GC 4440 Midterm
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
Xerox iGen
6,600 sheets/hour (110/min) dry toner system CMYK applied, then single transfer rather than four transfers (improved registration) 2 engines in line (duplex without turning sheet) soft blanket for textured stocks (blanket conforms a bit to the surface) 14.3 x 22.5 inch sheets in-line spectrophotometer and density control
memjet
8-inch wide print head 70,400 inkjet nozzles 60 A4 pages/minute 51-inch, wide format 6-12 inches/second so fast they license their technology out sometimes they will have these mounted on the end of a web press for variable data
how accurate is the USPS on hand addressed letter mail?
98%
CASS
Coding Accuracy Support System
CGATS
Committee for Graphic Arts Standards
How is the corona treatment used during electrophotography?
Corona unit is underneath to charge the substrate with a greater charge than what is on the plate
What is the most wide-spread non-impact printing (NIP) technology?
Electrophotography
Dominant Technologies for Non-Impact Printing (NIP)
Electrostatic (electrophotography) Thermography inkjet
Electrophotographic Toner Transfer (printing)
Electrostatic forces are generated via a charge source (corona) in the printing nip the printing nip is the point of contact between the photoconductive drum and the substrate. the electrostatic transfer is assisted by direct contact with the substrate
ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning
Piezo Inkjet
Epson printers use this drop is generated as a result of a change of volume within the ink chamber due to a piezoelectric effect leads to drop of ink being ejected from the nozzle system ejection of ink generated by mechanical displacement in ink channel (not heating and vaporizing within ink jet system)
XML
Extensible Markup Language similar to HTML JDF Specifications define XML tags Extensible: developers can add custom tags
XMP
Extensible Metadata Platform data about data: file creation information, font used, size, extensible, barcodes, CAD, inks, layers, distortion, links, etc.
ODBC
Open Database Connectivity Method for querying a database from another computer ODBC drivers needed for each database type moderately easy to setup
plan of implementation
PASOCCI
Expanding PASOCCI
PASTA
PAVE
Presort Accuracy Validation and Evaluation
RIPs
Raster Image Processor produces the high resolution TIFF or LEN for platemaking, converts vector file into a 1-bit raster file that the platesetter understands (laser on or off) creates the halftone images
examples of industry specifications
SNAP GRACOL SWOP FIRST IQ
transfer thermography types
Thermal transfer thermal sublimation
Where is electrophotography technology used?
This technology is used in common photocopiers and laser printers, as well as high-end digital printers like indigo E-Print, Xeikon, DocuColor, Xerox I-Gen, etc.
drop-on-demand
a drop is only generated if the print image requires it
Electrophotographic imaging
a photosensitive surface (light exposure reduces the surface's resistance) is uniformly charge with static electricity. when the surface is exposed to an optical image through light, a latent or invisible image is formed for the electrostatic charge
specification
a statement containing a minute description or enumeration of particulars as of terms of a contract a specifying, or description of particulars
bound
accuracy of the test
non-dedicated digital proofing
affordable flexible easily supported offer low-cost supplies
gutter
allows droplets to be recycled
proof of preflight
allows users to view a PDF file's preflight history What GWG specifications were used and what were the results
building the bubble
an electrical pulse of 2-microseconds is applied to a resistor that raises its temperature by 1billion degrees C per second heats ink at its surface to over 300 degrees C superheated vapor explosion jet of ink leaves nozzle at 10-15 meters/second typically water based inks
Standards defined
an established, approved reference against which instrument measurements of samples are evaluated
extraneous variables
anything else that can impact the outcome if not controlled, they are threats to validity
applied vs. pure research
applied is more of an industrial setting, specific problem we are trying to address pure is academia, pushing boundary to find new things
applied research
attempt to solve a known problem an exercise in practical problem-solving
refocus employees
automate non value-added processes allow skilled employees to focus on: subjective decisions, customer service, quality assurance, learning new skill sets, other special projects
Remove wasted time
automate time-consuming, repetitive tasks minutes or seconds saved per job -- multiplied by jobs per year reduce turn-around time, increase capacity reduce cost
What is a critical aspect when getting the cost of mailing down?
