Gen 103 psychology
Emotions components 4
Perhaps showing of her behaviors such as crying or smiling
Delayed grief reaction
1) postponed, 2) suppressed, 3) Slight reaction at the time - reaction excessive during subsequent loss, 4) Inadequate grieving at first loss, 5) reaction may occur as a result of experiencing, 6) unresolved grief, e.g. feeling, 7) Reactivated grieving
Counseling Methods
1)Observation 2)Trial and error assignments given to the client 3)Case history 4)Questionnaires 5)Interviews
Developmental
Studies the process of maturation including infancy and childhood and adulthood
Children as well as adults
Suffer an upheaval one in significant south has occurred the world of a child no matter how simple changes drastically is in adults on here she has experienced the death of a loved one
Herzberg's Two sets of needs
1. has an animal to avoid pain, 2. as a human being to grow psychologically
Psychotherapy (Type and style)
Technique used in the treatment of mental or emotional disorders or related bodily ills by psychological means
Phobias
A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation
psychiatrist
A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
paranoia
A mental illness of unreasonable anxiety, especially believing someone is out to get you, or that you are an important person
Holographic Will
A will written entirely by the testator with his own hand
Attending Skills Include
Active Listening, paraphrasing, Reflecting, clarifying, perception checking, leading, informing, questioning, summarizing, allowance of silence
Euphemism
An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant
Expressing emotions 4 to 6 months
Anger and surprise
infancy
The baby will have a disruption and appetite and the digestive system when the primary caretaker dies if there is a family support system to care for the infant the situation will subside in time
Helping process phase 2 exploration stage
The building of a helping relationship the extent of the relationship moves from basic to helping as rapport develops between the funeral director and family this movement cannot occur if the family does not perceive the funeral director as empathetic warm respectful and genuine the funeral director projects the streets by showing concern caring and a willingness to assist the family however it is necessary
preschool
The child will tend to isolate himself in the exhibit a hostile behavior when disturbed
early adulthood
The death of a parent may cause relationship issues because this is the time when one seeks a mate
Grief reactions
The emotions associated with the consequences of death or loss
social influence
Any action performed by one or more persons to change the attitudes, behaviors or feelings of one or more persons
Immediate Disposition
Any disposition of a human remains which is completely devoid of any form of funeral rite at the time of disposition.
Children grieve
As intensely as adults
Directive style
As it implies the individual must complete certain assignments and therapist takes an active role in the psychological counseling sessions
Summarizing (AS)
Briefly stating the main points and key details of a work in your own words.
Children's responses Replacement
Child will look towards family member or friend to replace loss
Clarifying (AS)
The process of making sure you have understood the meaning of what was said
A need of the bereaved
Confirm the reality
Leading (AS)
The skill of encouraging the client to further explore what you feel is a major issue, more or less anticipating where the client is going
abnormal psychology
The study of behavior that deviates from that which is considered healthy, implied pathological behavior
cognitive
The study of mental processes involving sensing perceiving remembering and thinking
Funeral Service Psychology
The study of psychological theories, principles, and applications as related to funeral service
Scapegoating
The tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless
last will and testament
Document disposing of property after one's death
A need of the bereaved
Establish stability and security
A Need of the bereaved
Establishes a socially acceptable climate for mourning
super ego
Freud; "moral watchdog"; governs behavior by reality and morality, often taught by parents, church and/or community; standards develop through interaction; conscience; ego ideal
Responsibility a funeral director
Funeral director deals exclusively as both the caretaker of the dead as well as the caregiver the living (survivors)
Attending Skills
Giving undivided attention by means of verbal and non-verbal behavior
toddler
The toddler will tend to have a delayed development and toilet training and trust here again a strong family support system with most crucial
Emotions components one
Interpreting a stimulus such as an event, object or thought in terms of one's well-being
shame
Painful feeling of having done something wrong
Douglas McGregor
Proposed Theory X and Theory Y concepts of managerial beliefs about people and work
Frederick Herzberg
Proposed the Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Motivation is satisfiers and hygiene is dissatisfiers.
A need of the bereaved
Provides a face-to-face confrontation with that which confirms it's reality
Grieving sudden death
Shock Unreality Guilt Hopelessness Legal involvement
A need of the bereaved
Shows respect to the deceased family and friends
Responsibility a funeral director
The funeral director as a conduit between many professionals such as doctors nurses corners clergy just to name a few
Phase 5 implementation and action action stage
The funeral director implement the plan desired by the family whether the plan calls for a direct disposition or a funeral that involves visitation viewing and a committal service
Responsibility of a funeral director
The funeral service professional is on call 24 hours a day 365 days a year and response when a death occurs
Gestalt
The integration whole is greater than the sum of its parts; human behavior is studied as an entity, as opposed to fragments
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X - the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Theory Y - the assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.
Phase 7 post funeral follow up action stage
This is known and most funeral homes as aftercare and as discussed in chapter 15
William Worden's Tasks of Mourning Include
To except the reality of the loss to experience the pain of grief and to express emotions associated with it to adjust to the environment in which the deceased is missing two with your emotional energy and reinvested in another relationship
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
administrator
a man who has been appointed by the court to settle an estate in the absence of a will
neurosis
a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent
open awareness (G & S )
a type of awareness in which a client and people around know about the impending death
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting; Traits such as thinking logically
Drive (psychological)
internal motivational state created by a physiological need
funeral
is Social institution derived from religious practice
substance abuse
overindulgence in or dependence on an addictive substance, especially alcohol or drugs.
