GI 1

A 72-year-old man presents with progressive dysphagia. He initially had difficulty swallowing solid foods but is now having difficulty swallowing liquids. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy reveals a fungating mass on the middle one-third of the esophagus. Biopsy of the lesion is positive for squamous cell carcinoma. Which of the following historical features does this man most likely have? AExposure to industrial dyes BGastroesophageal reflux disease CLynch syndrome DTobacco use

DTobacco use

An 18-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for two days of intermittent episodes of inconsolable crying. During these episode, the child is noted to stop playing, lay down, and draw his legs up to his chest. His mother denies any emesis or bloody bowel movements. Physical examination and vital signs in the emergency department are normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate imaging modality for the confirmation of a diagnosis of intussusception in this patient? AAbdominal X-ray BAir-contrast enema CComputed tomography DUltrasonography

DUltrasonography US Confirms FIRST, and Air-Contrast enema is Dx and curative.

Which of the following conditions is characterized by ataxia, oculomotor dysfunction, and altered mental status? AKorsakoff syndrome BNormal pressure hydrocephalus CVitamin B12 deficiency DWernicke encephalopathy

DWernicke encephalopathy

What is the classic dermatological finding associated with Celiac disease?

Dermatitis herpetiformis

About one-third of infants with duodenal atresia also have which chromosomal anomaly?

Down syndrome

most common pancreatic cancer

Ductal adenocarcinoma

double bubble appearance on prenatal ultrasound inidcates

Duodenal Atresia

This vitamin deficiency leads to impairments in the immune response, neurological problems, ataxia, and anemia due to oxidative damage to red blood cells

E

Vitamin A excess can cause

acute papilledema, characterized by blurred disc edges, an absent physiologic cup, and intraretinal exudates. It can also cause anorexia, slow growth, drying and cracking skin, enlargement of liver and spleen, bone fragility, swelling and pain of long bones, increased intracranial pressure, alopecia, and carotenemia.

Patients who undergo incision and drainage of an anorectal abscess should be prescribed a 4- to 5-day course of

amoxicillin-clavulanate

What antibodies are typically seen in celiac disease

antibodies against gliadin, anti-endomysial and anti-tTG antibodies are typically seen

metabolic syndrome is defined by

any three of the following criteria: (1) Waist circumference of > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women (2) Triglycerides of > 150 mg/dL, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol of < 40 for men and < 50 mg/dL for women, blood pressure of > 130/ > 85 mm Hg, and (3) Fasting glucose of > 100 mg/dL.

Cancer marker for Pancreatic cancer

CA 19-9

This vitamin deficiency leads to rickets, osteomalacia, and muscle aches and weakness

D

What physical exam findings suggestive of metastatic spread may be found in patients with gastric cancer?

Palpable left supraclavicular (Virchow) or umbilical (Sister Mary Joseph) nodes may be palpable.

This syndrome is caused by absence of expression of the paternally active genes on the long arm of chromosome 15

Prader-Willi syndrome Causes obesity

What is charcot triad? What condition is this associated with

RUQ pain, jaundice and fever Choangitis

Presence of Anti-HBs and IgG indicates

Recovery from Hep B

What type of intestinal cancer presents with Tenesmus and diminished caliber of stools

Rectal

What type of intestinal cancer presents with hematochezia and recent change in bowel habits

Rectosigmoid

________________-- presents a contraindication to surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease due to the high incidence of postoperative dysphagia

Scleroderma

also known as systemic sclerosis, is a group of rare diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin. It can also affect the digestive tract

Scleroderma

__________ is the greatest risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer,

Smoking

At what age can a baby start drinking cow's milk?

1 year

How long does it take for an adenoma to progress to a carcinoma?

10 or more years on average.

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer are

cigarette smoking, chronic nonhereditary pancreatitis, pancreatic cysts, high body mass index (BMI), sedentary lifestyle, familial pancreatic cancers, hereditary pancreatitis, and germline mutations in known cancer-causing genes.

Tx for wernicke encephalopaty

Agressive thiamine repletion

Medical Tx for Hepatitis B

Antivirals Tenofovir

The presence of anti-HBc IgM indicates

that the Hep B infection is acute

what electrolyte abnormality is common in the postoperative period and may cause an ileus.

