Give Me Liberty Ch. 1 Questions

What crop did not form the basis of Native American agriculture?

Wheat

At the time of first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, Native Americans had not developed?

Wheeled transportation

Were Native American tribes matrilineal?

Yes

Were the Aztecs a violent society?

Yes

Were race and class important in the Spanish colonies?

Yes.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were there religious wars between (and within) European nations?

Yes. All European nations had established churches. Religious wars between nations (and within them) were fierce.

Did Africans enslave other Africans before the arrival of European traders?

Yes. Long before the arrival of European traders, Africans enslaved other Africans.

Did Native Americans ever engage in small-scale slavery?

Yes. Native Americans sometimes enslaved other Native Americans.

Was colonial America a hierarchical society?

Yes. Some European colonists were indentured servants, Native Americans were held in forced labor, and Africans were slaves.

Before the Europeans arrived in the New World, did Native Americans have extensive trading networks, irrigation systems, or large cities?

Yes. The Native Americans already had these things before European contact.

When Columbus first sailed to America in 1492, was Europe entirely Catholic?

Yes. Twenty-five years later, after Martin Luther's 95 Theses, the Protestant Reformation had begun. Europe was thrown into more than a hundred years of Christian religious wars.

The freedom of a Christian man or woman does not mean or did mean?

freedom to follow whatever faith (or none) you choose. freedom of speech and assembly, and from burdensome taxes. freedom to do your own thing; freedom to be who you want to be.

Who were the mestizos?

people of mixed Spanish and Native American origin

Who were the Peninsulares?

persons of European birth

What were not chief goals of 15th century Portuguese expansion?

sanctuary for persecuted religious sects. further knowledge about African and Asian culture. hard evidence that the world was round.

What were significant motivations behind European colonization in the New World?

the acquisition of profitable lands and precious metals the attainment of national glory the religious and cultural uplift of "barbaric" peoples

What was the reconquista?

the reconquest of Spain from the Moors

Who did Spanish Settlers in the New World comprise of?

A mix of laborers, soldiers, priests, bureaucrats, craftsmen, and professionals.

What are achievements of Native Americans of North America in the thousands of years before Columbus' arrival?

In the Ohio River Valley, Indians built large earthen burial mounds. Near present-day St. Louis, 10,000 or more people built giant earthen mounds. People built a series of giant semi-circular mounds in present-day Louisiana.

What European country did not have a colonial presence in 17th century North America?

Germany

What were notable features of 16th century Spanish America?

Indians were compelled to work, either as slaves or as wage laborers, in gold and silver mines or on large haciendas. A blending of Indian and Spanish culture gradually took root. A Black Legend regarding the harshness of Spanish colonial rule spread across the Atlantic world.

Who won the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?

It was a complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans and the only wholesale expulsion of settlers in the history of North America. Spanish colonists did not swiftly crush the Native Americans.

Spain sponsored Columbus' trans-Atlantic voyages after achieving what?

Its own territorial unification.

What were prominent cultural beliefs among Native American societies of North America?

Land was there for the use of the tribe as a whole, not for the enrichment of individuals. Spiritual power resided in all aspects of the natural world. Hunting and fishing were for men; farming was largely for women.

What was not a feature of Native American civilization prior to the voyages of Columbus?

Large cities were unknown to the Americas.

During the Pueblo Revolt, what name was ordered to never be spoken again?

Mary

What was expressed by Bartolome de Las Casas in A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indes in 1552?

He wrote that Spanish Catholics burned Native American children alive. He asserted that Indians should be able to keep their land. He suggested that African slaves be imported into the Americas. He described how the Spanish made forced laborers of Indians of all ages.

What were characteristics of coverture?

In marriage, a wife surrendered her legal identity. A wife could not sign contracts in her own name. If a wife worked, she did not control her wages. A wife could not write a separate will.

What was not a significant motivation behind European colonization in the New World?

The spread of democracy to the Americas

What was not an aspect of Native American religious beliefs?

Their written religious text was called the Wicca.

What were characteristics of Native Americans?

They arrived in the Americas as early as 60,000 to 15,000 years ago. Agriculture emerged in Mexico and the Andes about the same time it was invented in ancient Mesopotamia, about 9,000 years ago. There were no large domesticable animals for use as livestock or to pull plows in the Americas.

What was a characteristic or action of the Pueblo Native Americans of the Southwest?

They diverted the Colorado River as part of their ritualistic ancestor worship.

When Eric Foner uses the term "unfree labor", what is he referring to?

Foner is referring to indenture servitude and forced labor.

How did Europe frame freedom before American colonization?