automation
screening limitations
based on resolution of platesetter/imagesetter
2 types of continuous inkjet
binary-deflection multi-deflection
Proprietary
built-in connections to other systems prepress system to RIP
What are some examples of predictability in experimentation?
cause and effect relationships correlations
What does an electrode do
charges the individual drops electrically according to the image just before separation from the jet
Enterprise
company wide all functions
ink jet process
computer to print technology in which ink is sprayed from nozzles, which means that no image carrier is needed
primary ink jet technologies
continuous inkjet drop-on-demand inkjet
CASS certified software
cornerstone of barcode discounts
correlations vs. cause and effect
correlation: one doesn't cause the other, but when one happens the other usually does this is not a pure cause and effect
JDF content
customer intent file location task nodes manufacturing process info output logs
columns in database tables
data subject/category
What happens to the charged droplets
deflected in a subsequent electrical field (plate capacitor, deflector) and fed to a collecting device
internal validity
degree to which the experimental treatment made the difference as opposed to extraneous variables
reliable
degree to which the results are repeatable precision
external validity
degree to which the results can be generalized beyond the experimental conditions
Ghent PDF Workgroup (GWG)
develops best practices specifications for graphic arts workflows free specifications aid users in creating reliable, press-ready files fully optimized for print
What is the most efficient way to reach customers?
direct mail
What does the height of a line with multi-deflection inkjet depend on
distance between the ink jet head and the paper surface
thermal inkjet
done by heating the liquid ink until it vaporizes a certain quantity of ink is ejected from the nozzle as a result of the pressure exerted by the vapor bubble ("bubble jet") no moving parts except the ink itself color printers used in desktop-publishing or in an office environment 75% of inkjet printers
thermal transfer
donor sheets and receiver (carrier) sheets based on ink melting onto the carrier film when heated, transferred to the substrate under low pressure binary process
number of droplets ____ every ___ months.
doubles; 18
multi-deflection inkjet
drops receive different charges as they pass through the electric field, they are deflected in different directions and are transferred to different positions on the substrate used for sell by dates
toner
dry talc, fine powder, each pigment particle coated with wax and resin that binds it to the substrate (all particulate)
speed of printers is held back by ____
drying time on substrate
software available for workflow (high-end)
esko automation engine kodak prinergy CGS RealPro Workflow Hybrid Cloudflow
expectancy
experimenter bias
what could happens with solvent based inks for thermal inkjet
explosion could get out of hand
what should you do if the result can be attributed to chance?
fail to reject the null
Xeikon 8000
fastest toner-based printer (web based) 230 A4 full color pages per minute, printed on both sides dry toner system prints both sides simultaneously (pairs of CMYK) sheeting from 24 x 80 inches any length
JDF
job definition format XML based, open standard allows JDF-enabled devices to "talk" managed by CIP4 (cip4.org) simply a language communication between devices/systems specific to print/graphics industry
repeatability
job-to-job operator-to-operator month-to-month
soft proofing ticket
keeps track of approval status, viewing conditions when soft proof was approved, and the person who approved the proof
pure research
knowledge for the sake of knowledge what happens if...?
HP Indigo WS6000
label 98ft/min, 4/c, 197 ft/min, 1/c 7 colors, including clear varnish and/or white
Xeikon 3300
labels 19 meters/min in-line finishing: UV flexo varnishing, lamination, die cutting and stripping, hot/cold stamping can buy add ons for the back
How is the blanket electrically charged for electrophotography?
light strikes it and the blanket takes an electrical charge
HP Indigo Presses
liquid toner system (sharpest, HQ print) fuses at lower temperature (can handle polymers and versatile substrates) in-line die cutting, sheeting 7-colors for mixed spots, expanded gamut, clear varnish, white prints onto blanket, allows textured papers, offset quality dots in-line pre-coating to allow any paper
record of activity
log for what steps took place track actions searchable record real-time information
Other Technologies for Non-Impact Printing (NIP)
lonography magnetography "X"-graphy
morality
lose subjects (lose press sheets)
three legged stool analogy
mail: US Postal Service, Software, Mailing Industry
what is the most straightforward way to take care of external?
