Latin History Exam

caudillo

"little chief"; product of rural areas; military strongman/leader/ warlords; autonomous status, controlled local resources, patron-client resources; growth of regionalism; many led break aways of regions;appealed to nationalism but was also obstacles to nation-state formation; establish patronage network; charismatic and machismo; located mostly in pampas of Argentina and llanos of Venezuela; embraced by conservatives even though they were "of the people"; social following; often were dictators; due to their local power base, obstacles to national government; loyalty to caudillo meant undermining nation; considered guardians and protectors of their region-protector of popular classes; eventually as post independence continued, new ideologies emerged and caudillos became more and more like an obstacle than a way towards progress

Benito Juárez

(Mexico) 1st liberal national president (1858-1872); developed program for private ownership of land-loss of indigenous traditions--this led to rebellions by the indigenous; La Reforma; improved education

Manuel Piar

(caudillo); refused to recognize Bolivar as supreme military leader of Venezuela after independence from Spain; accused and executed from attempting to form several black troops against Bolivar; military man- helped win war of independence from spain; unhappy with the continued discrimination of mestizos after war, started building up own army against Bolivar;

Getúlio Vargas

(r. 1930-1945 and 1951-1954); military coup brought him power; disbanded national government; interventors (form of police) (replaced old ruling oligarchies)- wanted to weaken power of old coffee makers; allowed women to vote; organized labor unions; NOT a communist- took power to prevent communism from occurring; "Father of the Poor"; matched benefits to European ones; land reform: pursued for social justice; Estado Novo (authoritarian government); wanted to use massive amount of state aid; created National oil industry; re-elected in 1950: new infrastructure and energy production; Brazil leader; despite being a dictator he was still popular among citizens because of nationalism

One of the following two questions will appear on the exam: 1. By the middle of the twentieth century, Latin America was engulfed in nationalism. It might be said that during the nineteenth century, however, Latin American countries and leaders had not really been concerned with "breaking loose" or separating from the outside world. What had changed? Explain what gave rise to nationalism in Latin America at the turn of the twentieth century and why Latin Americans of diverse races and classes embraced it.

-During 19th century, help and involvement from US seemed like a good thing--wanted to be European, whitening, etc -For Latin Americans, the Good Neighbor Policy marked the end of direct U.S. intervention in Latin America and was the result of their efforts to challenge U.S. neocolonialism United States imperialism -US was becoming too involved in Latin American economy and politics and culture--this caused many Latinos to become annoyed and start to want total economic control -WWII led to Import Substitution Industrialization, Latin America no longer depended on foreign countries for their needed (manufactured) goods -ISI occurred when Great Depression started (which ended neocolonialism), this made way for ISI

2. Latin American history in the period from 1830 to 1945 has been described as a search for "order and progress." Explain what order and progress meant in those years, how it changed, and why that goal seemed to elude so many Latin American leaders in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.

-being more like Europe and the United States was main goal- modernization, industrialization, whitening, urbanization -although these countries were still interested in industrialization and modernization, they no longer were interested in being like Europe or the United States- they wanted to break off on their (ex, Nicaragua with bananas)

Platt Amendment

Cuba passed this amendment that guaranteed US involvement within the country for years to come; US retained right to protect Cuba from outside forces-didn't allow Cuba to interact with Europe (couldn't make any treaties with them)- no Cuban government could assume foreign debt by borrowing-Cuba gave up military base (Guantanamo Bay)

Antonio Maceo

Cuban mulatto; lieutenant general of rebel army during independence movement against Spain; uncommon in latin america for a person of black descent to ascend so high in military; created a nationalist anti racism sentiment that mean if there was racism of any kind, it was synonymous with anti-Cuban sentiments

ECLA

ECLAC was established in 1948 as the UN Economic Commission for Latin America,[4] or UNECLA. In 1984, a resolution was passed to include the countries of the Caribbean in the name.he United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, known as ECLAC, UNECLAC or in Spanish CEPAL, is a United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation. ECLAC includes 44 member States (20 in Latin America, 13 in the Caribbean and 11 from outside the region), and eight associate members which are non-independent territories in the Caribbean. ECLAC publishes statistics covering the countries of the region[2] and makes cooperative agreements with nonprofit institutions.[3] ECLAC's headquarters is in Santiago Chile.