Hypokalemia

This vitamin deficiency affects coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C and protein S, which leads to prolonged prothrombin time and increased bruising, petechiae, and hematomas.

K

What should you rule out when intestinal atresia is expected in infants

Malrotation

What is the most common congenital abnormality of the small intestine?

Meckel diverticulum.

What is one of the hallmark features of prader-Willi Syndrome

Neonatal Hypotonia and poor suck

A 12-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis has been noncompliant with her vitamin and enzyme supplements. She presents with dry eyes and difficulty seeing at night. She is most likely deficient in which vitamin? AVitamin A BVitamin D CVitamin E DVitamin K

AVitamin A Signs of vitamin A deficiency include dry conjunctiva, Bitot spots on the conjunctiva (keratin debris), night blindness, and ultimately permanent blindness.

A student health volunteer presents for evaluation after an accidental poke with a contaminated needle stick. You review the labs of the source patient which are as follows: Anti-HAV negative; HBsAg positive; HBsAb negative; anti-HBc IgM positive, Anti-HCV negative. Which is the most appropriate explanation of these labs? AActive infection with hepatitis B BPrevious exposure to hepatitis A CPrevious infection with both hepatitis B and C DVaccination against hepatitis B

AActive infection with hepatitis B The source patient is HBsAg positive (the surface antigen) and HBsAb negative indicating an active hepatitis B infection. The presence of surface antigen (HBsAg) indicates that the patient has an active infection with hepatitis B, either acute or chronic. The presence of anti-HBc IgM indicates that the infection is acute.

A 58-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with right upper quadrant abdominal pain that has progressed throughout the day. She currently rates the pain a 9 out of 10. Her vitals are heart rate of 102 bpm, respiratory rate of 18/minute, oxygen saturation on room air of 99%, temperature of 101.2°F, and blood pressure of 125/86 mm Hg. Her physical exam is significant for scleral icterus and significant right upper quadrant tenderness to palpation without any rebound. Laboratory results show leukocytosis with a white blood cell count of 17,000/µL, elevated alanine aminotransferase at 202 units/L, elevated aspartate aminotransferase at 220 units/L, and elevated total bilirubin at 7.2 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for this patient? AAcute cholangitis BAcute cholecystitis CCholedocholithiasis DCholelithiasis EPrimary sclerosing cholangitis

AAcute cholangitis Because of jaundice its cholangitis, not cholecystitis

A 43-year-old man presents to the clinic for evaluation of perirectal pain that began last week. He states the pain has progressively worsened and has recently become so severe he cannot sit for more than a few minutes at a time. His medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, for which he takes metoprolol, enalapril, metformin, and simvastatin. Vital signs include HR 103 bpm, RR 17 breaths/min, BP 141/88 mm Hg, T 100.9°F, and SpO2 99% on room air. Physical examination reveals an erythematous patch of induration at the 2 o'clock perianal position. Primary intervention for this condition is undertaken with no complications. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient's condition? AAmoxicillin-clavulanate BColonoscopy CComputed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis DMethylprednisolone ENo further management is required

AAmoxicillin-clavulanate

Which of the following is the most common surgical emergency in pregnant women? AAppendicitis BCholecystitis CSmall bowel obstruction DUterine rupture

AAppendicitis

A 54-year-old man with cirrhosis presents for evaluation of abdominal pain. The pain is diffuse throughout the abdomen and associated with subjective fever at home. He has no vomiting, diarrhea or change in mental status. His vital signs are T 100.6°F, HR 98, BP 140/88, RR 12, and oxygen saturation of 100% on room air. Bedside ultrasound demonstrates ascites. Which of the following is an indication for intravenous antibiotics? AAscitic fluid neutrophil count of 300 cells/mcL BAscitic fluid pH of 7.35 CAST of 340 U/L DPeripheral white blood cell count of 15,000 cells/mcL

AAscitic fluid neutrophil count of 300 cells/mcL

A 29-year-old pregnant patient presents with a three day history of diarrhea following a trip to Mexico. The patient describes having seven to eight loose, watery stools per day. She does not note any blood in the diarrhea and is otherwise asymptomatic. Vital signs are BP 116/72, HR 86, RR 15, T 38.7°C. Physical exam reveals mild dehydration, but is otherwise normal. After providing fluid replacement, what is the indicated treatment? AAzithromycin BCiprofloxacinYour Answer CSymptomatic therapy with loperamide DTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

AAzithromycin Azithromycin is the preferred antibiotic therapy in pregnant women and children. It is also the first choice for use in South and Southeast Asia where Campylobacter is common and has high resistance to fluoroquinolones.

