaknesses to guide future instructions

Encode

The process of changing oral language into writing

Inductive Reasoning

The process of drawing a general conclusion based on several examples.

Metacognition

The process of thinking about and monitoring one's own thinking.

Exposition

The purpose of this writing is not to change anyone's mind the purpose of this type of writing is to give information

Penmanship

The quality or style of one's handwriting

Knowledge of Story Structure: Plot ( falling action)

The result of climax

Rime

The rhyming part of a word.

Teachers of young children must have a clear understanding of syntax. What is the best definition of syntax?

The rules that control the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences

. Semantic:

The semantic cuing system focuses on any meaning a student derives from a sentence that is primarily based on prior knowledge or previous experiences ... If you were using a semantic cuing system, you would want to make sure that the student can identify sentences that make sense and those that do not.

Phoneme

The smallest significant unit of sound in the English language.

Folklore

The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth. Historical Fiction Story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

Rate

The speed of reading

Independent reading

The student reads without assistance at a level where he/she can be regularly successful, or his/her independent level.

Mr. Graves encourages his students to turn their good stories into books and incorporates these child authored books into his reading program. What is the most important purpose for this activity?

The students are proud of their own and fellow students' work, therefore, they would be motivated to read and write more.

Word sort

The students sort words according to a variety of characteristics, including beginning or ending consonant sounds, vowel sounds, number of syllables, and rhymes.

Semantics

The study of the meaning of language

Semantics

The study of the meaning of the language. It also deals with varieties and changes in the meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and texts.

Morphology

The study of word structure. When readers develop morphed if skills, they are developing an understanding of patterns they see in words. For example, English speakers realize that cat, cats, and caterpillar share some similarities in structure.

Scaffolding

The support and assistance provided for learning and problem solving, such as verbal cues or prompts, visual highlighting, diagrams, checklists and more.

Syntactic

The syntactic cuing system focuses on the structure of the sentence. It also relates to how language works... If you were using the syntactic cuing system you would want to make sure that the student could identify if the sentence sounded correct

Phonic pattern hopscotch

The teacher introduces new words, one phonic element at a time, until the whole word is built; avoid introducing the initial sounds first. Goal is to have students form the habit of looking at the whole word, identifying all the letter patterns they know, and build the word around those familiar patterns.

Anecdotal Notes

The teacher observes the students working, and takes notes about he/she sees right then. At a later time, the notes are gathered, reviewed, and studied to examine trends in the student's work habits, behaviors, and possible problem areas during class time.

Which of the following illustrates a directed reading approach sequence?

The teacher prepares student for reading with vocabulary in background information, conduct oral reading, and provide for silent reading

Knowledge of Story Structure: Theme

The underlying message that a writer wants to convey

Phonics

The understanding of the relationships between the written letters of the alphabet & the sounds of the spoken language

Phonics

The understanding of the relationships between the written letters of the alphabet and the sounds of spoken language. This knowledge allows a reader to "decode" words by translating the letters into speech sounds.

Knowledge of story structure: setting

Thee setting of a story place, or location, where a story occurs.

Thematic units

Thematic units are written and planned as units of study around common knowledge or concepts that develop important concepts, promote the transfer of skills, and are relevant to the student's lives (e.g., A unit with the theme of

Journals

There are many kinds of journals, which have different purposes (e.g., writing notebooks for collecting writing ideas, personal journals for personal thoughts, reflective journals to reflect on learning or new ideas, response journals for responding to something that has been read or heard).

Sight words

These are high frequency words which readers need to know automatically when they see them. Many of these words are not decodable.

Taxonomies

These are lists of words related to a specific topic or subject area, usually organized alphabetically.

Text features

These are parts of a text that help the reader to understand (e.g., headings, titles, index, table of contents, captions, bold type, italic type).

Teaching Comprehension : Semantic organizers

These are similar to graphic organizers I that they visually display informstioj. The semantic organizer is different from the graphic organizer because it focused on words and concepts. Word maps.

Errors

These are tallied during a reading whenever a child does any of the following: substitutes words, omits words, inserts a word, has to be told the word.

Norm-referenced tests

These norms are the average scores of the populations and serve as a comparison point for teachers to compare their students results with those of a similar population.

Modern realistic fiction

These stories are about real problems that real children face by finding their hopes and fears are shared by others young people find insight and hope from books like this they can relate.

While reading aloud to his students, Mr. Ambrose stops to share questions, personal connections, inferences he made about the story, and verbalized what he thinks will happen next. This teacher is demonstrating which instructional method?

Think aloud

40 words per minute

Third grade

Story Telling

This assessment is accomplished by having the student read a story and then instructing the student to recount the story. The child can tell the story either orally or in writing. The teacher should instruct the child to include the story's sequence, important characters, the main settings, and any other details that are pertinent.

Text to Self

This connection implies that the reader has made a connection between the reading & their personal lives

Performance based assessment

This form of assessment incorporates real-life application of what has been taught. Enables the teacher to assess meaningful and complete educations products & performances. AKA - Authentic Assessment

Story map

This is a graphic representation of the elements of a story that may take many forms, (e.g., plot map, flow map). It is useful for increasing comprehension of stories, and as a pre-write for narrative.

Plot map

This is a graphic representation of the story elements, characters, setting, plot events, climax, and solution. It is useful for increasing comprehension or as a pre-write for narrative.

Phonics/decoding strategy

This is a series of steps to do when a reader comes to an unknown work, including: Look carefully at the word. Look for word parts you know and think about the sounds for the letters. Blend the sounds to read the word. Ask yourself: Is it a word I know? Does it make sense in what I am reading? If not, ask yourself: What else can I try?

KWL

This is a three-column chart. The first column is what is known, the second is what do you want to find out, and the third is what you have learned after the reading or investigation.

Defining format

This is a three-column format with a word (left column), its general definition (second column) and its specific characteristics (right column).

Shared writing

This is a writing strategy in which teacher and students write collaboratively, including choice of topic, content, and word choice. The teacher acts as a scribe and models conventions.

Literature circles

This is an approach where small groups of students read different books frequently on the same topic or theme (similar to a book club).

Opinion proof chart

This is done in a T-chart format. Students review the text to find evidence to support an opinion.

Teaching Comprehension: Textual Marking

This is when students interact with the text as they read. For example , armed with sticky notes students can insert questions or comments regarding specific sentences or paragraphs within the text. Highlighting note taking etc

Shared reading

This reading model occurs when a teacher reads to a group of children rather than to a specific child. Shared reading may used Big Books, overheads, or other text.

Saturation reports

This report is based on a student's observations of an occasion or place, reported with "saturation" in sights and sounds. Notes are taken on the spot, followed by an account that integrates the initial saturation with the writer's impression of the experience.

Spacing

This should be consistent between letters, words, and sentences

Read-talk-write

This strategy helps to monitor comprehension as students read. A small section is read. Then the students talk in pairs about what was read and then write summary information. Variations include: Read-draw-write, read-draw-talk, listen-talk-write, etc.

Key word

This strategy is used before reading to focus attention, activate prior knowledge, arouse curiosity, and set purposes for learning. From the text, the teacher selects several words or numbers that relate to the topic and that can be associated with one another in different ways. The teacher shows these to the students and asks them to speculate on how they're related to the topic. Students form hypotheses, explain their reasoning, and justify their thinking, then read to inform, refute, or revise their hypotheses.

During a read aloud, a kindergarten student comments that the teacher is reading the pictures and not the words in the book?

This student is demonstrating a lack of understanding in concepts of print.

Mr. Cury's 4th grade class will do a unit on Florida's early history. Students will read about the major events from this period. Which graphic organizer will help facilitate student's understandings of this unit?

Time line

What is the purpose of Basal Reading?

To be helpful in learning to read, such as phonemic awareness, fluency, vocabulary, text comprehension and prosody

A student is writing a cause and effect paper and asks for assistance with transitions. Which group of transitions would be the best choice?

To begin, next, and finally

A student is writing a cause and effect paper and asks for assistance with transitions. Which group of transitions would be the best choice?

To begin, next, finally

Encode

To change a message into symbols

Decode

To change communication signals into messages.