make sure you don't change between experimental and control group
design an experiment
manipulate an independent variable control all extraneous variables observe/measure the predicted effect on the dependent variable
Procedure for standards
manner or method of proceeding in a process or course of action particular way of proceeding continuance of a process or operation customary method of conducting business
control all extraneous variables
match conditions or block effects
nodes
means tasks production step activity for task to perform: input (resource), status (waiting, complete, error), task information (RIP), Settings, Output (Resource)
electrophotographic cleaning
mechanical cleaning and electrical cleaning
PAVE certified software
meet US Postal Service sortation requirements
proprietary examples
most applications we use materials machines
operationally define terms
need to speak precisely when describing issues need to provide a reference for your reader need to explain how key metrics will be accessed
electrophotographic electrical cleaning
neutralizing the electrostatic charge on the drum so it can be exposed to the next image
can you be valid without being repeatable?
no
Non-Impact Printing (NIP) Markets
no printing plates allows variable data (Print-on-demand and personalization) short run production applications proofing applications
types of data
objective subjective
continuous inkjet
only part of the continuously generated flow of small ink drops is directed onto the paper during printing in accordance with the image some of the droplets will get deflected
subjective
opinions looks better practical significance
subjective evaluation
opinions, human subjects greater threats to validity design of test instrument is critical randomization is difficult
PDF/X-1
original standard cannot contain form fields, annotations, comments, or images in any color space other than CMYK
data types for database tables
per column text, integer, floating number, boolean, date/time vary between databases
mechanical cleaning electrophotographic process
physically removes any residual toner that failed to transfer to the substrate
Tiff Compression Types
pickbits LZW CCIT Group 3 CCIT Group 4
portable document format invented by Adobe Systems in 1993 Specification available to the public that's used by people around the world to reduce the need for paper and make document exchange more efficient can be very simple or extremely complex with a rich use of fonts, graphics, color, and images
examples of de facto
postscript PDF ColorSync
threats to external validity
pre-testing differential selection experimental procedures
how do we minimize risk through experiments?
predictability
What information do we want during experimentation?
predictability test assumptions simply see what happens
What does a direction hypothesis do
predicts a hierarchy (more, less, lower, higher)
What does the nondirectional hypothesis do?
predicts difference
Relational Databases (RDBMS)
predominant way to organize data tables are related to each other references between table using id numbers data can be entered once and shared
PASTA
preparation analysis structure testing adoption
PASOCCI
prepare analyze stabilize optimize characterize control improve
categories of automation
preset tasks intelligent tasks decisions
Screen angles
prevent moire keep angles 30 degrees apart yellow angle at 15 degrees apart
fixed head inkjet
print head is the width of the paper greatly enhanced print production speeds make print heads that are about 8.5 inches wide print head can be wide as substrate
What is the benefit of employing technology?
print quality not a good answer because it is too vague it saves money is the same way
greyscale printheads
printhead can eject droplets of varying size
large-format ink jet printing systems
printing large format products such as posters and large-scale advertising displays widths of 135 cm are common, there are systems for printing widths of about 5 to 8 m this is a big advantage for inkjet
dedicated digital proofing
produce colors that more accurately reflect press capabilities offer specialized prepress features such as halftone patterns, calibrated inks, and pre-defined press profiles tend to be more expensive use proprietary consumables often only work in combination with dedicated preprocessing hardware and software and may not support your specific press
What is the process of going through CGATS?
proposal submitted to committee accepted proposals go to subcommittee (development) draft written cycles of review and revision goes to all members for vote approved final goes to ANSI
4 types of standards
proprietary de facto industry specifications formal
JDFs goal
provide a common language between all devices and systems in a printing workflow, facilitating easier automaton between them
the parts of a standard
published book containing: definitions normative references procedures annexes
fixing unit for electrophotography
put in bath to control the image coming forward to control how dark it is, waxes and resins melt and bond to the paper
User friendly database technologies
quick learning curve (consumer) Filemaker Pro Microsoft Access, Excel
fuser for electrophotography
quite hot; will char the paper if it gets jammed in it
randomization
random selection reduces threats of regression, differential selection, and interactions of factors want to get as random a sample as possible
what can a USPS certified mailing software do?
