GEOG 1113 Quiz ch.35,18,36,21,22

The formation of underground caverns occurs through the ____ process. a. carbonation b. oxidation c. hydroxation d. soil emulsification

a. carbonation

Which of the following statements list soil particles from smallest (left) to largest (right)? a. clay, silt, sand b. silt, sand, clay c. silt, clay, sand d. sand, silt, clay

a. clay, silt, sand

The study of tree rings in climate research is called: a. dendrochronology b. botanical climatology c. ringology d. arborology

a. dendrochronology

The process of transporting particles from a higher layer to a lower layer is called ____. a. eluviation b. illuviation c. illumination d. transmigration

a. eluviation

As landscapes become less steep or flatter, which processes work more slowly to wear down the landscapes? a. erosional b. deposition c. compaction d. lithifaction

a. erosional

Smaller materials can be transported from one location to another by _____ processes. a. erosional b. weathering c. mass transit d. dislocation

a. erosional

What type of topography produces a thicker soil depth? a. flat b. gently sloping c. steeply sloping d. mountainous

a. flat

Porosity is the ability of soil to ___ water. a. hold b. dissolve c. transmit d. discharge e. produce

a. hold

Today, we are living in a(n) ___________ period of climate. a. interglacial b. glacial c. Paleocene Maximum d. Satanic

a. interglacial

Which of the following is not a process involved in the weathering of rocks? a. lithological b. biological c. chemical d. mechanical

a. lithological

The ratio of oxygen-18 to _____ isotopes has been used to show temperature changes taking place in the ocean and atmosphere in the past millions of years. a. oxygen-16 b. oxygen-17 c. oxygen-19 d. oxygen-20 e. carbon-18

a. oxygen- 16

Erosion leads to the reduction of the ____ of landmasses. a. relief b. horizontality c. salt content d. carbon content

a. relief

Which soil would have the highest permeability? a. sandy loam b. silty loam c. clay loam d. silty clay

a. sandy loam

Steep-sided mountainous soils tend to be ____ in depth. a. thin b. very deep c. average d. highly variable, but usually deep

a. thin

Which of the following is NOT a major factor in soil formation? a. tractors b. time c. water d. parent material e. topography

a. tractors

The Little Ice Age was a brief cold period in which Europe suffered from famine around the years ___. a. 1200 to 1350 b. 1400 to 1850 c. 1600 to 1920 d. 1940 to 1970

b. 1400 to 1850

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was one of the largest warming events known) The spike in temperatures took place approximately ___ years ago. a. 500 million b. 55 million c. 5 million d. 50,000 e. 500

b. 55 million

A soil with pH of ____ is neither acidic nor alkaline. a. 5 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11 e. 15

b. 7

The process of illuviation adds particles in the ____ layer. a. A b. B c. C d. R e. E

b. B

The Milankovitch Cycle explains long-term natural climate variations based on: a. volcanic eruption records b. Earth's orbital cycles c. solar intensity chan

b. Earth's orbital cycles

Karst topography involves which of the following types of weathering: a. biological b. chemical c. mechanical d. none of these

b. chemical

Mechanical weathering is more active in ____climates. a. tropical b. cold, wet c. warm, wet d. warm, dry

b. cold, wet

Weathering begins to wear down rocks: a. after mountains have been formed b. during and after the mountains have been formed c. only after glaciers form on the mountains d. when mountains block wind circulation

b. during and after mountains have been formed

While relief can be increased by volcanism and tectonics, it is decreased mostly by: a. climate b. erosion c. sinkholes d. urbanization

b. erosion

The peds associated with platy soil structure most closely resemble: a. bread crumbs b. flakes c. columns d. small ropes e. ice cubes

b. flakes

A soil profile shows a sequence of layers called ___. a. plates b. horizons c. verticals d. steps e. stairs

b. horizons

A vista of hills and valleys can be considered a: a. landform b. landscape c. physiographic realm d. a physical realm

b. landscape

The carbon dioxide-weathering feedback is an example of ____ feedback. a. positive b. negative c. multiple d. jumbled

b. negative

Evidence of climatic variation prior to instrumented data is called: a. historical data b. proxy data c. primeval data d. mostly guesswork data

b. proxy data

Soil is a(n) ____ resource. a. nonrenewable b. renewable c. endangered d. enormous

b. renewable

A pedon extends down to _______. a. just above the C horizon b. the top of the R horizon c. the top of the B horizon d. the E horizon

b. the top of the R horizon

Most chemical weathering involves: a. carbon dioxide b. water c. salts d. air or oxidation

b. water

Parent material of soil is generally: a. decomposed plant litter b. weathered bedrock c. clay d. dirt

b. weathered bedrock

____ is a process that breaks down rock into smaller fragments or sediments. a. erosion b. weathering c. mass movement d. explosion

b. weathering

Radioactive carbon-___ isotope has been used in dating organic objects that can be used in climate change studies. a. 12 b. 13 c. 14 d. 16 e. 20