Freud
psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic theory
codicil
supplement to the body of a will; later addition to a will
homicide
the killing of one person by another
personality psychology
the study of personality development, personality change, assessment, and abnormal behaviors
Children who live in urban areas
•Are forced to live with threat of death on a daily basis •Thank death by car
Grieving miscarriage or stillbirth
•Concern from mothers health •Fear of future births •Helpless father •Need to participate in funeral rituals
Children's responses to death
•Denial •Bodily distress •Hostility to the deceased •Replacement •Hostility to others •Assuming mannerisms of the deceased •Idealization •Panic •Guilt
Emotions in four components
•Interpreting a stimulus such as an event, object or thought in terms of one's well-being •Having a subjective feelings such as happiness or sadness •Experiencing physiological responses •Perhaps showing overt behavior such as crying or smiling
Physical responses
•Sighing •headaches •startle response •crying menstrual •difficulties •dizziness
Mental responses
•negative thoughts, •confusion, •difficulty concentrating, •lower productivity, •sleeplessness, •forgetting details, •mind going blank
The helping relationship by Alan Wolfelt
Phases: •Starting the helping relationship upon initial contact •Building the helping relationship •Exploring the helping relationship -helping for families understand their alternatives •Firming and planning •Implementing an acting •Concluding the funeral process •Follow up an aftercare
psychotherapist
Professional who practices psychotherapy with the application of specific techniques to treat menta disorders
A need of the bereaved
Provide a basis for building new interpersonal relationships
A need of the bereaved
Provides a dramatic representation of the fact that his life has been lived by reflecting upon memories of the deceased
A Need of the bereaved
Provides an opportunity a farewell through ritual
A Need of the bereaved
Provides an opportunity to receive an express love
A need of the bereaved
Provides opportunity to express grief
Maslow: Self-Actualization Needs
Realizing personal potential • self-fulfillment •seeking personal growth and peak experience
A need of the bereaved
Receive emotional support
A need of the Bereaved
Recognize and complete unfinished business
Reflecting
Repeating in your own words what you think was said.
Children's responses Bodily distress
Anxiety is expressed in physical symptoms "throat feels tight" "I can't breathe" "I don't feel well to go to school"
At-need Funeral Arrangements
Arrangements made at the time of need; a death has occurred.
Responsibility of the funeral director
As a community theater the funeral director my whole membership or executive office in several civic, religious and professional organizations
Introspection
School of psychology that looks inward.
Maslow five level
Self actualization needs
A need of the bereaved
Be assured feelings are normal
A need of the bereaved
Be excepted for where they are
Eric Lindemann
Before Bowlby's work He studied survivors of the 1943 coconut grove fire in Boston Massachusetts in his 1944 paper symptomology and management of acute grief he suggested that many of the braved individual symptoms for physical he noted that somatic distress was present he describes and coin the phrase grief syndrome
Maslow three
Belongingness and love needs
Maslow one
Biological and physiological needs
rights of passage
Ceremonies centering around the transition in life from one status to another
Panic
Child will worry about who is going to take care of them yeah state of freight and confusion
Guilt
Children often believe that they were deserted because of their own bad behavior sometimes they believe that they had a primitive type of magic that they wish somebody dead so they died or they were angry and told them they should die so they died
Children's responses assuming mannerisms of the deceased
Children will often mimic mannerisms of of the deceased
Helping process phase 1 Exploration stage
Clients and funeral director enter into the helping relationship the family notifies the funeral home of the death and asks the funeral director to handle arrangements. this is an actuality a cry for help
Herzberg's hygiene factors
Company policy and administration Wages salaries and other financial renumeration Quality of supervision Quality of interpersonal relations Working conditions Feelings of job security
Traditional funeral
Service that follows a specific ritual according to tradition of religious belief.
Frederick Herzberg
Created Theory of Motivation-Hygiene/Two Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction: Noted that there is a difference between just being satisfied and being motivated
Clinical
Deals with severe and/ or complicated emotions Or situations; specializes in clinical methods, tests to study behavioral disorders
Social psychology
Deals with the behavioral interactions of individuals within a group and the interaction between groups
Phantom limb
Denying lost of part of self
disenfranchised grief
Describes a loss that society believes does not deserve mourning, the loss is not openly acknowledged or publicly shared. Introduced by Kenneth Doka
What mediates complicated grief
Determinants of Grief (Part 2): •Pre-death adjustment time •Unfinished business with the deceased •Secondary losses •Importance of the relationship •Age of the deceased •Fulfillment of dreams
What mediates complicated grief
Determinants of grief (Part 1): •Normal coping behavior •Number of previous losses in deaths •Grief overload •Concurrent stressors •Expectations of local cultural and religious groups •Available support network •Gender conditioning •Physical and mental health
William Worden
Developed manifestations of normal grief/mediators of mourning
Responsibility of a funeral director
During holiday gatherings the funeral Director must leave is over family to assist the family of the deceased
Responsibility of a funeral director
Engaged in crisis intervention on a day-to-day basis
Nondirective, Client-centered, Person-centered, Rogerian 1)
Enhance the bereaved individuals capacity for social functioning
ABC Method (C) Coping w/ the Problem
Entails the establishment of goals, such a time frame to act on the specific crisis l, developing an inventory of resources and referrals. Formulating alternative solutions to the crisis, and reviewing and refining the possible outcomes of the crisis are the next steps in the focusing process. Finally it is time for action such as follow-up of the counseling process which re-affirms the counselor's caring, and provides an opportunity to deal with the residue in the crisis.