reduce processing costs reduce postage costs increase response rates improve deliverability increase efficiencies of production equipment facilitate participation in USPS Address Updating Programs and Improve Mailing Acceptance
How do you develop research questions
reduce the issue to key points operationally define terms: how are they measured
print quality
registration color matching tonality pop/look flat resolution print contrast
Light discharge for Electrophotography
reimage it every time no matter how many copies you are making of the exact same thing
What should you do if the probability of the result occurring is small?
reject the null
benefits of workflow systems (5Rs)
remove wasted time reduce errors refocus employees record of activity repeatability
Robust database technologies
require IT professionals enterprise MySQL PostgreSQL Microsoft SQL SAP Oracle
dressable
resolution of the areas can be charged with the one right beside it not charged
constraints for database tables
restrictions placed on data in each column
What does the high-frequency excitation via a piezooscillator do?
results int he constriction of the stream due to fluid dynamics-related effects and the separation of individual drops from the stream
core function of the postal delivery service
safe, reliable, affordable delivery of mail and packages to every address in America and its territories
preset tasks
same settings, repeatable action
automation engine "ticket"
saved parameters for a task or workflow
US to ISO
scheduled review of standard calendar date for discussion at specified meeting location results of discussion documented and distributed another cycle of reviews and revision ballots for vote of approval
automation engine "launch"
send a file (PDF) to start processing on a Ticket or Workflow
automation engine "workflow"
series of tasks in specific order
automation engine "parameter"
setting in a task. can be fixed or variable based on job/file
intelligent tasks
setting varied using data from job/file
HP Indigo 750
sheetfed 120 A4 full-color pages/min 7 colors automated calibrations in-line coating to allow any paper
PDF/X-3
shifts a great deal of responsibility from the back end to the front end of the production process can use spot colors as well as CMYK, RGB, and LAB color space permits ICC color management suitable for file output on digital presses worldwide
Real world significance of PDF/X and GWG
shifts prepress responsibilities upstream to the customer/print buyer documents that are printable anywhere in the world, with minimal variation and quality problems one-stop checkpoint for process-specific requirements in PDF creation new initiatives provide opportunities for workflow enhancement/automation
What can be automated?
shirt tail bearer bars/color patches job identification trapping screening curve application file handling workflow routing layout/step & repeat plate distortion proof verification
PDF/X
shorthand way of specifying most of what you need to tell people in order for them to create a file that's likely to print correctly when they send it to you, even if they do not understand the details of what it's doing for them
automation engine "task"
single action such as trapping or RIP
pico liter
size of the droplet 1 pico liter = 10 to the -12 liters or 1/100,000,000,000 of a liter
____ the droplet, the more it takes to cover the substrate
smaller
departmental
smaller scope group of related functions
Automation engine "job"
special folder containing files (PDFs) and associated data. shows up as a Blue Folder in AE Pilot
SQL
structural query language ways of pulling data from one another
pre-testing
subjects become sensitized to test (clues)
maturation
subjects change (learning)
regression
subjects chosen for extreme characteristics
differential selection
subjects chosen for particular knowledge or ability
PDF/X-1a
subset of PDF/X-1 supports only CMYK and spot color workflow targeted to a specific output device all fonts embedded color management not allowed added spot colors with this one
direct thermography
substrate coating changes color with heat often used in fax machines and for labeling/coding purposes, such as labels or receipts
direct thermography
substrate coating changes color with heat often used in fax machines and for labeling/coding purposes, such as labels or receipts not a high-resolution system
PDF/X-2
superset of PDF/X-3 more flexible than PDF/X-1 can be in the LAB & CMYK color space not for blind transfers for situations when there is more communication between the supplier & the receiver of the file
Standard
that which is set up and established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value, or quality applies to any definite rule, principle, or measure, established by authority
What are the advantages of workflows?