Cancer marker for hepatocellular cancer (liver)

AFP - Alpha fetoprotein

A 15-year-old girl presents to the emergency department complaining of headaches. The patient denies fever, sore throat, vomiting, and head trauma. Physical exam reveals facial acne, papilledema, and splenomegaly. Excess of which of the following vitamins is most likely causing her symptoms? AVitamin A BVitamin B3 CVitamin B6 DVitamin C EVitamin E

AVitamin A

Niacin is which vitamin

B3

Pyridoxine is which vitamin

B6

A 34-year-old man presents with "heartburn." His evaluation leads the provider to believe that gastroesophageal reflux disease is the etiology of his symptoms. Which of the following increases symptoms of reflux? ABeta-blockers BCaffeine CSpearmint DTestosterone supplements

BCaffeine

Over the last 7 months, a 13-year-old girl has had intermittent abdominal pain, which has made her quite irritable. The abdominal pain is associated with arthralgias and general malaise. Review of systems reveals that she has lost 5 kg (11 lb) and has painful bowel movements. Which one of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms? ACeliac disease (gluten enteropathy) BCrohn's disease CIrritable bowel syndrome DUlcerative colitis

BCrohn's disease Crohn's disease is the most common chronic inflammatory bowel disease which occurs during adolescence and young adulthood, with a second peak at 50-80 years of age. The manifestations of Crohn's disease are dependent on the site of involvement, but systemic signs and symptoms are more common than with ulcerative colitis. Painful BM are probably from perianal disease (fissures, abscess, fistula)

A 70-year-old woman presents with left lower quadrant abdominal discomfort for the past 2 days that she describes as dull and heavy. She reports that she has had this pain in the past, and it has been intermittent for the past several months. She reports no nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. She reports no fever, sweats, or chills. Her physical examination does not reveal any abdominal tenderness, but there is a tender bulge that can be palpated inferior to the inguinal ligament and medial to the femoral artery when the patient is lying down. When the patient coughs, there is no change palpated in the area. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? AAneurysm of the common femoral artery BFemoral hernia CInguinal adenopathy DInguinal hernia ESaphena varix

BFemoral hernia

A 45-year-old woman with a history of osteoarthritis, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and tobacco use presents to clinic. The patient states that she has been experiencing a burning epigastric pain that occurs several hours after eating a meal and is relieved by antacids or food. Several times, the pain has awakened her from sleep. She reports no nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or bloody stools. Her current medications include lisinopril, rosuvastatin, and naproxen. Vitals are temperature 37°C, BP 120/80 mm Hg, pulse 76 bpm, SpO2 99% on room air. Her physical examination reveals mild epigastric tenderness to palpation. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. Laboratory tests reveal hemoglobin 13 g/dL, WBC 5,000/µL, and platelets 200,000/µL. A urea breath test is negative. Upper endoscopy shows evidence of ulceration in the duodenum. Which of the following is the correct pathogenesis of the disease described above? AInflammatory cell infiltrate of the gastric mucosa BInhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 leading to prostaglandin deficiency CInhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 leading to prostaglandin deficiency DInhibition of hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphate of parietal cells, increasing acid secretionYour Answer ETransient relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter leading to esophageal mucosal injury

BInhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 leading to prostaglandin deficiency This patient has NSAID-induced PUD which inhibits COX-1, leading to prostaglandin deficiency

Which vitamin deficiency presents with photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia? ACyanocobalamin BNiacin CPyridoxine DThiamine

BNiacin Niacin (B3) deficiency causes the clinical presentation of pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

collection of keratin in the conjunctiva is called ________ ___________ which is caused by which vitamin deficiency