Maslow four
Esteem needs
At need
Execute the plan services in a professional and pathetic manners of the family's needs are met
Emotions components 3
Experiencing physiological responses
A need of the bereaved
Express their emotions
Expressing emotions 3 months
Expressed happiness and sadness
Structuralism
First school of psychology. Focused on breaking down mental components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection.
biological psychology or physiology-biological approach
Focuses on how our genes, hormones and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions and coping techniques.
paraphrasing skills (AS)
Focusing on and repeating back to the client, involve summarizing the content meaning of the other's message in your own words, and nonverbally echoing your interpretation of the emotional meaning of the other's message
Post-Funeral Counseling (aftercare)
Follow up with aftercare that means Family's post funeral needs this may include telephone support a personal visit referral to an individual and group counseling or support groups and providing appropriate grief literature also holding events yearly that commemorate the life of a loved one lost such as a memorial service or a once yearly anniversary note
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. Searching through subconscious memories for the source of their difficulties
couseling
Friday of procedure for assisting individuals adjust to situations; e.g. advice, therapeutic
Responsibility of a funeral director
Funeral directors are the people who deal with the right date of death on a daily basis
Emotions components 2
Having a subjective feelings such as happiness or sadness
Children's responses hostility toward the deceased
"How could you do this to me?" "didn't he care enough for me to stay alive"
Frederick Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
(1950s-'60s) focused on motivation in the workplace (by using interviews) satisfiers/motivators were found in the content of the jobs people perform (ex. giving workers more responsibility/more challenging tasks), fixing these factors motivates workers - dissatisfiers/hygiene factors were found in the context of the jobs people perform (ex. pay, working conditions, and relationships with coworkers/supervisors, things that cause "pain"), fixing these factors makes the worker's attitude neutral (whereas it was formerly unhappy)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
epitaph
(n.) a brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone
Transference/displacement of feelings
(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another
ABC of crisis counseling
*Achieving contact with the person in crisis *Boiling down the problem to its essentials *Coping with the problem —-requires establishment of rapport—-
Needs of the Bereaved
*Confirm the reality, *Express their emotions, *Modify emotional ties with the deceased, *Memorialize the person's life, *Recognize and complete unfinished business, *Receive emotional support, *Be assured feelings are normal, *Be accepted for where they are, *Establish stability and security, *Provide a basis for building new interpersonal relationships
The helping process as it applies to funeral direction
*Phase 1: the client and the funeral director enter into a helping relationship, *phase 2: the building of the helping relationship, *phase 3: Exploration and assistance in helping the family understand their alternatives, *phase 4: consolidation and planning, *Phase 5: implementation and action, *phase 6: conclusion of the funeral process, *phase 7: post funeral follow up
Modes of Death
-natural: •Short duration - acute illness such as pneumonia •Long duration -chronic illness such as cancer •Hospice -service or facility for the terminally ill •Living Will - health directive for patient care -accidental, -suicide, -homicide
Enhance the bereaved individual's capacity for social functioning.
1) alter the bereaved individuals feelings through self awareness 2) sensitively listen and observe
ABC Method (A) Achieving Contact
1) attending behavior means that he/she must feel that they are being heard as well as understood 2) Listening w/undivided attention is crucial in maintaining contact with the person in crisis 3) it is important to be non-judgmental, especially in the early stages of developing a relationship
exaggerated grief reactions
1) disabling reaction (ex: development of phobia), 2) result may be stemming from ambivalent relationships, 3) feelings of depression and hopelessness, 4) Persistent reaction, 5) Clinical Depression
masked grief reactions
1) grief stems unrelated to loss, 2) Repressed grief- physical symptoms or aberrant behavior, 3) symptoms of a medical nature may be similar to the deceased, 4) psychosomatic complaints, 5) psychosomatic symptoms
chronic grief reactions
1) prolonged, 2)excessive indirection, 3) never concludes, 4) person knows that mourning period is stagnant, 5) feeling unfinished, 6) therapy needed
Purposes and value a funeral ritual As summarized by the ABFSE
1) provides an opportunity to receive an express love 2) shows respect to the deceased family and friends 3)Provides opportunity to express grief 4) provides face-to-face confrontation with death which confirms it's reality 5) Allows emotional support through sharing actually expressed as "a joy increased grief shared his grief diminished" 6) Meets the needs theologically, psychologically and socially of those who mourn 7) Provides an opportunity for farewell through ritual 8) Provides a dramatic representation of the fact that life has been lifted by reflecting upon memories of the deceased 9)Helps establish emotional stability through a social support network 10)Establishes is socially acceptable climate for morning
emotions 4 components
1)Interpreting a stimulus such as an event, object or thought in terms of one's well-being 2)Having a subjective feelings such as happiness or sadness 3)Experiencing physiological responses changing in heart rate or breathing 4)Perhaps showing of her behavior such as crying or smiling
Purposes and value of the funeral
1)It provides acting out ceremonies that give expression to feelings too deep to put into words 2) it provides the framework for group support 3) it encourages the expression of feelings 4) The funeral provides values to live by
Counseling treatments
1)Psychoanalysis - uncovering the unconscious 2)Psychopharmacology 3)Electron-convulsive therapy 4)Mental groups/individual counseling 5)Support groups- less complicated problems