Positivism

French social doctrine that prescribed authoritarian medicine to achieve order and progress; justified social structure and social change; centralizing power- create nation-state; idea and belief that social and national development could be achieved and advanced by modernity and science; applying science to economic development; rectified strong and intervening government; became source of compromise-united old liberals and conservatives together; started state sponsored education- 1867; downplay individual autonomy; based on Darwinism, there will always be natural inequalities (like race);

Francisco Madero

Gained popularity during the years leading up to the Mexican Revolution of 1910, especially among the agrarian poor--he promised new type of government where the poor had more rights; however he did not keep his promise when he became president and became a tyrant to many after Porfirio.

resguardos

Indian reservations that Colombia started selling between 1850-1880; this was during the period where Latin America was obsessed with progress and the export boom so needed more land for haciendas; forced indigenous to work on these plantations

PNR

National Revolution Party (Mexico)

Augusto César Sandino

Sandinismo or Sandinism; a. named after Augusto César Sandino (1895-1934) who spent early adult years in Mexico where anti-imperialism was especially pervasive and returned to Nicaragua in 1926 to join resistance against second U.S. occupation of the country; combined Marxists nationalism with a celebration of the indigenous racial and cultural heritage of Mesoamerica; b. Sandinismo appealed to the dispossessed and drew support from thousands of rural peasants and rural workers who resented efforts by the Nicaraguan government to police and repress rural politics and who feared the loss of their land; Sandino demonized the U.S. marine occupying force as barbarians, invaders, blond beasts, and piratical assassins, who were sent by Wall Street money men; " We must fight until we are free from Yankee imperialism because it and its government are the enemies of our race and our language." ;"We are giving our lives against the Yankee and the traitor"

Científicos

a circle of technocratic advisors to President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz. Steeped in the positivist "scientific politics", they functioned as part of his program of modernization at the start of the 20th century-leading cientifico: Manuel Romero Rubio

Populism

appealed to lower and middle classes; harmonization of government; state directed economic growth and development; link between new scheme of power and urban masses

Juan Manuel de Rosas

argentinian; used his families land and wealth to build his power; expert in land values and estate management; leader in expansion of agriculture; owned lots of land and thousands of cattle; turned his peonies into a small private army; he was a federalist-opposed central power; stabilized his country by allying with other landowners; many countries worked together to put down Rosas because he was becoming too powerful and they wanted access to Rio de la Plata -Rosismo-political terrorism and violence to stabilize country; appealed to lower classes but represented wealth; legislative power; used propaganda like making citizens where the color red for federalism; large military budget (marozka police force); economic terror as well by seizing people's land which undermined his basis of power

Justicialismo

associated with Juan Peron (Argentina); promotion of industrialization and workers rights--called the "third way between capitalism and communism" the descamisados became the emblem of Argentina; raise wages; gave women suffrage; brought modern forms industry such as aviation.

Simón Bolívar

came from a wealthy family and became wealthy through encomenderos; and proud that ancestors were conquistadors; one of the leaders of the independence revolution; had major impact one revolution; country named after him (Bolivia); Bolivarian socialism; heavily influenced by French enlightenment; gained independence for Venezuela first but shortly after an earthquake (which was seen as punishment from God for breaking away from Spain) Spanish took over but eventually Bolivar became dictator of Venezuela; wanted abolishment of slavery because slavery and liberty can't go together-linked abolition to military service; admired by Hugo Chavez

Domingo Faustino-Sarmiento (1811-1888)

civilization barbarism- non-white were incapable of being a good citizen; saw racial diversity as a problem- "Indian problem"; president of Argentina (1868-1874); encouraged education-opened many schools; wanted to ensure civil safety and progress for everyone; pushed forward modernization

Palmeres

community of escaped African slaves in Latin America during time of colonization; African cultural hub; where African culture transferred to South America and traditions were able to stay alive;

crisis of sovereignty

creoles wanted to be independent from Spain

Import-substitution- Industrialization (ISI)

economic shock market drop in 1929 encouraged this; manufacture of goods demanded by own population; protective tariffs to make sure foreigners do not monopolize; GDP grew by more than half; as WWII occurs foreigners (Europeans) cannot export goods to Latin America-allowed economy to grow-shift to industrialization; ISI improved with Great Depression and more so with WWII; racial distinctions were also beginning to decrease

hacienda/estancia/hato

estancia- rural oligarchies; large plantations in south america

José Antonio Páez

first president of Venezuela; ruled Venezuela 1825-1829 and 1833-1839; dictator; mestizo/llanero (horsemen of the plains); chief commander to Simon Bolivar;

Pedro II (1840-1889)

forced out of Brazil in 1889 due to him ending slavery- angered many hacienda owners; citizens no longer wanted a monarchy; ruling during Brazils "Golden Age" (1850-1870)-overseas sales were $36 million and coffee accounted for half of that-upset slave owning planters- put down from power; first iron mill and steamboats; railway (1854);

Pancho Villa

general during the Mexican revolution; "Mexican Robin Hood"; wanted to expel Spanish from Mexico (did not trust them); from northern Mexico; US was unable to capture (wanted to capture after leading a rad in New Mexico; did not want to be president-didn't think he was fit for it

mestizaje

general process of mixing races;