Bitot Spot Vitamin A

Which of the following patients meet criteria for metabolic syndrome? AA 35-year-old man with a waist circumference of 108 cm, triglycerides of 130 mg/dL, and blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg BA 40-year-old woman with a body mass index of 35, triglycerides 150 mg/dL, and fasting glucose of 110 mg/dL CA 45-year-old man with a waist circumference of 110 cm, triglycerides of 155 mg/dL, and fasting glucose of 120 mg/dL DA 50-year-old man with waist circumference of 110 cm, triglycerides of 150 mg/dL, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol of 50 mg/dL

CA 45-year-old man with a waist circumference of 110 cm, triglycerides of 155 mg/dL, and fasting glucose of 120 mg/dL

Which of the following is the most likely cause of phenylketonuria? AConversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine BConversion of tyrosine to phenylalanine CDeficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase DExcess of phenylalanine hydroxylase

CDeficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase

Cancer marker for rectal cancer

CEA - Carcinoembryonic antigen

Cancer marker for Gastric cancer

CEA, STN

Which of the following organisms is the most common cause of traveler's diarrhea? ACampylobacter jejuni BEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli CEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli DGiardia lamblia

CEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

You examine a 17-year-old girl due to anorexia nervosa. She has low self-esteem with intense fear of gaining weight. She restricted her diet for the past three months. On physical exam, her BMI is 18 with heart rate of 35 beats per minute at rest. You decide to admit her for inpatient management. You plan to start nutritional therapy but worry about the risk of refeeding syndrome. Which laboratory finding is most consistent with refeeding syndrome? AHyperkalemia BHypermagnesemia CHypophosphatemia DThrombocytopenia

CHypophosphatemia Refeeding syndrome is a complication that occurs during nutritional therapy of malnourished patients. It is marked by hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, thiamine deficiency, congestive heart failure and peripheral edema.

An 82-year-old nursing-home resident is sent to the emergency department with lower abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. He has a history of vascular dementia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The facility nurse notes that he seems to have the most abdominal pain and blood in his stools after eating. On examination, he is afebrile and a nasogastric aspirate is negative for evidence of bleeding. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's bleeding? AAngiodysplasia BDiverticular bleeding CIschemic colitis DPeptic ulcer disease

CIschemic colitis Caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in ischemia and possible gangrene of the bowel wall. Patients typically present with fairly acute onset crampy abdominal pain with tenderness over the affected bowel. Patients may have bloody diarrhea or passage of frank blood although it is not usually enough to warrant transfusion

Which of the following antibiotics may precipitate hemolysis in a patient with G6PD deficiency? AAmoxicillin/Clavulanate BCephalexin CNitrofurantoin DStreptomycin

CNitrofurantoin dapsone, methylthionine chloride (methylene blue), nitrofurantoin, phenazopyridine, primaquine, rasburicase, and tolonium chloride (toluidine blue)

A 16-year-old girl returns from a summer abroad volunteering at an HIV clinic in Zimbabwe. She is going to volunteer at her local hospital, which requires tuberculosis skin testing. Her skin test is read as 14 mm of induration. Chest X-ray is negative and she is asymptomatic so she is started on a 9-month course of isoniazid. What vitamin should she concurrently be started on? ACobalamin BNiacin CPyridoxine DThiamine

CPyridoxine Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation is recommended when taking isoniazid because isoniazid alters the activity of vitamin B6

A mother brings in her 2-week-old infant for a well child check. She reports that she is primarily breastfeeding him, with occasional formula supplementation. Which one of the following should you advise her regarding vitamin D intake for her baby? ABreastfed infants do not need supplemental vitamin D BIntake of vitamin D in excess of 200 IU/day is potentially toxic CThe baby should be given 400 IU of supplemental vitamin D daily DVitamin D supplementation should not be started until he is at least 6 months old

CThe baby should be given 400 IU of supplemental vitamin D daily The reason that breastfed infants are deficient in vitamin D is not because human milk is deficient in vitamin D per se but because mothers who are deficient in vitamin D have vitamin D-deficient milk, which leads to vitamin D deficiency in the infant.

What is the most common fatality in refeeding syndrome?

Cardiac complication.