Graphic Organizers

To solidify last phase of listening, students complete _____________ to synthesize and then evaluate the learning.

Decode

To sound out words

Visualizing

To visualize a text means to create mental pictures in one's mind about the content of the reading

Directionality

Top to bottom; left to right

Drafting

Transfer of ideas to paper. Focus is on content, not spelling, grammar, & mechanics

Drafting

Transfer of ideas to paper; focus on getting all thoughts down

A first grade student writes the following sentence on the board "Mi dog liks mi hand" (My dog licks my hand). Which of the following does the student's sentence best demonstrate?

Transitional Spelling

Basic concepts of print include but are not limited to directionality, title page, and illustrations

True

Graphophonemic is a phase of word recognition in elementary age students that refers to the letter-sound relationship.

True

Consonant Blend

Two consonants that together keep their individual sound

Consonant blend

Two consonants that together keep their individual sound

Digraph

Two consonants that together represent one sound sh ch th

Consonant Blend

Two consonants that when placed together keep their individual sounds

Checklists and games:

Two informal assessment instruments

Alliteration

Two or more words or syllables near each other with the same beginning consonant sound

Alliteration

Two or more words or syllables, near each other, with the same beginning consonant. Ex: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

Vowel digraphs are defined as

Two vowels that make only one sound

Homophone

Two words that sound alike but have different meanings

Homephone

Two words that sound alike but have different meanings (There, Their, and They're) There are two parks in that state. Their dog ran away. They're home sick with the flu.

Letter Knowledge

Understand letter names and shapes

Phonics

Understanding of the relationships between the written letters of the alphabet and the sounds of spoken language. This knowledge allows a reader to "decode" words by translating the letters into speech sounds.

2 Types Of Summative Assessments

Unit exams which can be created by teachers or textbook supplements. Common exams might be created by a group of teachers for the same content or grade.

Will thought he was a poor writer because he misspelled so many words even though his teacher found the story he wrote exciting. The best method to help Will with his spelling ability is to have him

Use a word wall to look up his words

Which vocabulary skill would a student use to do the exercise presented below? The boy hit the tall ball bat with a bat

Use of context clues

Which vocabulary skill would a student use to do the exercise presented below? The boy hit the tall ball bat with a bat

Use of context clues

Analogical Word Reasoning

Use of words with the same onset rimes as examples

Oral Language Development

Use these activities to help facilitate: whole group, small group, 1:1, discussions, read alouds, echo readings, songs, nursery rhymes, role play, drama, finger plays

Graphic and Semantic Organizers

Used by teachers & students to highlight BIG ideas & facilitate connections

Progress Monitoring

Used throughout year to show gains in reading achievement.

Screening

Used to assess students at the beginning of the year to identify the student's reading level and capabilities

Running Records

Used to document reading performance.

When do you use hyphens

Used to make an adjective and a noun, a compound word or in #'s (fifty-eight)

Analogy-Based Phonics

Using parts of already-known word families to identify new words with similar parts

Phonics

Using the sound value of letters or groups of letters to decode words.

Irony

Using words that mean opposite of what author intends. Ex: A man who is a traffic cop gets his license suspended for unpaid parking tickets.

Vocabulary vs comprehension

V: all the words a reader can understand and use C: ability to understand what one has read

1.10

Variety info/text structure

Poetry

Verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses.

Visual (V)

Visual information (graphophonemic cueing system) is related to the look of the letter in a word and the word itself. Uses visual info when studying beginning sound, word length, familiar word chuncks...

A vital part of understanding content area reading text because knowing the meaning of specific words is paramount to comprehension

Vocabulary

Teachers from several schools around the state would like to meet after school once a month to discuss educational issues. Which mechanism would be most effective in stimulating interest and simultaneously providing immediate response to each other?

Web Page

WebQuests

Web-based learning experiences where students navigate predetermined websites to glean further insight into a topic of study.

Complex chunking

When -le comes at the end of a word and a consonant preceded it. The consonant goes with the -le. Example pur-ple or bub-ble. Exception to the rule is when a work contains ck. Example pickle is pick-le. When-ed forms a separate syllable if d or t comes before the -ed. Example skidded - skidd-ed or misted - mist-ed.

Transitional Spelling

When students spell some words correctly but still have misspellings especially with irregular words

Monitor and clarify

While the student reads text, she/he monitors his or her understanding of content. The student can clarify by rereading or by reading ahead.

The following excerpt appears in 5th grade social studies textbook: "the trouble was getting worse. People in many of the small towns were getting ready for war. Men and teenage boys were being trained to fight. They were called minutemen because they were ready to fight a moments notice." Which question would be most effective in directing students' attention to the cause effect relationship?

Why were men and teenage boys being trained to fight

Which of the following is a web-based activity that could take place in the classroom?

Wiki page which are mini web pages that allow for collaboration opportunities to post, add, and edit a variety of content related to a specific topic of study or group project.

Textual factors that affect comprehension include

Word identification, background, and visual displays

Syntax

Word order and grammar

Knowledge of vocabulary or word meaning correlates strongly with

Word recognition

High-Frequency Words

Words that are used often in print

Imagery

Words that refer to sensory experiences anything that can be smelled, felt, tasted etc

Onomatopoeia

Words that use sound to reinforce meaning. Examples: smash, bang, boom

Euphemism

Words used to avoid using the real word,

Portfolios

Working and/or growth portfolios can be used to collect work samples over time to gain true insight into how the students' skills have progressed

Rubric is used for a student

Writing an essay

Descriptive Writing

Writing that attempts to "paint" a picture, or "describe" a person, place, thing or idea

Persuasive Writing

Writing that attempts to convince the reader that a point of view is valid or that the reader should take a specific action

Poetry

Writing that contains short lines, imagery, & elements of sound

Descriptive Writing

Writing that describes a person, place, thing, or idea

Expository

Writing that gives information, explains why or how, clarifies a process or defines a concept

Expository Writing

Writing that gives information, explains why or how, clarifies a process, or defines a concept.

Informative Writing

Writing that informs the reader in an attempt to create a new found knowledge

Expository

Writing that is intended to provide information and include facts and data.

Narrative Writing

Writing that recounts a personal or fictional experience or tells a story based on a real or imagined event

Creative Writing

Writing that uses the writer's imagination

Narrative Writing

Writing the recounts a personal or fictional experience or tells a story based on a real or imagined event

Explicit

You see

Invented Spelling

Young children's attempts to use their best judgements about spelling

Invented Spelling

Young children's attempts to use their best judgements about spelling.

Cloze tests

______ procedure is getting students to fill in words deliberately omitted from a passage of text. Assists in prediction and use of context clues.

o Internet

a communication system that connects computers and their networks all over the world

Metaphor

a comparison of two distinctly different things suggesting a similarity between them

metaphor

a comparison of two distinctly different things suggesting a similarity between them

simile

a comparison using "like" or "as"

Simile

a comparison using like or as

analogy

a detailed and sometimes lengthly comparison of two ideas or events

Analogy

a detailed and sometimes lengthy comparison of two ideas or events

Echo reading -

a fluency building technique used for students who read word by word and may be struggling with accuracy. The adult models reading a brief amount of text and the student echoes what was just read.

A school district wants to assess reading achievement of students entering 5th grade. The district wants to screen students who have major difficulties in reading as well as assessing the reading growth of the students. The most effective means of assessment is

a norm-reference tets

Syllable

a segment of a word that contains one vowel sound (the vowel may or may not be preceded and/or followed by a consonant).

A fable, a category of folklore, is defined as

a story with a moral.

miscue analysis

a technique for recording & analyzing student oral reading errors in order to gain an insight into the reading process they employ

An example of visual media is

a television program

point of view

a way of looking at something

metonym

a word used in metonymy like "the wagon" being used instead of sobriety

accuracy

ability to both pronounce or sound out a word and know the meaning

Accuracy

ability to correctly read the words in a text

Phonemic awareness

ability to decode words and spell them

Alphabet knowledge

ability to identify and name the upper and lowercase letters.

automaticity

ability to instantly recognize a large bank of words to quickly decode unfamiliar words

Automaticity

ability to instantly recognize a large bank of words to quickly decode unfamiliar words.

accuracy

ability to instantly recognize words in a text

prosody

ability to read with appropriate rhythm, intonation, & expression

prosody

ability to read with appropriate rhythm, intonation, and expression

Prosody

ability to read with appropriate rhythm, intonation, and expression.