the 5 Rs Remove wasted time reduce errors refocus employees record of activity repeatability
Who are the only ones that can actually get to every single address in the US
the USPS manpower, network, infrastructure and logistical capability
transfer thermography
the colorant is in the form of a donor sheet colorant transferred to the substrate either directly or through application of laminates heat is applied to the donor sheet to create the image process is either one of transfer via direct contact or sublimation
binary deflection
the drop has one of two charge states (namely uncharged for conveyance to the paper and charged for deflection in the electrical field) used for graphic arts applications
Landa Nanography
unique digital printing platform using nano-sized pigments being pitched by Landa (Benny Landa invented the Indigo aka first commercial digital press) highspeed offset inkjet inkjet onto a blanket dried ink film laminated onto the substrate
keys in database tables
unique integer identifier for each row
PDF/X-4
universal proof of pre-flight audit trail records whether or not a preflight check was performed and what standards were used checks on line weights, image resolution, font compatibility updated ICC profiles
control group
use of matched group not exposed to experimental treatment reduces threats of history, maturation, instrumentation, and interactions of factors
"tap test"
used on window envelopes, check the insert motion, piece is tapped on the left, right and bottom
islands
very small scope single function
piezoelectric crystal
vibrating and creates vibrating forces within the liquid
HP Indigo W7200
web press 12.5 x 38.5 inch sheets 14,400 4-color pages/hour (dual engine) 27# text- 130# cover stocks 7 color system
imprinting
when they put the dates on things
reduce errors
with repetition, there is increased opportunity for error automate number-intensive or objective tasks manual entry of numbers objective decisions are programmable error reduction leads to cost savings
What does compression do for speed
would make files move faster became less and less of an issue because our machines can handle large files now
can you be reliable without being valid?
yes; you could screw the thing up and have it consistently wrong
instrumentation
instruments drift, poor procedures, fatigue, failure to record data properly, poor survey design
validity
is it accurate? degree to which the result, instrument, or experimental design does what it is designed to do accuracy
Why do we want to improve efficiency
it is profitable
MIS
Management Information System
printing nip
(not NIP) point of contact between the photoconductive drum and the substrate
how many droplets does it take to cover 1 square inch of substrate
1 million
TIFF/LEN
1-bit, high resolution tiff (on/off file) "digital film" one per color Esko LEN file drives digital platesetter
Electrophotographic process
1. imaging 2. inking/developing 3. Toner Transfer (printing) 4. Toner Fusing/Fixing 5. Cleaning
Scientific method
1. observation, define the problem 2. develop theory 3. make prediction, formulate hypothesis 4. test hypothesis via experiment 5. interpret the results
how many droplets can printers lay down per second
100 million
2005 HP Photosmart 8250 how many droplets/sec
100 million from 3900 nozzles in a single silicon chip
how accurate is the USPS on machine printed mail?
100%
Canon imagePRESS 7000
13 x 19 inch sheets 70 pages per minute not as much differentiation good workhorse, reliable printers
2000 how many droplets/sec?
20 million
When was the intelligent barcode system implemented
2013
Standard settings of RIP in the Workflow
2400 dpi, right reading
HP Indigo 10000
29 x 21 inch paper (B2) 3,450 sheets per hour 4/0 4,600 sheets per hour 3/0 in Enhance Productivity Mode 1,725 sheets per hour 4/4 6,900 sheets per hour 1/0
Igen 150
3,000 26" 4/0 sheets per hour (150 8.5" x 11"/A4 impressions per minute) 4,500 11" x 17"/A3 4/0 sheets per hour 8,250 8.5" x 11"/A4 sheets per hour
innovative interface of landa nanography
3-meter touch screen operator control on either side of press screen lifts to allow access to press components 13,000 sheets per hour 600 ft per hour
HP T300
30-inch web at 400 ft/min 10 rows of 7 4.25 inch printheads in an overlapping pattern for 29-inch print width pre-coating allows wide variety of substrates to be printed good for text book applications set up the web and run signatures you could have variable content in advertisements for trade booklets
Kodak NexPress
5 colors: clear coatings/spots, tactile print climate controlled internally versatile substrates, weights color calibration systems 120 pages/min first ones to move past CMYK coat inks spot colors has own climate control
Halftone Types
AM or FM Hybrid Special (HD, etc.) solid density (microcell) highlight
Thermography
Direct Transfer kind of going out right now (digital has taken over) use heat to transfer image to substrate
What does the RIP need to know?
Dot Gain Compensation (DGC) Resolution Screen Angles LPI Halftone type (dot shape) Orientation Right Reading/Wrong Reading Output location
history
unexpected events during the experiment (stuff happens)
What is the principle of the nozzle system based on?