Oligarchy

in Brazil rich men and families came together to form oligarchies in order to rule Latin America during the export boom; role is to maintain order; they traced their ancestry back to wealthy and powerful people of colonial period; trend of positivism; under Porfirio, acquired huge haciendas and they transformed and invested in economic development; -politics of oligarchy in chile: dominated by Basque families-power came from independence war and continued through 19th century- owned most of land (88%)-finances intertwined with European investors; clase derrochando-able to spend money lavishly

Convention of Querétero

it declared that private property had been created by the Nation and that the Nation had the right to regulate private property to ensure that communities that had "none or not enough land and water" could take them from latifundios and haciendas. Article 27 went beyond the Calvo Doctrine, declaring that only native-born or native Mexicans could have property rights in Mexico. It said that although the government might grant rights to foreigners, these rights were always provisional and could not be appealed to foreign governments.established an eight-hour work day, abolished child labor, contained provisions to protect female and adolescent workers, required holidays, provided a reasonable salary to be paid in cash and profit-sharing, established boards of arbitration, and provided for compensation in case of dismissal

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

led revolution in Panama; Panamanians wanted to be free from Colombian control; Bunau Treaty (1903): perpetual grant of land, $10 million payment and rent, Bunai received

mestizos/castas/pardos

mestizos are white/Spanish and indigenous mixed; pardos (mixed european descent for brazil) were favored but royalists but not creoles; mulattos-mixed african and european descent;

Neocolonialism

no longer exerting political dominance but economically and culturally involved;Europe was colonizing Africa and Asia while US was making informal colonies in South America; exchange of raw materials (S. America) and manufactured goods (US) ; effect on Cuba; US felt these countries couldn't rule on their own because of racist notions that their ethnicity couldn't take care of itself; US-Spanish War set precedent for US involvement in Latin America

José Enrique Rodó

part of anti-imperialism movement; influential intellectual; wrote book called Ariel (defended Latin American spirit against North America); "arielism"; admired some aspects of US but says country is not living up to its founding fathers' ideals; wanted citizens to rise against US; believes US is militaristic

Creole Nativism

patriot's winning strategy; a step toward nationalism when it didn't exist yet; glorified the idea of an American identity defined by birthplace, something Creoles shared with the indigenous people, with those mixed race, and children of african slaves

castas

people of mixed race; the rapid population increase during colonization was due to the increase of african slaves being brought over and racially mixed relations ensued

free womb laws

perpetuated slavery; once libertos became adults, many countries began to expand adulthood age to keep them; without civil wars and political battles, slavery may never have been abolished as soon as it was; Moret Law- forced children born with slave parents to work until 22;

Nelson Rockefeller

philanthropist that wanted to assist Latin America

indigenismo

political ideology in several Latin American countries emphasising the relation between the nation state and Indigenous minorities;indigenismo was a component of nationalist ideology that became influential in Mexico after the consolidation of the revolution of 1910-20. This "indigenismo" also lauded some aspects of indigenous cultural heritage, but primarily as a relic of the past. Within the larger national narrative of the Mexican nation as the product of European and Amerindian "race mixture," indigenismo was the expression of nostalgia for an imagined, folklorized figure of indigeneity.

Porfirio Díaz(r. 1876-1911)

president of mexico; important military general that came to power through a military coup of Benito Juarez (1876, Rebellion of Tuxtepec); turned Mexico into a military dictatorship in order to restore order and promote economic development; obsessed with modernity (advanced technology, capitalist, well educated culture elite ruling class, development of nuclear families (family is foundation of social order), end goal is democracy) and cientificos; middle class=class of progress; supported by US (under his rule, allowed US to invest heavily in country including railroads); manipulated stories of the past to make it seem like he was the only way to lead Mexico to progress;

Mexican Constitution of 1917

the convention created this constitution and all new laws within it

The Export Boom (1850-1912)

transition period; industrialization most notable in argentina and chile; exports grew ten times; in response to rapid industrialization and population growth: creates immense demand for raw materials (chile- copper,nitrate (fertilizer), bolivian export: tin); many European companies bought much of Latin America's exports; trade began to diversify; created a middle class; major influx of European immigrants (whitening of South America)-Argentina received largest number; higher literacy rates; support social mobility; progress was uneven (rich got richer, poor got poorer);

Capoeira

type of Brazilian martial art that combines elements of dance, acrobatics, and music; developed in Brazil by African descendants and slaves

criollos (creoles)

whites/solely Spanish descendants born in Latin America; started independence movement in order to be on top of social hierarchy-tired of being suppressed by the Spanish; continued social hierarchy after independence; creoles were no longer allowed into office;