Reading Fluency

accuracy, automaticity, rate, prosody

Facilitate student reading comprehension

activate prior knowledge, summarize, self-monitoring, questioning, use of graphic and semantic organizers, think alouds, recognizing story structure

Literature circles usually consist of four to six children

all reading the same book they each chose based upon interest

Identify the literacy device used in the following sentence: seven snakes slither stealthily through sand

alliteration

literary devices

alliteration, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, analogy, irony, personification, climax, metaphor, simile, metonym, synonym, antonym, idiom, figurative language, pun, literal language, literary language

narrative voice or point of view

allows a writer to tell a story from different perspectives

Narrative voice or point of view

allows the writer to tell a story from different perspectives but can not tell anything about the thoughts of the character

performance-based assessment

also know as authentic assessment- incorporates real life applications of what has been taught

think alouds

also known as "talking to the text" is instructional method where teacher models thoughts aloud while reading text

Text-dependent questions - TDQ

also known as Right there question. are when the answers are found in the text.

Hyperbole

an exaggeration used to emphasize a point

idiom

an expression that is peculiar and cannot be understood by the literal meaning of its elements: my heart's beating out of my chest.

An example of of visual; media is

an online article

assessments of oral language skills

anecdotal records, checklists, portfolios, running records

technical vocabulary

apply to specific subjects like science - atom, element

diagraphs

are "voiceless" combinations of two consonants. Following are examples: st, sh, ch, th, wh

characters and the setting of a story

are elements of a story

summative assessments

are formal, standardized assessments that takes place at end to determine if goals were met.

summative assessments

are given periodically to determine at a particular point in time what students know and do not know. (chapter tests, state exams, end of year tests)

grapheme

are the smallest units in a writing system capable of causing a contrast in meaning. In the English alphabet, the switch from cat to bat introduces a meaning change; therefore, c and b represent different graphemes.

homonyms

are words that sound the same but have different meanings an example bare - naked and bear - animal

Holistic evaluation or scoring

assess a piece of writing as a whole. - The writing is graded toward the impression of the whole work rather than the sum of its parts. Often uses a rubic to establish the overall criteria of the paper

criterion-referenced tests

assessment instruments that assess mastery of content, predetermined goal, high stakes tests (FCAT, FSA)

norm-referenced tests

assessment instruments that have been administered to students of various socioeconomic backgrounds and in a variety of locations to develop norms. Compares students with other students of a similar population.

all matter is made up of ?

atoms

The students in Mrs. Perky's 1st grade classroom are practicing reading word cards. Which of the following skills is this designed to promote

automacity

Which of the following is a transition word a student should use when writing about cause and effect?

because

Which development stage of writing does Amy exhibit when she writes a string of stander letters from left to right on her paper

beginning (emergent)

self-monitoring

being aware of their thinking

Phonics

blending the words together - also known as graphophonemic understanding is the recognition that written letters (graphemes) represent sounds (phonemes)

hybrid

books that possess 2 or more genres, with each genre being easily identified separartely in the text.

nonfiction

books that present information text features:titles, headings, subheadings, bold print, captions, charts, graphs, timelines, table of contents, index, glossary, and drawings.

What stage of writing process could be enhanced by six trait

brainstorming, revision and edit

All of the following are common types of narratives except: a. legends b. short stories c. poems d. memoirs

c. Poems

Mediated Scaffolding

can be accomplished in a # of ways to melt the needs of students w/ diverse literary experiences to link oral and written language for example teachers may use texts that stimulate patterns or childs writing

Rubrics

can be used to identify what important literary elements students are incorporating into their retelling.

poor visual-motor integration

can impede writing development

Which of the following is not a basic concept of print?

captions

anecdotal record

captures relevant comments about student behavior

Phonemic awareness instruction is most effective when:

children are taught to manipulate phonemes using letters of the alphabet

oral language development

children must be involved in: open-ended discussions, read-alouds, echo reading, nursery rhymes

top down model

children read at the top with thinking rather than at the bottom with letters

phonological awareness

children should be able to distinguish spoken language from other environment sound, locating the sound, recognizing the sound & understanding the meaning of sound. As this increases the children develop phoenmic awareness, ability to think about and manipulate the smallest unit of speech - phonemes

Emergent literacy development means that

children understand that written language has messages and makes sense

Emergent literacy development means that:

children understand that written language has messages and makes sense

Interactive model

children use both top down and bottom up

multicultural literature readings

choice is based on purpose, - what you want to get across, relevance - importance of the material - , cultural sensitivity - no culture is superior, and developmental appropriateness - for the reader

Breaking down words for the purpose of decoding is known as

chunking

The peak of a story is known as the

climax.

prewriting stage

collect information

Evaluate

compare and discriminate between ideas assess value of theories, presentations make choices based on reasoned argument verify value of evidence recognize subjectivity Question Cues assess, decide, rank, grade, test, measure, recommend, convince, select, judge, explain, discriminate, support, conclude, compare, summarize

In March, a 1st grade student is able to decode words in a primer, but is struggling to master context knowledge in the class. He is having problems with which characteristic of emergent literature

comprehension

Questioning and retelling enhance communication skills among students in the classroom. What critical reading skill is most enhanced by these strategies?

comprehension, listening, and speaking skills are all enhanced by questioning and retelling.

Multimedia tools

computer software programs or online resources can enhance reading comprehension. PPT presentations, wiki pages, digital storytellings, or web-quests in response to literature.

A kindergarten teacher is modeling how words on page are read from left to right and top to bottom, using a pointer and a big book. What is the focus of this of this lesson?

concepts of print

child should read - when these criteria' s are met

concepts of print, oral language development and understanding of the alphabetic principle

Before reading a literary piece, an elementary teacher will ask the class, "What do you know about...?". What best describes the purpose of this?

connect to the student's schema

prior knowledge

connect what they hear, read, and view with what they already know

spacing

consistency of space between letters, words and sentences

elements of Poetry

consonance - repetition of consonant sounds anywhere within the words assonance - repetition of vowel sounds

encoding

construct meaning from a code - involves changing a message into symbols. An example of encoding is encoding oral language into writing - spelling

Which of the following strategies would be best for elementary-grades students to use to help develop critical thinking skills

constructing a cause and effect chart

In a 4th grade classroom, children of high, middle, and low ability are mixed together in 3-4 member groups. They are assigned tasks to be completed as a group while the teacher circulates the groups and helps as requested. This grouping style is an example of

cooperative groups

editing stage

correct the writing

unit test

covers less content than a common exam and is usually only given by 1 teacher

visualize

create a mental pictures in one's minds about the content of the reading

The FCAT is an...

criterion-reference test

This type of assessment is used to measure how well a student has mastered material in a specific grade or subject

criterion-referenced

phonological awareness

defined as a broad understanding of the sound of language and occurs as children begin to hear speech sounds and play with them and also focuses on the structure of syllables in words

pragmatics

defined as understanding the social and cultural use of language

The purpose of norm-reference tests is to

determine the academic standing of students relative to others

main idea

determining the essential message of a reading selection

Main Idea

determining the essential message of reading selection

A 1st grade teacher is reading a book to her students. As she reads, she moves the pointer under the words. Which concept did she focus on

directionality

If students want to correspond with their peers from another state on an assigned project on emergent technology, which method would be most expedient

e-mail

During what stage of reading have students mastered basic concepts of print and are beginning to use various strategies for problem solving in reading?

early

During what stage of reading have students mastered basic concepts of print and are beginning to use various strategies for problem solving in reading?

edit

Ms. Desmond's class has written a paragraph about some applications. She has asked that they re-read and check carefully for mechanical errors. Ms. Desmond is teaching her class to

edit

A child who uses "mock" letters when asked to write a sentence is in which stage of writing

emergent

connotation

emotional attachment of words

conclusion

end of reading selection

Oral language development

enhance skills: be involved in open-ended (whole group, small group, and one-on-one) discussions, read alouds, echo reading, songs, nursery rhymes, storytelling, readers theater, cloze activities, poetry, role play and drama, fingerplays...