Maslow biological and physiological needs
1. Air, food, drink, shelter, warm, sex, sleep, etc.
Carl Rogers
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
Erik Erikson
1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
Maslow - *Safety needs*
2. protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
Maslow: Belongingness and love needs
3. work group, family, affection, relationships etc.
Maslow - *Esteem needs*
4. achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
anxiety disorders
A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
living will
A document that indicates what medical intervention an individual wants if he or she becomes incapable of expressing those wishes.
group therapy
A form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients.
Adaptive Funeral Rite
A funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly involved; one which has been altered to suit the trends of the times.
Will
A legally enforceable declaration of how a person wishes his or her property to be distributed after death
Questioning
A listening response in which the receiver seeks additional information from the sender, use skillful probing questions to clarify your understanding and get the client to explore thoughts and feelings.
prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
Fraternal Organization
A non profit or benevolent association and only can provide insurance to its members. An organization of men who come together for common goals
funeral director
A person properly licensed, engaged in, or conducting, or holding himself out as being engaged in: 1) preparing, other than by embalming, for the burial or disposition of dead human bodies; 2) maintaining or operating a funeral establishment for the preparation and disposition, or for the care of dead human bodies.
Grief work
A process occurring with loss, aimed at loosening the attachment to the dead for reinvesting in the living
Communication
A process through which you send messages to and receive messages from others.
Communication
A process through which you send messages to and receive messages from others. Heart of mourning process.
Depression
A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness
Creative Restitution
A situation in which the offender pays the victim back more than was required or expected.
crisis
A sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event requiring the president to play the role of crisis manager. Usually lasts about 5 weeks
DMORT
A team of experts in the fields of victim identification and mortuary services. They are activated in response to large scale disasters in the United States to assist in the identification of deceased individuals and storage of the bodies pending the bodies being claimed. (disaster mortuary response team).
psychoanalytic theory
A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
masked grief
A type of grief reaction when the person experiences symptoms and behavior which causes them difficulty, but they do not see or recognize the fact that these are related to the loss
Post-need
Activities offered after the burial; may also include aftercare services
Phase for consolidation and planning insight stage
After explaining and clarifying all options the funeral director assist the family and planning a funeral that meets their needs
A Need of the bereaved
Helps establish emotional stability through a social support network
Responsibility of a funeral director
High risk profession as a result stressors associated with the constant exposure of death and the pain associated with grieving families as well as being on call 24/7/365
Humanistic
Humanism emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in directing his or her future, a large capacity for personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic worth and enormous potential for self-fulfillment. It focused on each individual's potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good with mental and social problems resulting from deviations from this natural tendency.
A need of the bereaved
Allow us emotional support through sharing "joy expressed is Joy increased grief shared is grief diminished"
complicated grief
An emotional response to a death that is unusually prolonged or intense and that impairs functioning; pathological grief.
school age
Theorist suggest that a child who loses a parent of the same sex seems to have greater problems than that of a child who is as a parent of the opposite sex
Psychoanalyst
Therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training. (Freud)
adolescence
This is one of the most difficult stage is to lose a caretaker or parent because adolescents are dealing with identity issues and trying to find his or her place in life
Functionalism
This psychology school followed Structuralism. How is conscious is related to behavior? How does the mind affect what people do? Mental process in humans and animals; role of mind, intellect, emotions, behaviors in an individual's adaptation to environment. Theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned w/how an organism uses it's perceptual abilities to function in its environment.
Phase 3 exploration and assistance in helping the family understand alternatives and insight stage
Through active listening and skillful questioning the funeral director gathers information about the deceased and the family's needs wishes and feelings he then explains the options available to them
Allowance of Silence (AS)
Time to reflect and elaborate
Depression and grieving similarities
Sleep disturbance and appetite suppression
Children's responses idealization
In the attempt to deflect and happy thoughts and memories the child becomes obsessed with the parents good qualities even at the price of seriously miss understanding his or her real life character
Educational
Investigate psychological problems in the area of education, applying formalized techniques to solve these problems
Anomic Grief
Is a term to describe the experience of grief, especially in young bereaved parents, where mourning customs are unclear due to an inappropriate death and the absence of prior bereavement experience; typical in a society that has attempted to minimize the impact of death through medical control of disease and social control of those who deal with the dying and the dead.
Expressing emotions 3 to 4 months
Laughter
Healthcare Proxy
Legal empowerment of a third party to make decisions regarding the health care of an individual.
Probate
Legal process by which a court determines who will inherit a deceased person's property and what the assets of the estate are
Delayed grief reaction
Lindemann's term to describe the phenomenon in which survivors of a recent loss suddenly experience grief from an earlier loss that was not grieved at that time.
Sociocultural
Social interaction and the cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes. Examines how the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on psychological and social functioning.