An 85-year-old woman with a medical history of dementia and diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department from a nursing home with abdominal pain and distention for the past 4 days. Her associated symptoms include decreased appetite and vomiting once today. The patient's daughter reports that she has never had any abdominal surgeries. Vital signs today include a HR of 95 bpm, BP of 110/70 mm Hg, RR of 20/min, oxygen saturation of 95% on room air, and T of 98.2°F. Physical examination reveals diffuse abdominal distention with mild tenderness. There is no guarding or rebound tenderness. Laboratory findings include a white blood cell count of 12,000/μL, lipase of 100 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase of 24 U/L, alanine aminotransferase of 35 U/L, alkaline phosphatase of 110 U/L, and total bilirubin of 0.7 mg/dL. Abdominal plain film shows distended bowel loops without haustra extending from the pelvis to the right upper quadrant in an upside-down U-shape loop. There is no air in the rectum. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms? AAcute diverticulitis BAdhesive small bowel obstruction CObstructing rectal carcinoma DToxic megacolon ETwisting of the sigmoid colon

Cecal volvulus typically occurs in younger patients (mean age of 30-50), whereas sigmoid volvulus typically occurs in patients older than 70 years of age.

What is reynolds pentad and what does this indicate

Charcot triad + hypotension and AMS Acute cholangitis and is a medical emergency

Presence of anti-HBc IgG indicates

Chronic infection

Tx of choice for travellers diarrhea in non pregnant and non children

Ciprofloxacin

The gallbladder may be painlessly palpable (A) in biliary tract and pancreatic cancers. This is referred to as ____________ _____________

Courvoisier sign

What toxin does hydroxocobalamin act as an antidote for?

Cyanide

Bite cells indicate

G6PD deficiency

Heinz Bodies indicate

G6pd

To properly treat an individual with phenylketonuria, a life-long strict adherence to a diet consisting of which of the following is recommended? AHigh in beans, low in vegetables BHigh in meats, low in beans CHigh in starches, low in fruits DHigh in vegetables, low in meats

DHigh in vegetables, low in meats This diet requires a decrease or elimination of beef, pork, chicken, nuts, beans and dairy products, a limited intake of potatoes, starches, pastas and breads, and a liberal intake of fruits and vegetables

A 61-year-old man presents with loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss and dyspepsia. Endoscopy shows a gastric mass at the curvature of the stomach and he is diagnosed with gastric carcinoma. Which of the following is true about his condition? ACaucasians are at highest risk for developing this condition BChemotherapy and radiation are standard initial therapy for localized disease CFive-year survival rate of advanced disease is 80% DMen have a higher risk of developing this condition

DMen have a higher risk of developing this condition Survival rate is 20%, Black, Hispanic and Asians have higher occurance. Resection is Tx

A 36-month-old boy is being evaluated at your office. Parents are concerned because he is short and has evidence of developmental delay with hypotonia. He was born at term with a birth weight of 3250 grams. He has a history of poor suck that required physical therapy. Recent fluorescence in situ hybridization was positive for a deletion on chromosome 15. This patient is at a higher risk of suffering from which of the following conditions? AAlzheimer disease BCongenital heart disease CHypocalcemic seizures DObesity

DObesity Prader-Willi syndrome is the most common syndromic form of obesity. The syndrome is caused by absence of expression of the paternally active genes on the long arm of chromosome 15

Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of air-contrast enema in the reduction of pediatric intussusception? AAir contrast enema for a prior episode of intussusception in the last 24 hours BFever greater than 39°C CLethargy DPeritonitis

DPeritonitis Contraindications to the use of air-contrast enema include hemodynamic instability with shock, free air under the diaphragm, and peritonitis. Children with these features need emergent surgical intervention.

You are caring for a patient who is diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The oncologist makes a note of a positive Trousseau syndrome in the documentation. Which of the following is she referring to? ANontender palpable gallbladder BPalpable left supraclavicular lymph node CPopliteal pain with abrupt ankle dorsiflexion DTender migratory thrombophlebitis

DTender migratory thrombophlebitis This represents the hypercoagulability that accompanies many cancers, and is found on examination as tender migratory thrombophlebitis which can occur in crops of veins at different times

What is HBsAg and what does it indicate

Hep B surface antigen. Protein on the surface of the virus. Detected in both acute and chronic Hep B infections. INDICATES THAT THE PERSON IS INFECTIOUS.