Emergent stage

entering the world of reading and writing, children at this stage need books with text that possess repetition and predictability. The illustration in books support the text

running record

evaluates oral reading fluency

Emergent Literacy

examines early literacy knowledge and the contexts and conditions that foster that knowledge

myth

example of cultures legends or traditional narratives about their ancestors, heroes, gods and other supernatural being

t/f - her eyes twinkle like the stars is an example of a metaphor

false; simile

true/false - the literary element of style refers to the appearance of the words on the page

false; writing style & word usage

Which of the following would be considered a primary source?

first testimony

sentence fluency involves

flow and sentence variety

accuracy, rate, prosody, and automaticity are all components of reading?

fluency

readers theater

focus is on FLUENCY - rather than comprehension, speaking, listening & pragmatics

semantic organizers

focus is on word meanings - semantics - subset of graphic organizers -

graphopgonemic cueing

focuses on a variety of visual cues & knowledge about relationship between sounds & systems

Semantic

focuses on any meaning a student derives from a sent. based on prior knowledge. Students can identify if it makes sense. "Did that make sense?"

Semantics

focuses on any meaning a student derives from a sent. based on prior knowledge. Students can identify if it makes sense. "Did that make sense?"

Semantic Cuing System

focuses on any meaning a student derives from a sentence based on prior knowledge (does this sentence make sense or not?)

semantic cueing system

focuses on any meaning a student derives from a sentence that is primarily based on prior knowledge. Students using semantic cueing can identify sentences that make sense & those that do not

socratic questioning

focuses on aspects of thinking, clarification, assumptions, point of view

semantic cuing system

focuses on meaning a student derives from a sentence. "does that make sense?"

syntactic cueing

focuses on structure of sentence and how language works. Students can identify sentences that sound correct

Syntactic

focuses on structure of the sentence and how language works. Students can identify sentences that sound correct. Teachers ask "Does that sound correct?" when syntactical error is made.

syntactic cuing system

focuses on the structure of the sentence & how language works. "does that sound correct?"

graphophonemic cuing system

focuses on various visual cues & knowledge about relationship between sounds & symbols. "does that look right?"

Graphophonemic

focuses on various visual cues and knowledge about the relationship between sounds and symbols. Phonological awareness is important. "Does that look right?"

structure of a song or way it is arranged is?

form

norm-referenced assessment

formal and standardized - tested at different geographical areas and socioeconomic to obtain an average scores to represent a norm

performance-based or authentic

formal assessment - application and demonstration of a skill - complex task - example: longer writing assignment, science project, speech, presentation or performance

criterion-referenced assessment

formal assessment - demonstrates mastery of learning objectives for student achievement

the three main states of matter are?

gas, liquid, solid

specialized vocabulary

general vocabulary words that have specific meaning in different subjects - math - closed set - drams - stage set

? are categories for established forms of compositions

generes

An elementary certified teacher must know the following terms concerning fluency in the classroom:

genre, expository and narrative text

Personification

giving human qualities to a thing or abstraction

personification

giving human qualities to a thing or attraction

personification

giving inanimate objects characteristics of a human

bibliotherapy

giving the right book to the right child at the right time being happy or sad or mad or treating problems with books

rubic

grade according to objectives of the assignment

editing

grammar focus

Alphabet Principle known as

graphophonemic awareness

Small Groups

groups of students working together to expand knowledge. Ex: jigsaws (small groups provided a task to later share knowledge with class), literature circles, student working centers.

poetry

haiku (5-7-5), limerick (five lines, humorous aabba rhyme scheme), ode (lyrical and expressive poem), diamante (seven lines, form a diamond), clerihew (humorous , consisting of 2 rhyming couplets, one that includes a person's name)

Literary text or narratives

have a logical sequence. Students can be taught to recognize beginning, middle, end.

Questioning

helps students make meaning of text being read. Questions about text, author's intent etc.

sight words are defined as

high-frequency words in reading

realistic stories set in the past

historical fiction

alignment

horizontal placement on page from left to right with a COMMON BASE

tall tale

humorous story with exaggerated elements

stages of writing

ideas, organization, voice - style - word choice, sentence fluency, conventions

traits of writing

ideas, organizations, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, conventions

diagnostic reading test

identify students strengths and weaknesses

legend

imaginative old story passed down for generations which may or may not feature a historical national or folk hero

text to world

implies that the reader has made a connection from the reading to a topic or an event that has taken or is taking place in the world

text to text

implies that the reader has made a connection from the reading to another book with similar writing style

text to self

implies that the reader has made a connection from the reading to their own lives

A classroom teacher used repeated reading for the purpose of

improving reading fluency

Onset

in a single syllable word or syllable of a longer word, the onset is the initial consonant or consonants.

protagonist

in fiction - main character in a story

Phonological awareness

includes ability of a student to identify and manipulate large parts of spoken language (words, syllables, onset/rime units) and awareness of other aspects of sound in our language like alliteration, intonation, and rhyming.

vocabulary

includes all the words the reader can understand

Inquiry

includes research about an author or topic (______ circles)

Artistic literature response

incorporates a variety of artistic mediums such as drawing, painting, collage, scratchboard.

informal reading inventory

individual assessment of a students skill in terms of word recognition in isolation, oral reading, fluency and silent reading & comprehension and listening comprehension

Phonemic Awareness is the ability to identify

individual sounds, divide words into individual sounds, and blend together sounds

Phonological Awareness is the ability to identify

individual words, sounds and syllables

response logs

informal assessment that documents students reading, viewing, and listening(students record)

miscue analysis

informal reading inventories IRI - identify the kinds of oral reading errors a student makes - word/phrase is incorrect but doesn't change the meaning

Informal Assessments

informal reading inventories, running records, cloze tests, anecdotal notes, checklists, rubrics, portfolios, surveys.

At the beginning of the year, a teacher wanted to determine her students' independent and instructional reading levels.

informal reading inventory

contextual learning

information is presented using practical experience or simulations - students apply what is learned to real-life situations

Inferential comprehension is that which comes from reading and understanding of:

information that is not stated explicitly

fact

information that is true and acccurate

In a heterogeneous 3rd grade class, what information would be used to most accurately plan for reading groups

instructional reading levels

Formal Assessment

intelligence tests, achievement tests, diagnostic tests.

Phonemic awareness

involves blending, segmentation, and manipulating individual phonemes

cloze test

involves getting students to fill in words deliberately omitted from a passage or text

analysis of graphics

involves interpreting analysis and evaluation skills

evaluative

involves making judgements or analysis about information presented in the text

phonetic identification

involves noting the same sound in several words

voice

involves personal style - one of the traits of writing

cultural pluralism

involves the acceptance of the distinctive characteristics of all cultures, including one's own

syntactics

involves the knowledge of GRAMMAR

semantics

involves the knowledge of MEANING - vocabulary

syntactic understanding

involves the rules for using words in sentences - grammar

Organization

involves the structure of writing for different purposes

morphemic awareness - also called metacognition

involves understanding meaningful word parts -- dividing words into units of meaning ex. BIO LOGY also called metacognition

Alphabet knowledge : alphabetic principle - criteria - child should read

involves understanding the relationship between letters and sound. Alphabetic principle known as graphophonemic awareness. Understands that written words are composed of letters - graphemes - and that groups of letters represent the sounds of spoken words.

Narrative style

is a kind of writing - not a writing error

Alphabet knowledge

is a precursor to decoding

unity

is a principal of art that occurs when all elements of a piece combine to make a balanced, pleasing, complete whole

formative assessment

is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures employed by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment

Language experience technique

is a whole group approach to writing and reading based on a shared event

Structural analysis

is breaking a word into meaningful parts. understanding that words have parts that fit together and contribute to meaning examples are bases, roots, affixes, suffixes, prefixes.