Children's responses denial
Some children same and moved because they're trying to defend themselves by pretending that the death did not really happen
Children 3 to 5 years
Unable to understand the finality of death, death is like sleeping or like taking a long journey
A need of the bereaved
Meets the needs theologically, psychologically and socially of those who mourn
A need of the bereaved
Memorialize the persons life
Grief reactions
Mental, Physical, Social. Common sense- less enthusiasm, shorter attention span, etc.
Fraternal organizations and orders
Modified extended family unit.
A Need of the bereaved
Modify emotional ties to the deceased
Children birth to three years
No comprehension
grief support
Non-directive methods of exploring alternatives to assist people through their mourning process
ABC Method (B) Boiling Down
Once a situation is accurately assessed, the counselor must portray this assessment to the person as simply and directly as possible, communicating the essence of the problem. The counselor should focus on the problem's components and help direct the person toward a solution. Defining the problem will help reduce the anxiety and stress for the person in crisis.
Expressing emotion 7 months
Start to show fear
Nine years and above
Understand Death as both final and inevitable
5 to 9 years
Understands that death is final --- Believes own death can be avoided --- Associates death with aggression or violence --- Believes wishes or unrelated actions can be responsible for death, personified death
Situational (Type and style)
Used to address the psychological behavior that has provoked by an incident
Informational (Type and style)
Used to educate and empower details to system determining the extent of psychological need
A child's first exposure to death
Usually involves a pet
Responsibility of the funeral director
Where is many hats a mother, father, siblings, church officer, etc...sacrificing his or her personal life for the sake of the bereaved
Mediators of Mourning
Who the person was, Nature of the attachment, Historical antecedents, Personality variables, Social variables, Concurrent stresses, Circumstantial factors influencing grief, Hospice, Living Will
Determinants of Grief
Who the person was, history, nature of attachment, personality, social variables, concurrent stress, coping with the public and mode of death
middle adulthood
Who's at this stage one individuals come face-to-face with their own mortality because their peers are going to die
Phase 6 conclusion of the funeral process action stage
Wolfelt Suggests that the funeral director assist the family with a sense of closure such as joining with them in the fellowship that often follows the funeral
Earl A. Grollman
Wrote many books on children and death, theories on children and death
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being, helps with adjustment problems rather than severe psychological disorders.
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span (how we develop these things).
Intellectualization
a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint
nuclear family
a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit.
motive
a driving force that causes a person to take action to satisfy specific needs
matriarchal family
a family government where the mother or female possesses power and the right of decision making
single-parent family
a family in which only one parent is present to care for the children
patriarchal family
a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father)
egalitarian family
a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally
Genogram
a family therapy technique that records information about behavior and relationships on a type of family tree to elucidate persistent patterns of dysfunctional behavior
Modified extended family
a family unit created by two or more nuclear families or friendships
Humanistic Funeral Rite
a funeral rite that is in essence devoid of religious connotation
Schizophrenia
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
Hospice
a home providing care for the sick, especially the terminally ill, an inn for travelers, end of life institution
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
apathy
a lack of feeling, emotion, or interest
executor
a man appointed by the will of a deceased person to carry out the provisions thereof and settle the estate
Testator
a person who makes a will
hospital
a place where sick or injured people are given care or treatment and where babies are often born, *acute institution
emotion
a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity (a thought or feeling that occurs in conjunction with a physical response).
Funeralization
a process involving all activities associated with final disposition
psychologist
a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology
psychologist
a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology, m.d.
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
Rorschach test
a projective test that uses inkblots as the ambiguous stimulus
psychosis
a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Functionalism
a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish
Grief Syndrome (Lindemann)
a set of symptoms associated with loss. (The management of reactions to or the symptoms of grief associated with loss. Ex: a person who is unable to successfully manage their grief may consider therapy as a mechanism for coping with a loss.)
shock
a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experience.
crisis
a sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event
crisis intervention
a treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome the crisis
mutual pretense (G & S)
a type of awareness in which the client, family, and health personnel know that the prognosis is terminal but do not talk about it and make an effort not to raise the subject
complicated grief
a type of grief that impedes a person's future life, usually because the person clings to sorrow or is buffeted by contradictory emotions
manic depression
an affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression (extreme up and down states)
Funeral Rite
an all-inclusive term used to encompass all funerals and/or memorial services
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.