Hertz technology enables a high frequency stream of drops to be created the pressurized liquid is pressed out of the nozzle
CIP4
International Cooperation for the Integration of Processes in Prepress, Press & Postpress Organization XML format
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
JMF
Job Messaging Format communications between systems the "active" part of JDF
JDF Devices and Systems
MIS/ERP Prepress Software Proofing Software Presses Finishing Equipment
How many times is the photoconductive surface imaged during electrophotography?
The surface is cleared after each image and imaged again for the next copy
who enforces the federal laws protecting the US Mail?
US Postal Inspection Service
USTAG
United States Technical Advisory Group
Hotfolders
Watched folder file placement triggers scripted action common in proofing systems very easy to setup initiates workflow that you built
Who was electrophotography developed for?
Xerox Corporation
Major Players in Electrophotographic printing
Xerox iGen Kodak NexPress Xeikon Canon imagePRESS HP Indigo Konica Minolta Ricoh
Why do we perform experiments?
find answers improve your process develop new markets minimize risk
de facto
generally accepted something that someone has developed but we get free because of connectivity
Intelligent Mail Barcode (IMb)
generates the barcodes
decisions
govern flow, which tasks to take, which settings
What does workflow software do?
handle common tasks automatically use stored information to complete tasks server-client model: off-loads computing, consistency among users
objective
hard data objective measurement
Electrophotographic Toner Fusing/Fixing
heat and pressure are employed to melt the toner in order to adhere it permanently to the substrate
thermal sublimation
heat evaporates the die and initiates a diffusion process onto the paper this requires a special polymer coating on the substrate to take on the diffused colorants several gray values can be produced per dot depending on the quantity of ink diffused the process is controlled by the temperature and/or the duration of the heating signal
threats to internal validity
history maturation morality pre-testing instrumentation regression differential selection expectancy
non high end software for workflow
hotfolders Apple Automator Action Lists
ZIP + 4 and DPV encoding of mailing list address
identify missing or wrong addresses and flag it so you can pull from the database
statistically significant
if the probability of the result occurring by chance is small
nano-pigments
improved color strength (high surface area ratio, high transparency) water-based inks, jetted onto heated offset blanket very thin ink films (dry on blanket, transfer as dry polymer film for sharp dots and no absorption into substrate) reduced drying costs due to thin film thin film preserves the gloss of substrate (won't conform to texture of sheet)
null hypothesis
in providing your hypothesis (confirming your prediction), the assumption you must overcome is that there is no difference
how do we improve our process with experiments?
increase efficiency remove waste improve quality
the writing height ____ as the spacing ____, although the resolution with be ____.
increases, increases, reduced
manipulate an independent variable
independent variable is the experimental treatment
rows in database tables
information records
What kind of data would we want to store?
ink and screening information platemaking step and repeat dielines
binary process
the optical density of the print is set in advance by producing the donor with a specified thickness of layer, pigment concentration, and hue
Who has the world's largest retail network?
the postal service
Electrophotography
the printing process that uses electric charges to create an image on a photoconductive surface that acts as the printing plate
What is the resolution in the direction of printing determined by
the speed of the substrate and the drop frequency
Non-Impact Printing (NIP)
theoretically no contact between the printer and the substrate, except for drums and/or belts that carry the computer-generated image and transfer it to the substrate most use toner that is attracted to the substrate by an electric charge rather than impact mechanism
types of drop-on-demand
thermal inkjet piezo inkjet
Why is Ghent Workgroup necessary when we have PDF/X
these go much further: recommended best practices for a specific market or process magazine/newspaper advertising, sheet offset, web offset, publication gravure, packaging different requirements depending on "output intent"
What is different about the channel walls in the Piezo Ink jet system
they are deformed produces a pumping/suction action in one channel and an ejection action in the adjacent channel
why was there a need for data exchange among Equipment Manufacturers & Users of highend prepress systems?
to increase productivity and efficiency through communication
How does the toner work in electrophotography?
toner attaches to the charged areas and then is transferred to the paper as it goes through the printer
Electrophotographic inking/developing
toner, either a fine powder or suspended in a liquid, is spread over the surface the toner adheres only to the charged areas, thereby making the latent image visible