Informational or nonfiction text

is structured using organizational aids called text features. Helps summarize info presented. Title, table of contents, headings, subheadings, bold and italicized words, illustrations, photographs, labeled diagrams, charts, graphs, tables, glossary, index

structural analysis

is study of word parts

oral language development - criteria - child should read

is subset of language - has 2 dimensions - speaking and listening - starts in the home - different children will have different exposures

Structural analysis

is the division of words into parts during reading

theme

is the unifying or dominant idea - it is not always stated since it can be implied

comprehension monitoring

is the use of background knowledge and text info to make sure that what is read is understood.

Vowel digraph

is two vowels together that make one phoneme or sound such as au in cause

what is matter?

is what makes up everything physical in the world (rocks, people, chairs, buildings ect)

phonemic awareness examples

isolation - recognize individual sounds identification - recognize same sounds categorization - recognize similar sounds addition/subtraction - making new words blending - combining phonemes into a word - segmentation - breaking words into separate phonemes - substitution - replacing one phoneme with another to make a word

Following a student incorrect response, a teacher rephrases the question again. This activity is appropriate because

it helps the student focus on the question

Following a student's incorrect response, a teacher rephrases the question again. This activity is appropriate because

it helps the student focus on the question

The Alphabetic Principle is a highly important reading skills because

it is the basis of phonics instruction

concepts of print

knowledge of how print work is vital

Phoemes /b/

language sounds or letter sound

Pre-alphabetic

learn concepts about books & print picture talk

Which of these activities would demonstrate differentiated instruction

learning centers that are multi-stepped, used a variety of activities

graphophonemic letter

letter- sound

important principals of design are?

line, unity, color, shape, form, texture, balance,repetition, movement. & value

Prior to read aloud, setting a purpose aids what specific language art that is often neglected?

listening

Efferent listening

listening to learn new information

denotation

literal meaning of words

"Right there" questions (text explicit)

literal questions. Answer in the text itself.

Reading comprehension

literal, inferential, evaluative

differentiated instruction in reading

looks at the individual student's strengths in learning and addresses those.

essential skills related to reading comprehension are?

main idea, supporting detail & facts, authors purpose, fact & opinion, point of view, inference, visualize, conclusion

Mr. Peters wants to provide more independent reading materials for his fourth grade students. This means that he will need to listen to a number of students read aloud short passages from various reading levels and that these students will:

make no more than 1 error out of every 20 words read aloud

Critical Thinking Strategies

making connections, making predictions, questioning, summarizing

what are the fundamental physical properties of matter?

mass, volume, density, chemical change

Fluency stage

mastered various reading strategies, and concepts of print. Students are now promoted to read independently, and aim for allowing child to derive meaning through more complex stories, and encourage the child's enjoyment of reading

a compound is?

matter that combines atoms chemically in definite weight proportions

word recognition

means that the student has the ability to visually identify words in isolation or context

literal comprehension

means the student understood what happened in the story

It is very difficult for students to accommodate new information that conflicts with previous information or beliefs. Which of the following explains this phenomenon

metacognitive process

Orthography

method of representing a spoken language through the use of written symbols

Discussion

might include literature circles or book clubs (face to face or online) that encourages small, temporary, and heterogeneous groups of students to talk about the story being read.

academic vocabulary

more complex like ignite, commit, significant

morpheme

morphemes are individual elements that can stand alone within a sentence, such as <cat>, <laugh>, <look>, and <box>. They are essentially what most of us call words. (smallest unit of meaning)

Phonemic awareness

most complex level of phonological awareness and involves blending, segmentation, and manipulating individual phonemes. Phonemic awareness and phonological awareness are interdependent. "Phonemic awareness" refers to the knowledge that words are made up of sounds, syllables, 'onsets and rimes,' and phonemes. "Phonological awareness" is the ability to hear the sounds and distinguish

Literacy stations

most directly appeal to a variety of student learning

clerihew

name

In their writing tasks, Mrs. Charles has asked her students to write a selection that will include characters' actions relative to a problem and its solution. This is an example of which writing mode

narrative

Modes of Writing

narrative writing, persuasive writing, descriptive writing, expository writing, informative writing, creative writing

story structure

narratives or stories have beginning, middle, end

cultural sensitivity

no culture is superior to another culture and that differences among people or cultures is not positive or negative or right or wrong.

This type of assessment usually has its scores reported in percentile ranks

norms-referenced

Knowledge

observation and recall of information knowledge of dates, events, places knowledge of major ideas mastery of subject matter Question Cues: list, define, tell, describe, identify, show, label, collect, examine, tabulate, quote, name, who, when, where, etc.

concepts of print - criteria - child should read -

observing the child to see their behavior with books

automaticity

occurs when a reader can identify words without a conscious effort

formative assessment

on going and informal - quizzes, exit-ticket, feed-back prompts - provide immediate feedback - ex teacher observation

plot

one of the most important elements - main events of the story

stanine

one through nine, scores of four through six are average.

Which of the following would not be a benefit of differentiating instruction

only low-performance students could have their-learning needs met

In the classic folklore story story, The Tree Billy Goat Gruff, the goat trip-trap, trip-trap over the bridge. What literary device describes the use of the words, trip trap?

onomatopoeia

Examples of Vowel digraphs:

oo in moon, ea as in bread, ea as in eat

Speaking Strategies

organizational format, questioning, retelling, drama

Characters

people or animals in a story, novel, or play

This type of assessment uses pre-set criteria

performance-based

Aesthetic listening

performed more for pleasure and enjoyment

opinion

personal judgment

Example of a Literary device - literacy terms

personification, allieration, anecdote

The 5 Components of Reading

phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension

Which approach would be most effective in teaching students to decode the following words: grump, whack, squall, blare

phonic analysis

A student has cut apart the words in his language experience story and is reconstructing the story. This activity will most likely reinforce which word identification skills

phonics and structural analysis

In a 1st grade classroom, three students are unable to blend sound to help them decode unfamiliar words. Which should be used to teach the skills?

phonics approach

Aaron is a 1st grade student who has transferred to a new school. His teacher has discovered that he is weak in letter-sound recognition. To remedy this deficiency, one of the best pedagogical approaches would be

phonics instruction

Knowledge of individual words in sentences, syllables, onset-rime segments and the awareness of individual phonemes in words is known as

phonological awareness

oral language development - components of - phonological awareness

phonological awareness - understanding the sound of language and begins when children hear speech sounds and play with them - also focuses on the structure of the syllables in the word

Components of oral language

phonological awareness, semantic understanding, syntactic understanding, pragmatics

the ? is the events that take place in a story

plot

Dramatic Response

poetry readings, readers theater, storytelling

revising stage

polish and improve the composition

oral language development - components of pragmatics

pragmatics - understanding the social and cultural use of language

Phases of word recognition

pre-alphabetic, partial-alphabetic, full-alphabetic, graphophonemic, and morphemic.

When a student attempts to synthesize what has been read, they are

predicting and drawing conclusions.

Teachers must make informed decisions about the appropriateness of modifications needed when using assessment instruments with specific populations. In deciding how to address this situation in class that includes several ELL students, which would be the best choice

preparing an alternative assessment form based on ELL students' ability levels

Writing is a recursive process that involves at least four distinct steps:

prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing

The Writing Process

prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing

The teacher and her class write a language experience about their trip to the zoo. The class reads their stories together while the teacher sweeps her hands along the text. This is a good practice activity to develop

print concept

Word Analysis ( phonics or decoding)

process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns

types of plots

progressive - observed when the reader must finish the entire book episodic - when chapters constitute complete stories

scaffolding

provides a structure for organizing information based on prior knowledge

Cooperative grouping strategy known as Jigsaw

provides the opportunity for a small group to become experts in a given topic and share it

Supporting details and facts

provides the reader with the vital info needed to synthesize and summarize.

supporting details and facts

provides the reader with the vital information needed to synthesize and summarize what is being read

author's purpose

purpose of the text

running records

quick assessments of reading fluency

fluency checks

quick usually one-minute checks for accuracy, rate, prosody-words per minute (WPM number of wordsx60/number of seconds or CWPM same, just subtract the errors from number of words--- correct)