Forensic Psychology
area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system (criminal investigation)
perception checking (AS)
asking questions in order to see if your interpretation is correct
obsessive compulsive behavior
can include both intruding, recurring thoughts (obsessions) that create discomfort relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion) • Some people just have obsessions or compulsions • Checking, Contamination
sublimation (defense mechanism)
channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior
Psychodrama
clinical technique used by some therapists which calls for participants to role play
persuasive communication
communication advocating a particular side of an issue
blended family
consists of a biological parent, a stepparent, and the children of one or both parents
awareness contexts of dying (glasses & Strauss)
consists of closed awareness, suspicion awareness, ritual drama of mutual pretense, open awareness, & disconnection
display rules
culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display
health care proxy
document designating a legal decision maker for medical decisions
Intestate
dying without a will
active listening (AS)
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy
sports psychology
examines the psychological factors that affect performance and participation in sports and exercise
chronic grief
excessive in duration and never comes to a satisfactory conclusion
joint family
family organization in which several generations share a common dwelling
alarm
fear or anxiety caused by the sudden realization of danger
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Escheat
forfeiture of a decedent's property to the state in the absence of heirs
motivated forgetting
forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable
Pre-need
funeral arrangements made in advance of need
Memorial Service
funeral rites with the body not present
narcissistic
having to do with extreme self-adoration and a feeling of superiority of everyone
Roger's Client-Centered Therapy
help clients take responsibility for themselves; unconditional positive regard; non-directive
Grief Counseling Worden
helping people facilitate grief to a healthy completion of the tasks of grieving within a reasonable time frame
Grief Counseling
helping people facilitate uncomplicated grief to a healthy completion of the tasks of grieving within a reasonable time frame
cognitive
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. Mental maps of reality, study of mental process including how people perceive, think and learn. Examines how we process and store and use information and how the information influences what we attend to perceive, learn, remember, believe and feel. There are numerous practical applications for cognitive research, such as ways to improve memory, how to increase decision-making accuracy and how to structure educational curricula to enhance learning.
Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence
Transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Delayed Grief (Worden)
inhibited, suppressed, or postponed response to a loss. (an abnormal grief that occurs well after the loss or is triggered by another loss)
Cognitive Psychology
investigates mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language, and how we use it to think or act intelligently in new situations. It is often referred to as information processing it.
suspicion awareness(G & S)
no one will confirm patient's suspicion of death; patient will not ask, but look for "evidence"
uncomplicated grief
normal grief, natural response to a loss
exaggerated grief
occurs when the reactions to the loss are excessive and disabling
Psychoanalytic
perspective developed by freud, which assumes that psychological problems are the result of anxiety resulting from unresolved conflicts and forces of which a person might be unaware. Stresses influence of unconscious fears, desires, thoughts, motivations on thoughts, behaviors as the development of personality traits and psychological problems later in life.
pallitative care
prevention.relief,reduction,or soothing of symptoms of disease or disorders throughout the entire course of an illness, including care of the dying and bereavement follow-up for the family
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
Projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Denial
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
reaction formation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
Regression
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated, a reversion to immature patterns of behavior.
Rationalization
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
Displacement
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
Freud
psychoanalytic theory
funeral
rites with the body present
Maslow 2
safety needs
Post-Need Service (Aftercare; Follow-Up Services)
services provided by a funeral service organization that occur after final disposition
informing (AS)
sharing knowledge you have with the client. Counseling technique that Funeral Director's feel the most comfortable with because they are experts about what is involved in Funerals and the families need to know this information
potential crisis
some circumstances may heighten the need for crisis intervention counseling 1. suicide 2. homicide 3. SIDS 4. Euthanasia 5. Disaster
Grief Therapy
specialized techniques which are used to help people with complicated grief reactions
Grief Therapy (Worden)
specialized techniques which are used to help people with complicated grief reactions
clinical psychology
studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders, Normal or Severe crisis, chronic disorders
suicide
the act of intentionally taking one's own life
euthanasia
the act of painlessly killing a suffering person or animal; mercy killing
mourning
the expression of deep sorrow for someone who has died, typically involving following certain conventions such as wearing black clothes.
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
MMPI
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
internal locus of control
the perception that one controls one's own fate
Catharsis
the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.
Fustration
the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need
Motivation
the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.
Behaviorism (Watson)
the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only; theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction w/the environment. It studies how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones depending on whether events in their environment reward or punish these behaviors.
abnormal psychology
the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning, behavior which deviates from normal.
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. How our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other persons. (Attitude, formation and change, aggression, prejudice and interpersonal attraction.
bereavement
the state or condition caused by loss through death
Thanatology
the study of death and dying
educational psychology
the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching. Develop materials and strategies for learning.