c. 14

Solum consists of the following soil layers? a. O, A b. O, A, B, C c. A, B d. C, R

c. A, B

Which layer best represents the weathered bedrock layer? a. A b. B c. C d. R e. E

c. C

The Younger Dryas was an abrupt cooling period around 13000 years ago that was believed to be caused by: a. an increase in chemical weathering of rocks b. a sudden change in continental drift c. a change in the thermohaline circulation of the Atlantic d. a meteorite e. volcanic eruption

c. a change in the thermohaline circulation of the Atlantic

Weathering is the: a. formation of larger landforms through natural processes b. deposition of rocks and mineral particles c. breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller particles d. transportation of rocks and minerals

c. breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller particles

Which of the following soils would generally have the highest field capacity? a. sandy loam b. silty loam c. clay loam d. desert soil

c. clay loam

In sub-freezing climate, water that seeps into rock joints or cracks can break off rock particles through: a. acidic chemical reactions b. abrasion caused by falling water c. frost action when water freezes d. growth of biological agents

c. frost action when water freezes

Twenty thousand years ago, the Earth was experiencing: a. Iceball Earth b. hot house Earth c. glaciation d. interglacial

c. glaciation

Decomposed organic matter form a dark, top layer of soil is called: a. fertilizer b. organic rock c. humus d. hummus

c. humus

In the last 15 million years, the Earth's climate could be described as: a. hot house climate b. normal c. ice house climate d. outhouse climate

c. ice house climate

A spontaneous downslope movement of Earth materials is called: a. erosion b. weathering c. mass movement d. mass transit

c. mass movement

Where would soil formation be relatively rapid? a. in a dry desert b. in polar tundra c. on a tropical volcanic island d. the high Arctic

c. on a tropical island

Reddish brown to orange or yellow colored minerals that form a distinctive rust-like coating on weathered rocks is due to a. mechanical weathering b. carbonation c. oxidation d. red organic pigments on the Earth's surface

c. oxidation

Which of these is not a form of mechanical weathering? a. exfoliation b. thermal expansion c. oxidation d. frost action

c. oxidation

Which of the following is NOT a component of soil? a. organic matter b. inorganic matter c. rocks d. gases

c. rocks

Viking exploration and colonization of Greenland and Vineland (North America) took place during a warm period called ____. a. PETM b. the Little Warm Age c. the Medieval Optimum d. the Good Old Days

c. the Medieval Optimum

When the upper layers of soil is dark brown or black, this would indicate: a. a high pH level b. a high level of solar radiation c. the presence of organic matter d. the presence of iron oxides

c. the presence of organic matter

The soil formation process involving the introduction of dissolved and suspended particles from upper layers into lower ones is called: a. illuviation b. transformation c. translocation d. propagation e. sedimentation

c. translocation

Alkaline soils have a pH value of: a. near 7 b. from 4 to 7 c. from 0 to 4 d. from 8 to 11 e. 15 to 20

d. 8 to 11

Which of the following soil horizons when reading from left to right indicate the correct order from top to bottom? a. A, B, C, E, O, R b. A, B, C, E, R, O c. A, B, E, C, O, R d. O, A, E, B, C, R

d. O,A,E,B,C,R

When weeds and grass break through sidewalks and driveway concrete, it is an example of: a. a biological form of chemical weathering b. a physical form of mechanical weathering c. poor concrete rather than weathering d. a biological form of physical weathering

d. a biological form of physical weathering

Which of the following has been influenced by human activities? a. atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide b. changes to the surface albedo c. atmospheric greenhouse gases concentration d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Natural landforms develop as a result of which process(es)? a. erosion b. weathering c. deposition d. all of these

d. all of these

The soil resides at the intersection of which spheres? a. atmosphere, lithosphere b. lithosphere, hydrosphere c. biosphere, lithosphere d. all of these

d. all of these

Areas of high relief tend to have: a. steep slopes b. high rates of erosion c. low rates of erosion d. both (a) and (b)

d. both (a) and (b)

When rock expands, sheets of outer rock peels off of outcrops or boulders by a. frost action b. oxidation c. thermal emancipation d. exfoliation

d. exfoliation

A loam soil consists of: a. mostly silt and sand b. mostly silt and clay c. mostly clay and sand d. nearly equal amounts of clay, silt and sand

d. nearly equal amounts of clay, silt, and sand

Soil coloid particles have a ___ charge and attract _____ such as Calcium and Potassium. a. positive, anions b. positive, cations c. negative, anions d. negative, cations

d. negative, cations

The most effective and significant agent of erosion globally is: a. wind b. glaciers c. hurricanes d. running water e. coastal waves

d. running water

Which of these is NOT a landform? a. hill b. mountain c. sinkhole d. the Rocky Mountains e. a sand dune

d. the Rocky Mountains

Erosion is caused by: a. running water b. wind c. glaciers d. waves e. all of these

e. all of these