By the time students are in fourth and fifth grades, teachers expect the students to be fluent in reading which comes from having and using a large repertoire of word identification skills. Fluency involves:

rate, accuracy, and intonation along with state norms

Students are to read one another's composition in an initial peer editing exercise. The best approach for students to take when reading each other's work is to

read the paper, one sentence at a time, noting errors in mechanics and sentence structure

Inference

reading between the lines, making meaning from whats implied

fluency

reading with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension

Characteristics of good historical fiction include

realistic characters in historically accurate settings

What is a characteristic of an emergent reader

realizes print carries a message

phonetic isolation

recognizing an individual sound

allusion

reference to a historical event, person, place

normative assessments

refers to the process of comparing one test-taker to his or her peers

Prosody

refers to the rhythm, stress patterns,a dn intonations of speech

Phonic spelling (also called invented spelling)

refers to young children's attempts to use their best judgments about spelling.

anecdotal records

reflect behavior rather than learning progress

A 5th grade class went on a field trip connected to the Egyptian culture. Upon returning to school, the students worked in small groups to write their reactions to some of the Islamic arts. This exercise is an example of

reflection

Which of these strategies is the most effective means of developing fluency in a struggling reader

repeated oral reading with guidance

Parallelism refers to

repetition of grammatical structure and using elements in sentences that are grammatically similar or identical in structure, sound, meaning, or meter -like father, like son, Easy come, easy go

Which of the following instructional methods aid fluency?

repetitive or repeated readings, echo reading, choral reading

alphabet knowledge

requires young learners to identify and name the upper and lowercase letters of the alphabet

fix up strategies for students

rereading at a slower pace, looking up unknown words, restating what is read in your own words, reading on to see if additional information clarifies understanding

Students need to further develop an original draft of writing as part of

revision

elements of music

rhythm, melody (tune), form, texture, timbre, dynamics

? teaching is a way to help students learn songs that involve imitation usually presented sequentially & repeated back by children

rote

the structure of the english language consists of:

rules of grammar, capitalization and punctuation

phonological

ryhme and phoneme words

Where can you easily access a wide array of multicultural literature, free of charge, for use in your elementary classroom?

school library

Which of the following assessments would be most effective if given during the first month of school

screening

developmental writing stages

scribbling, mock letters, conventional letters, invented/temporary/phonetic spelling, conventional spelling

Analysis

seeing patterns organization of parts recognition of hidden meanings identification of components Question Cues: analyze, separate, order, explain, connect, classify, arrange, divide, compare, select, explain, infer

What cueing system focuses on meaning that is associated with language through prior knowledge and experience?

semantic

oral language development - components of - semantic understanding

semantic understanding - understanding the morphology or meanings of words - vocabulary

Advance Listening Skills

set a purpose, questioning and visualizing, summarizing, graphic organizers

Lesson plans begin with:

setting objectives

Formal and Informal Speaking

share more common things than differences. Pre-teach vocabulary and providing incomplete outlines to help students scaffold ideas before speaking . Students can write responses before sharing them.

anecdotal notes (records)

short, concise, written observations made by teacher while student works. Purpose is to observe & record information that may be useful in guiding instruction

An Early Childhood teacher facilitates the progress of an emergent reader by:

showing pictures and discussing well-known advertising, such as McDonald's or Wal-Mart

A word that is recalled by memory only is known as a

sight word

Administering a high frequency words list for students to read orally can be an appropriate procedure for assessing

sight word knowledge

more advanced literacy skills

sight word, vocabulary, reading & writing vocabulary, abstract thinking, expository structures, graphical awareness, syntactic awareness & semantic knowledge

"Word Building Blocks" are blocks designed to represent groups of letters and are used by a student to build words from the Word Wall is effective building skills in:

sight words

Which of the following teaching methods does not enhance oral language development in students in the classroom?

silent reading

stanine scores

similar to percentile ranking - divides scores into 9 ranges - 1-3 below - 4-6 average - 7-9 above

SLANT

sit, lean, ask, nod, track SLANT technique communicates to teachers that the student is engaged and interested in what is going on in class, increases the student's understanding and retention of classroom material, and causes teachers to respond to students in friendlier ways.

physical characteristics of writing development

small motor development - using fingers and hands, metal attention - how the writer thinks about ideas, semantic -meaning and syntactic -grammar- memory - recalling experience to be able to write , thinking skills - analyzing and evaluating info

strategies for developing critical-thinking skills

socratic questioning, receiprocal teaching, literature circles, problem-based learning, contextual learning, project-based learning

decoding

sound out a printed sequence of letters - application of the alphabetic principle to correctly say or read written words with the understanding

in order to communicate in writing,penmanship must be legible handwriting?

spacing, letter formation and letter alignment.

What is the largest vocabulary for a 2nd grade child

speaking

language has four dimensions

speaking, listening, reading and writing

Rate

speed of reading

rate

speed of reading

percentile ranking

standardized test score, compares a student to other students his or her age 75%= he scored the same or better than 75% of the students in his age range.

diagnostic assessment

standardized tests aimed at determining students strengths & weaknesses

Diagnostic Assessment

standardized tests aimed to determine a student's strengths and weaknesses.

diagnostic assessment

standardized tests that show a students specific strengths or weaknesses

drafting stage

start to compose

problem-based or inquiry-based learning

starts with a question or problem provided and explained by the teacher. students are in usually in cooperative groups to find a way to solve the problem

Realistic Fiction

stories that could happen in the real world

fantasy

stories that could not happen in the real world

Science fiction

stories that might happen in the future, space travel, cloning, utopian societies, etc.

biography

stories that tell of a person's life

autobiography

stories that tell of a person's life written by that person

folklore/traditional literature

stories were told by word of mouth: nursery rhymes, fairy tails, fables, myths, ledgens, tall tales

motif

story detail that recurs throughout the work and helps convey the theme

third person voice

story is told from the point of view of someone who narrates the story based on what is seen, heard or experienced

Which method for assessing student progress would benefit from story maps

story retelling

questioning

strategy that helps students make meaning of the text being read

literature circles

structured student-centered version of book clubs for adults. Groups are formed by book choice

Developmental stages of writing there are 6 Traits of Writing

student should demonstrate grade-level skills 1. Ideas - knowledge of content 2. Organization - able to write various forms, audiences and purposes. 3.Voice - individual style 4. Word choice - using technical, specialized and academic vocabulary 5. Sentence fluency - flow and sentence variety 6.Conventions - spelling, grammar

extemporizing

students express their own thoughts and feelings rather than ask or restate the thoughts of another. speaking informally about thoughts and feelings without preparation - informal speaking

receiprocal teaching

students take role of the teacher in small group reading sessions after the teacher models four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and prediction.

project-based learning

students work for an extended period of time to work through a complex question, problem or challenge

Which student assignment will best accomplish analyzing advertisement for hidden messages

studying an advertisement provided by the teacher and answering questions

Graphic organizers are

summarizing tools that aid comprehension

oral language development - components of - syntactic understanding

syntactic understanding - involves the rules for using words in sentences - grammar

Graphic organizers are

synthesizing and summarizing tools that aid comprehension

What does research say is the most effective type of phonics instruction

systematic and explicit

common exam

teachers working to create a single test for assessing students - more than one teacher

retelling

technique that involves reading either silently or aloud and then retelling what has been read.

Validity

tests that measure what they are suppose to measure

What does it mean when a student scored in the 64th percentile

that he or she scored better then 64% of the norming group

Reliability

that the test has the same or similar results when repeated

phonological awareness

the ability of a student to identify and manipulate large parts of spoken language

phonemic awareness

the ability to hear and manipulate the sounds of spoken language

The term flexibility refers to which reading strategy

the ability to read different materials at the appropriate levels

fluency

the ability to read quickly, accurately and with proper expression

phonemic awareness

the ability to think about and manipulate the smallest units of speech: Phonemes.

comprehension

the ability to understand what one has read

"Think and search" (text implicit)

the answer is implicit in text. Student must synthesize, infer, or summarize to find answer.

Emergent literacy

the beginning phase of literacy. Learn text and pictures provide meaning. Are exposed to structure or syntax of language and predict meaning of text.