health psychology
the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health
locus of control
the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
Aftercare (post-funeral counseling)
those appropriate and helpful acts of counseling that come after the funeral
cognitive dissonance
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Non-directive, client centered 8 & 9
• Accept the bereaved individual's attitude and feelings • Judge the ability of the bereaved to verbalize
Non-directive, client centered 10 & 11
• Allow the bereaved to summarize the session • Respect the confidential nature of the subject matter
Non-directive, client centered 6 & 7
• Encourage realistic appraisal by the bereaved • Encourage conversational flow by avoiding questions that can be answered yes or no (close ended questions)
counseling tools
• Positioning of chairs (how and where people sit) • Genogram (therapy language)
Non-directive, client centered 12 & 13
• Write comprehensive notes upon the conclusion of the session • Some of the descriptions mentioned in the detailed list above may apply to both directive and non-directive counseling
Grief factors (relational)
•Ambivalent or fake feelings leading to anger guilt •Narcissistic, deceased extension of self; deny loss •Dependency self image changes with death; feels abandoned, helpless
Mediators of morning (Worden)
•And the person was and what position he held •Nature of attachment to individual •How person died •Historical antecedents, How a person grief before •Personality variables; gender, age, coping styles •Social variables or network of support available •Concurrent stressors or crisis after death such as financial hardship
Non-directive, client centered 4 & 5
•Appraise the bereaved individual's problem •Perceive the bereaved individuals situation in several ways to communicate these to him or her
Barriers to effective communication
•Asking too many questions •Dominates the interaction •Inappropriate self disclosure •Discouraging the expression of emotions •Emotional distancing
Assess grief (school age)
•Child losses parent of same sex has greater problems than child who lost parent of opposite sex •That's a preschooler rings additional grief network classmates and teachers which present tremendous support to the family •Death leaves void; established •Devastation of death of a child represents major grief crisis
Assess grief (toddler)
•Delayed development and toilet training and trust •Strong family support system is crucial •Toddlers death presents another set of issues and that child has establish place and family system •Appears to be a great avoid •Breathing issues will primarily center around the death of a family member which will be married in the stages to follow
Grief reaction (exaggerated)
•Disabling reaction, development of phobia •Result may be stemming from ambivalent relationship •Feelings of depression and hopelessness -maladaptive behavior •Persistent reaction •Clinical depression
Colin Murray Parkes (phases)
•Disbelief, alarm, unreality •Searching, angers, yearning, Guilt •Isolation, withdrawal •Loneliness •Mitigation •Socialization, new identity, reinvestment
Assessing grief (infancy)
•Disruption an appetite and digestion; primary caretaker dies •Death of infant most devastating effect on family entire system becomes off-balance •health of mother must be major concern •to reset the family equilibrium immediate support should be in place •it is important father play a pivotal role and that all the tension isn't focused on mom
behavioral responses
•Doing or saying things contrary to beliefs or a custom behavior •Staying inside all the time or needing to stay away from home •Loss of interest in social activities in the world in general •Frequent visits to gravesite church or place is associated with deceased •Sleep Disturbances I see trouble getting to sleep staying asleep trouble dreams •Changes and eating habits an appetite social withdrawal •Increased in chemical use •Frequent crying Or angry Outbursts
Healthcare proxy 3D's
•Duplicate (make several copies) •Distribute give copies to Doctor relatives and friends •Discuss talk about your exact wishes
Grief work includes
•Emancipation from bondage to the deceased •readjustment to the environment in which the deceased is missing •formation of new relationships
Grief support
•Establish ground rules and goals •Open discussion regarding the loss •Stress the importance of confidentiality with in the group •Listen to an assist the survivors in the description of the loss •Formulate alternatives to coping with the morning process •Bring a object of the deceased such as a picture or jewelry •Partner and exchange phone numbers •Assist the survivor in gaining a new perspective of the loss •Refer to appropriate resource
Non-directive, client centered 2 & 3
•Establish rapport with the briefed •Assist the brief to gain a new perspective
Physical responses
•Fatigue •trembling •muscular tension •insomnia •emptiness in gut •appetite loss
Role & responsibility; funeral director
•Funeral director is a conduit between many professionals •People who deal with Rod data of death on daily basis •Funeral service professional is on call 24 hours a day 365, response when death occurs •During holidays funeral director must leave •Engage in crisis Intervention on a day:day basis Wears many hats sacrificing Personal life For sake of bereaved •Funeral director harvest profession •May hold membership or executive office and several civic, religious and professional organizations
Grief reactions (masked)
•Grief stems unrelated to the loss •Repressed free physical symptoms or aberrant (abnormal) behavior •Symptoms of medical nature may be similar to the deceased •Psycho somatic complaints •Psycho somatic symptoms
Grief Counseling
•Help the survivor actualize the loss •Help the survivor identify and express feelings • without deceased •Facilitate emotional relocation of the deceased •Provide time to grieve •Interpret normal behavior •Allow for individual differences •Provide continuing support •Examine defenses and coping styles •Identify pathology and refer
Grief factors (personality)
•Hinges on ability to cope with emotional stress; and ability can short circuit the morning process •Complicated grief reactions may be caused by Not being able to tolerate dependency feelings •Self-concept may cause complicated grief reactions must be strong Appearance
Acquiring new interpersonal skills (Phases)
•Initial learning •Uncomfortable use •Consciously skilled •Naturally skilled
Grieving S.I.D.S.