A 68-year-old man with a 31 pack-year smoking history and a medical history including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral vascular disease is 3 days status post transcatheter aortic valve replacement surgery. He now reports acute, crampy abdominal pain with associated tenesmus and hematochezia. His current medication list includes simvastatin, aspirin, enalapril, metformin, sitagliptin, and cilostazol. Pertinent laboratory findings include lactic acidosis, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Vital signs reveal a HR of 103 bpm, RR of 17/min, BP of 143/83 mm Hg, T of 102.1°F, and SpO2 of 97% on 2 L of oxygen. Results from computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis are pending. What area of the intestine is most likely to demonstrate abnormal findings with the suspected condition? AAscending colon BDescending colon CHepatic flexure DMid-transverse colon ESplenic flexure

ESplenic flexure Ischemic colitis generally occurs from thromubs formation in the marginal artery of Drummond which is the communication point between the SMA and IMA. Common watershed areas affected are the splenic flexure and rectosigmoid colon

A 65-year-old man presents to the primary care clinic with trouble swallowing. His symptoms initially began about 2 months ago when he started having trouble swallowing solids and he had to chew longer and eat slower. In the last 2 weeks, he has noticed he is having trouble swallowing liquids, too. He also has odynophagia and has lost about 10 lbs in the last 2 months. He smokes and has a 40-year pack history, along with a history of hypertension and high cholesterol. He takes lisinopril 10 mg and atorvastatin 20 mg daily. Vital signs are BP 126/80 mm Hg, temperature 98.9°F, pulse 98 bpm, RR 14 breaths per minute, and BMI 29.6 kg/m2, and his physical exam is unremarkable today. What is the best next step in the management of this patient's condition? AChest radiographs BEsophageal manometry CTrial of a proton pump inhibitor DUpper gastrointestinal barium swallow EUpper gastrointestinal endoscopy

EUpper gastrointestinal endoscopy The above scenario is suspicious for esophageal cancer. There are two main types of esophageal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma), and both are typically seen in patients over the age of 50 who have a history of chronic tobacco or alcohol use An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy is the best test to evaluate for esophageal malignancy in this patient.

What food causes acute hemolysis in G6PD

Fava Beans

An infant with phenylketonuria with present with

seizures, albinism and musty sweat and urine

Vitamin B3 excess can cause

skin flushing, and itchiness

Presence of Anti-HBs with no IgG indicates

Vaccination against Hep B

When left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy is called? What does this indicate

Virchow Node. abdominal malignancy involving the stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, or pelvic organs

What vitamin does isoniazid deplete?

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).

__________ ____________ is characterized by oculomotor dysfunction (most commonly nystagmus), cerebellar dysfunction, and altered mental status. The result of thiamine deficiency

Wernicke encephalopathy

What type of esophageal cancer comes from tobacco

squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus

Jejunal or ileal atreasia usually causes what signs on imaging

dilated loops of small bowel with air-fluid levels

What is the MCC of esophageal adenocarcinoma

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Pyridoxine deficiency can cause

glossitis, cheilosis, irritability, convulsions, hypochromic anemia, peripheral neuritis, and oxaluria

Refeeding syndrome is a complication that occurs during nutritional therapy of malnourished patients. It is marked by

hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, thiamine deficiency, congestive heart failure and peripheral edema.

Wernicke encephalopathy is commonly seen in which patients

it is most frequently seen in chronic alcoholics, but can also be seen in post-bariatric surgery patients and women with hyperemesis gravidarum

What does right supraclavicular lymphadenopathy represent

malignancy of the mediastinum, lungs, or esophagus

The treatment of choice for mild-to-moderate C.difficile infection in children is oral vancomycin, an alternative is oral _____________

metronidazole

Vitamin C excess can cause

oxaluria. Primary hyperoxaluria is a rare condition characterized by recurrent kidney and bladder stones.

Niacin deficiency can cause

pellagra (diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis)

. Vitamin C deficiency can cause

scurvy (bleeding, bruising, and poor wound healing)