In a second grade class, motivation to read is most likely to occur when:

the class gets involved in a "Reader's Theater.

Denotative meaning is:

the clear specific meaning often derived from a dictionary

Plot

the events that take place in a story; often includes a climax and resolution

Phonological awareness

the knowledge about the sound structure of language (listening ONLY)

Phonological awareness

the knowledge about the sound structure of language, which includes the ability to distinguish parts of speech by hearing the words. It includes the ability to identify syllables and phonemes, to blend and segment phonemes, and the development of decoding and spelling skills. Phonological awareness is a reliable predictor of a student's ability to read later on. People often confuse phonological awareness with "phonics" but in reality, phonological awremness is a precursor to phonics. A good way for children to develop phonological awareness is through verbal communication, such as songs and nursery rhymes

climax

the point of highest dramatic interest or turning point in a story

Assessment

the process for gathering data about students to identify areas of strength and weakness in order to guide future instruction.

Text to world

the reader made a connection from the reading to a topic or an event that has taken place in the world.

Text to text

the reader made a connection from the reading to another book with similar writing style, theme, or topic.

Text to self

the reader made a connection from the reading to own personal life.

Phonics

the relationship between the letters of written language and the sounds of spoken language

Phonemes

the smallest units of sounds in spoken words

phoneme

the speech sound

knowledge of narrative story structure includes

the story has a beginning and an end. Also has s setting, plot, characters, theme and style. Provides a framework for comprehension

first person voice

the story is told from the perspective of a single character using I, we or me/us as pronouns and the content is based on what that person knows, thinks, does, sees or hears from another character

Word Recognition

the student has ability to visually identify words in isolation or context.

Phonics

the study of how spellings represent sounds; phonics also involves an instructional approach that that focuses on how sounds in spoken language are represented by letters in the written language

heat is a measurement of?

the total energy in a substance

phonics

the understanding of the relationship between the written letters of the alphabet and the sounds of spoken language

The meaning of the alphabetic principle is

the understanding that there is a logical and systematic relationship between the sounds of spoken English and the letters/letter-patterns of written English

onomatopoeia

the use of words with sounds that reinforce their meaning (smash, bang, boom)

Style

the vocabulary and syntax the author uses to create the story

grapheme

the written symbol

general vocabulary

their meanings are the same for any subject - there, go, girl, door

"Talking to the text" is also known as a strategy called a

think aloud

While reading aloud to his students, Mr.Ambrose stops to share questions, personal connections, and inferences he made about the story, and verbalize what he thinks will happen next. This teacher is demonstrating which instructional method

think aloud

The definition of metacognition is:

thinking about one's own thinking

metacognition also called morphemic awareness

thinking about their thinking and recognizing when they are understanding what is read and when comprehension fails - also known as morphemic awareness

metacognition

thinking about thinking; refers to higher order thinking which involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in learning

Examples of high-frequency irregular words include:

through, their, there, what, who, too

How is fluency most directly measured

timed oral reading

screening

to determine if a student is ready to succeed and if support will be needed

listening guide is used

to focus attention and provide students with structural ways to capture and reflect on content. Helps students identify what is important

graphic and semantic organizers

to highlight the big ideas in a text and to facilitate connections

The purpose of anecdotal notes is

to observer students while they work and record the observations for later study.

summarize

to simply and concisely paraphrase what has been read

Summarizing

to simply and concisely paraphrase what has been read.

true/false - graphophonemic is a phrase of word recognition in elementary age students that refers to letter-sound relationship

true

Alliteration

two or more words or syllables, near each other, with the same beginning consonant

alliteration

two or more words or syllables, near each other, with the same beginning consonant

Early stage

understanding basic concepts of print. They are learning more sight words, and will begin to employ various problem-solving strategies while reading

concepts of print

understanding how books are used

Comprehension

understanding information grasp meaning translate knowledge into new context interpret facts, compare, contrast order, group, infer causes predict consequences Question Cues: summarize, describe, interpret, contrast, predict, associate, distinguish, estimate, differentiate, discuss, extend

What is voice to print

understanding that the print on the page is what needs to be read and not the pictures

alphabet principle or graphoponemic awarenes - the alphabet knowledge

understanding that written word are composed of letters - graphemes) and that group of letters represent the sounds of spoken words

semantic understanding

understanding the morphology or meanings of words - vocabulary

pragmatics

understanding the social and cultural use of language - different in spoken & standard English

omniscient voice

unlimited knowledge, awareness, has the knowledge of the thoughts of other characters

application

use information use methods, concepts, theories in new situations solve problems using required skills or knowledge Questions Cues: apply, demonstrate, calculate, complete, illustrate, show, solve, examine, modify, relate, change, classify, experiment, discover

syntax

use of the word - grammar

Synthesis

use old ideas to create new ones generalize from given facts relate knowledge from several areas predict, draw conclusions

Making predictions

use title and illustration on cover to predict what a text will be about aids comprehension. Throughout reading, predictions can be affirmed or revised.

Use of graphic and semantic organizers

used by teachers and students to highlight big ideas in a text and facilitate connections. Organizers synthesize and summarize reading.

progress monitoring

used throughout the year to show gains in achievement & to provide information to guide instruction

Progress Monitoring

used throughout the year to show gains in reading achievement and to provide info to the teacher that will help guide instruction.

screening

used to assess students at the beginning of the year to identify students reading level & capabilities

fable

uses animals as characters and ends with a moral

Creative writing

uses the writers imagination

simile

using "as" or "like" - She was like a bull in a china shop

inferential

using information stated in the passage to determine information not stated

Alliteration

using several words with same onset - she sells sea shells down by the sea shore

stanza

using that word rather than paragraph in describing poetry

Irony

using words that mean the opposite of what the author intends

irony

using words that mean the opposite of what the author intends

? range is the span from highest to lowest note a person's voice can produce?

vocal

Jeanette, a kindergarten student, enjoys reading books found in her classroom. At the beginning of the year, she picture read the book. However, by the middle of the year, she was pointing to each word on the page as she read the book. Which concept of print is Jeanette exhibiting but he middle of the year

voice-to-print

At the beginning of the school year, Leila, a first-grade student, made approximations while reading. However, by the middle of the year, she was pointing to each word on the page as she read the book. What concept of print is Leila exhibiting?

voice-to-print match

dynamics involve the ? of sound?

volume

Blogs

weblog, allows students to post and comment on their work. Classroom news blogs and literature response blogs have become common.

making predictions

what a particular text is going to be about aids students comprehension

Setting

where the story takes place

Metonymy is a literature device

where you substitute a formal word for another similar word

Fantasy Fiction

with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.

receptive vocabulary

words a person knows when they see or hear them

expressive vocabulary

words a person uses in speaking or writing

Onomatopoeia

words that form sounds - bang swish

Descriptive writing

writing that attempts to "paint a picture" or describe a person, place, thing, or idea

persuasive writing/opinion

writing that attempts to convince a reader

Persuasive writing

writing that attempts to convince the reader that a point of view is valid or that the reader should take a specific action

descriptive writing

writing that attempts to paint a picture or describe a person, place, thing, or idea

Expository writing

writing that gives info, explains why or how, clarifies a process, or defines a concept

expository writing/explanatory writing

writing that gives information, explains why or how, clarifies a process or defines a concept

Informative writing

writing that informs the reader in an attempt to create new found knowledge

informative writing

writing that informs the reader in an attempt to create newfound knowledge

Descriptive

The made of writing that includes many details and often uses adjectives and adverbs to evoke images in a reader's mind.

Prosody

The patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry.

Phonological Awareness

This is auditory discrimination of sounds, taught through rhyming, word segmentation, word blending, consonant and/or vowel substitution, picture sorting, etc.

Haiku

Three lines with 5-7-5 syllables

Fluency

Through listening to adult models, children learn to read in phrases and use intonation

Digraphs

Two consonants that together represent one sound

Prosody

Verification of text and involves such matters as which syllable of a word accented. The reader reads with feeling. They include accent and punctuation.

Phonological Awareness

When the students hear distinct words, sounds, syllables

Knowledge of Story Structure: Plot (exposition)

Where character and their situation are introduced.