•Legal involvement •Anger •Frustration •High breakup rate
Essential Skills
•Listening and attending •Paraphrasing •Clarifying •Perception checking •Leading •Questioning •Informing •Summarizing
Erich Lindemann (Tasks)
•Loss of patterns of conduct •Somatic distress •Preoccupation •Testing new patterns
Funeral directors also do this
•Make referrals and overlay counseling •funeral director may offer a facilitate a support group
What not to say to a child
•Make-believe stories or fairy tales •Some thing you don't believe yourself •Mother has gone on a long journey •God took Daddy away because he wants and loves the good in heaven •Daddy is now in heaven •Grandma died because she was sick •To die is to sleep
Children relate to other children
•More easily when they are involved in a support group they feel less isolated •adults find it difficult to help children when they are working through their own pain •include children and every segment of the morning process
later adulthood
•Mortality and grief issues become more difficult as a person feels that his or her life hasn't had any real accomplishments •Erickson describes what he calls send a sense for the process of becoming old which means green hair and wrinkles, etc... •It is important for the elderly however to feel that they have achieved integrity and feel that their life had a meaning
John Bowlby (phases)
•Numbing •Yearning, searching •Disorganization, despair •Reorganization, new life
(Depression) differences from grieving
•Person feels poor & empty •Persistent depression •Guilty about feelings other than actions •Thoughts of deaths abnormal •Morbid preoccupation with worthlessness •Marked psycho motor retardation •Prolongs and marked functional impairment •Abnormal hallucinatory experiences
Grief reactions (delayed)
•Postponed •Suppressed •Slight reaction at time of loss excessive reaction during subsequent loss •Reaction may occur as a result of experiencing feelings connected with someone else's loss •Unresolved grieving •Reactivated Grieving
Cognitive responses (thinking)
•Preoccupation with Death •Inability to concentrate •Disorganized thoughts •I wish I could have a few more moments with •I wish it could've been me •It all seems like a bad dream •Sense of presence seeing hearing loved one •Suicidal thoughts •Inability to remember •Easily distracted •Why •I think I'm going crazy •If only
Grief factors (historical)
•Previous complicated reactions usually set the stage for present complicated grief reactions •Early parents a loss may cause complicated grief reactions
Grief reactions (chronic)
•Prolonged •Excessive in direction •Never concludes •Person knows that morning Is stagnant •Feeling unfinished •Therapy needed
Grieving Death after chronic illness
•Relief •Less intense pain •Tired caregiver •Anticipatory
Grief Therapy
•Rule out physical disease •Set up contract and establish alliance •Revive memories of the deceased •Assesses four grief tasks not completed •Deal with affect your lack of stimulated by memories •Explore and defuse linking objects •Acknowledge finality of loss •Deal with fantasy of ending grieving •Help say final goodbye
Sigmund Freud grief work (tasks)
•Separation anxiety •Repression, depression •Mourning •Decathexis
Grieving suicide
•Shame •Guilt •Stigma •Fear •Need for suicide group therapy •Helplessness
What to say to your child
•Share your own religious convictions •Speak in concrete terms rather than philosophical ones •Grant permission to cry and expressed feelings
Normal Grief Reactions
•Shock, disbelief, denial •Sadness •Loneliness •Guilt •Anger •Anxiety •Crying •Preoccupation with thoughts of the deceased •Dreams/nightmares •Confusing awake offense
Grief syndrome includes
•Somatic or bodily distress, •preoccupation with the image of the deceased, •guilt relating to the deceased and the •circumstances of the death, •hostile reactions, •the inability to function as one had before the death
Motivator Factors (Herzberg)
•Status •opportunity for advancement •Gaining recognition •Responsibility •Challenging are stimulating work •Sense of personal achievement and personal growth in a job
Physical responses
•Stomach problems •something stuck in her throat •lowered immunity to illness •sexual desire changes •shortness of breath •increased decreased activity
Spiritual Responses to Grief
•Strengthening of a person's spiritual beliefs •Weakening of a person spiritual beliefs •Causing questions as to the meaning of life and death beliefs and values
Grief factors (social)
•Taboo social; loss suicide guilt •AIDS shame •Abortion social negative fear •Lack of support network
Psychosocial influences of grief and mourning
•The bereaved respond to reassurance, support and comfort •The bereaved retain the capacity for pleasure •The bereaved dwell on that which has been lost more than on themselves •The bereaved may be openly angry •The bereaved feel the world is empty but realize that their sense of personal and emptiness is temporary
Tasks of Mourning (Worden)
•To except the reality of loss •To experience the pain of grief and to express emotions associated with it •To adjust the environment in which the deceased is missing •To withdraw emotional energy and reinvested in another relationship
Grief factors (circumstantial)
•Uncertainty, due to missing status and unresolved grief •Multiple losses fire plane crash overwhelming feeling with more than one person dead in the family morning process may shut down all together
Unethical behaviors
•Violation of confidentiality •Claiming expertise which one does not possess •Exciting ones level of professional competence •Imposing one's values on a client •Creating dependency and a client •Sexual activity with the client
Assess grief (preschool)
•Well tend to isolate themselves and may exhibit hostile behavior when disturbed •Mimics grief issue of the toddler death •Involves attachment to the child with the parents if their siblings the shift and rolls will be extremely difficult •This type of grief should be addressed at this time because this type of grief leaves his siblings feeling disenfranchised
Theory Y management
•Work can be a naturalist play if conditions favorable •People will be self-directed and creative to meet their work and organizational objectives if they are committed •People will be committed to their quality and productivity objectives if they are rewards that address hire me in such a self-fulfillment •The capacity for creativity spreads throughout organizations •Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and Enginuity are common in the population •Under these conditions people will seek responsibility
Theory X managers
•Work is inherently distasteful and people will attempt to avoid it •Most people are not ambitious, little desire for responsibility, preferred direction •Most people must be forced with threat of punishment •Most people have little capacity for creativity in solving organizational issues •Motivation only occurs at physiological and security levels of Maslow's hierarchy •Most people are self-centered they must be controlled and coerced •Most people resist change
(Grieving) differences from depression
•World looks poor & empty •Transient depression •Hallucinations •Guilt about time spent/attention to the survivors at the time of death •Facing personal and immortality issues •Feelings of helplessness because Death irreversible •Psychomotor agitation; emotional over activity •Temporary inability to function;simple tasks impossible •Hearing and seeing the deceased
Kubler-Ross stages of dying
•denial (and isolation), •anger •bargaining •depression •acceptance