Implicit

You infer

Primed Background Knowledge

all children bring some level of background knowledge to begin reading

hyperbole

an exaggeration used to emphasize a point

High-stakes test

are summative asssessments whose purpose is accountability

Stages of word recognition

bottom up model, top down model, interactive model

bottom up model

children start on the page at letter level - reading each letter

SRS

clickers

what is the goal of reading

comprehension or understanding

? is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.

element

prosody

expressions

exposition

informative

hyperbole

over exaggeration

publishing

publish their own works

phonemes

represent sounds

Theme

the subject or central idea of the story

Narrative writing

writing that recounts a personal or fictional experience or tells a story based on a real or imagined event.

narrative writing

writing that recounts a personal or fictional experience or tells a story based on real or imagined events literary elements-plot, setting, characters, theme, style

creative writing

writing that uses the writers imagination

graphemes

written letters

Alphabetic Principle (graphophonemic awareness)

1. Understanding that words are made up of letters and that each letter has a specific sound 2. the correspondence between sounds and letters leads to phonological reading

Areas of Emerging Evidence

1. experiences with print (through reading and writing) 2. phonological awareness and letter recognition contribute to initial reading acquisition by helping children develop efficient word recognition 3. Storybook reading affects children's knowledge about, strategies for and attitudes toward reading

Semantic map

A strategy commonly used before reading expository text to activate prior knowledge of a particular concept. It is similar to List-group-label - Pearson and Johnson.

Caroline was rendered speechless to such a degree that she talked of nothing else for the rest of the day A. Irony B. Hyperbole C. Personification D. Euphemism

A. Irony

Phonological Awareness

Ability to understand the sound of language and manipulate or play with speech sounds

A Magician wants to make all of his tricks a mystery to his audience what verb should be used to say this? A. Mysterize B. Mistify C. Mysterious D. Mysteried

B. Mistify

In a 1st grade classroom, Mr DePaul is aware of the importance of his students having a variety of Reading readiness experiences. He focuses each week on word patterns to help his students become confident & fluent readers gaining this type of skills will help his students to understand word patterns A. Syntactic B. Morphemic C. Phonemic D. Semantic

B. Morphemic

_____ Gives reader important clues about what to look for: A. a graphic organizer B. text structure C. A conclusion D. None of the above

B. text structure

Activities that draw upon _____ include incorporating oral language activities (which discrimminate between printed letters and words) into daily read-alouds as well as frequent opportunities to retell stories, looking at books with predictable patterns, writing messages with invented spelling and responding to literature through drawing A. background knowledge B. Conspicuous strategies C. Language & conventions of print D. mediated scaffolding

Background Knowledge

Which of the following sentences showed the correct usage of a hyphen? A. Melanie was a real-estate-broker B. Robert dialed Joyces # since it was easy-to-remember ... C. Although Micheal was not an accident-prone person... D. James & Austin, both twenty-one...

C. Although Michael was not an accident-prone person

Around the time a child learns to crawl the child is often also in the _____ of oral development which includes baby noises, physical movements, and interactions with others A. Transition B. Language C. Protolinguistic D. Cognitive

C. Protolinguistic

Jessica still needs to finish her homework: revise her essay, ____ the next chapter, and complete the math problems. A. Reading B. to read C. read D. will read

C. Read

Functions of Print

Children discover that print can be used for a variety of purposes and functions including entertainment and information

Word Consciousness

Children who have access to books can tell the story through the pictures before you can read. Gradually they begin to realize the connection between the spoken words and the printed ones

Proper Comma Usage: For Thanksgiving reunion, relatives were sitting in the dining room, on the porch, and in the carport. A. Thanksgiving, reunion B. were, sitting C. porch D. No error

D. No Error

Instructional Strategies: Using Big Books in the classroom

Gather children around with the big book placed on a stand, as you read point to each word (it is best to use a pointer) Observation is a key point in assessing students ability to track words and speech

Phonological Awareness

The ability of the reader to recognize the sound of spoken language recognition includes how sounds can be blended together, segmented, and manipulated can start to begin during pre-k

Oral language - listening and oral vocabularies

Words understood when heard; words used in speech

syllable

a segment of a word that contains one vowel sound (the vowel may or may not be preceded and/or followed by a consonant).

Diphthong

a special vowel sound that requires two different positions of the mouth to produce the sound /oi/, /ow/.

Phoneme:

a speech sound that combines with others in a language to make words.

Allegory

a story in verse or prose with characters representing virtues and vices (symbolic or literal)

using preposistional phrases

are good syntactic structures for this type of work (on the____, in the_____, over the_____)

Transition Phase

around the time children being to walk; child begins to move beyond baby language in order to mimic words and sounds

narration

arranged chronologically

Instructional Strategies: Word Wall

great teaching tool for words in isolation and for writing each letter of the alphabet is displayed with words that begin with that letter underneath

Onset:

in a single syllable word or syllable of a longer word, the onset is the initial consonant or consonants.

Text Structure

in non fiction particularly, text books, and sometimes fiction. gives readers important clues about what to look for

Paired reading

in this fluency building technique, a student reads along with an adult or more capable reader. The purpose is to build rate and prosody or reading with expression. The student may signal to the partner that they are ready to try to read independently. As soon as the student has difficulty, the model reader starts reading along again to support the reader through the difficult part of the text.

Strategic Integration

integration of old and new learning can be accomplished bu providing access to literacy materials in classroom writing centers and libraries also should read aloud, reading centers,

Phonics

is the understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes, the letters that represent those sounds in written language.

Instructional Strategies: Sounds of the letters

key feature when learning how to read

Bathos

ludicrous attempt to portray pathos that is to evoke pity, sympathy or sorrow

chunking

recite the alphabet in chunks

Semantics

refers to the meaning expressed when words are arranged in a specific way connotation and denotation of words play a role in reading important for developing effective word recognition skills which help emerging readers develop fluency

Syntax

refers to the rules or patterned relationships that correctly create phrases and sentences from words being understanding the structure of how sentences are built and eventually the beginning of grammar

Segmenting

separating the individual phonemes (sounds) of a word into discreet units.

Conspicuous Strategies

sequences of teaching events and teacher actions used to help students learn new literacy skills and relate them to their existing knowledge Can be incorporated in the beginning reading instruction to ensure that all learners have basic literacy concepts.

Fluency

the capacity to read text accurately and quickly, and with expression

Language (stage of oral language)

the child is able to communicate about shared experiences with another; at this point children are aware that there is more in the world than just what they experience and they can begin to use language to learn about and share the experiences of others.

Pragmatics

the difference between the writers meaning and the literal meaning of the sentence based on social context able to understand what the writer is trying to convey

Phonemic Awareness

the idea that words are composed of sounds the reader and the listener can recognize and manipulate specific sounds in spoken words concerned with sounds of spoken words most of the activities and exercise are oral

Chunking

the practice of breaking a word into manageable parts for the purpose of decoding or as a strategy for figuring out a longer word

Decoding

the process of translating printed words into an oral language representation, using knowledge of letter-sound relationships and word structure.Alphabetic Principle- the understanding that letters and letter combinations represent individual phonemes in words in written language-

Morphology

the study of word structure they are developing an understanding of patterns they see in words

Blending

the task of combining the distinct units of sound that comprise a word rapidly, to accurately represent the word.

alphabetic principle -

the understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds.

Rime:

the vowel and any consonants that follow it in a syllable or single syllable word.

antecedent

the word or word group that a pronoun stands for

Grapheme:

the written symbol for a speech sound. Vowel digraph (or vowel pair): two vowels together in a word that represent one phoneme (for example, ea, ai, ay, oa).

Background Knowledge

use background knowledge to help them link their personal literacy experiences to beginning reading instruction while also closing the gap between students with rich literacy experiences & those w/ impoverished literacy experiences

subjunctive mood

used for conditional clauses or wish statements that pose conditions that are untrue

indicative mood

used to make unconditional statements

Prosody

versification of text and involves such matters as which syllable of a word is accented regard to fluency it is that aspect which translates reading into the same experience as listening in the readers mind