Freedom in Europe was framed in hierarchical, top-down terms, which each level of society enjoying its own degree of freedom.

What was not expressed by Bartolome de Las Casa in A very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indes in 1552?

He believed that Indians ought to be allowed to continue to practice their native faiths as a true sign of Christian love and toleration.

What was not a means by which Cortez conquered the Aztecs?

He bombarded the Aztec capital from his Spanish galleons.

What was a means by which Cortez conquered the Aztecs?

He was aided by thousands of Native Americans. He relied on superior military technology such as iron weapons and gun powder. He was aided by a smallpox epidemic that killed many Aztecs.

In 1493, did the Catholic pope, Alexander VI, divide all the Americas between Spain and Britain?

No. The Pope divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

What was not a prominent cultural belief among Native American societies of North America?

Only holders of property should take part in tribal governance.

What is not an achievement of Native Americans of North America in the thousands of years before Columbus's arrival?

People in present-day Arizona constructed a large circle of red-earthern boulders.

At the time of first contact with the Europeans, how many people lived in the Inca kingdom?

Perhaps 12 million people.

In the century and a half following first contact, in consequence of diseases carried by Europeans, how many Native Americans died?

Perhaps 80 million.

What religion did Spain invoke the threat of to justify their colonial ventures?

Protestantism

At the time of Portugal's Atlantic exploration, what did the economies of West Africa organize chiefly around?

Slavery.

In what country did the reconquista occur?

Spain

What crops formed the basis of Native American agriculture?

Squash Corn Beans

The oldest site in the present-day United States to be continuously inhabited by Europeans is?

St. Augustine, FL

The freedom of a Christian man or woman meant/means?

Subservience, submission, and servitude to God

What was not a notable feature of sixteenth-century Spanish America?

The Spanish crown took little interest in the administration of colonial affairs.

The chief goal of 15th century Portuguese expansion was?

The establishment of a trading empire in Asia.

What were not characteristics or actions of the Pueblo Native Americans of the Southwest?

The peak of their culture and population occurred about the years 900 to 1200. They traded with peoples as far away as Mexico and the Mississippi Valley. They developed irrigation systems for desert farming.

In 1492, was the population of Europe or the Americas greater?

The population of the Americas was greater.

What was not a characteristic of Native Americans?

There were four different tribes in the Americas.

Where were horses, crows, pigs, and sheep from?

These animals were unknown to the Americas until Europeans brought them there.

How many men, women, and children came from the Old World to the New World between 1492-1820?

10 million

The reconquista happened in?

1492

The first African slaves were transported to the New World in what year?

1502

A significant outcome of the Portuguese arrival in West Africa was?

An expansion of Africa's internal slave trade

During the Pueblo Revolt, what names were fine to say?

Isabella Elizabeth Rebecca

Did Columbus realize he reached North America?

After four trips across the Atlantic, Columbus did not recognize he had not reached Asia. He died believing he had reached a sea route to Asia.

At the time of first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, Native Americans had developed?

Agriculture Structures of political power and governance Religious beliefs and rituals

What was a feature of Native American civilization prior to the voyages of Columbus?

All were descended from hunters who had crossed the Bering Straits during the Ice Age. Agricultural, settled societies originated in modern-day Mexico approximately 9,000 years ago. The Aztec and Inca empires were based in modern-day Mexico and Peru, respectively.

Prior to 1800, the largest settled community in what is now the United States was?

Cahokia

What was not a characteristic of coverture?

Children became the property of the state upon a husband's death

How did this series of events occur?

Cortés's conquest of the Aztecs; Las Casas's Destruction of the In-dies; Spanish abolition of Indian enslavement

In European exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World after 1492, this statement was not true?

Europeans brought with them a broad-ranging tolerance for others' viewpoints; kindness and tolerance being the mark of civilized peoples.

In European exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World after 1492, these statements were true?

Europeans imagined the Americas as a place of golden cities and fountains of youth. Africans were enslaved and treated with great cruelty. millions of Indians died from diseases brought by the Europeans.

What were aspects of Native American religious beliefs?

Most Native Americans held that a single creator god created the world. Most Native Americans believed spiritual powers suffused the world in animals, plants, trees, water, and wind. Shaman and medicine man held central positions of authority. Participation in religious rituals helped define community membership.

In 1537, did Pope Paul III decree Native American or African slavery as ended?

Native American

In the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish in Central and South America relied on many of what group to work fields and mines?

Native Americans

Where did New Netherland extend to and from?

New Netherland extended from Albany, NY to to Delaware.

Was there little contact among the diverse Native American societies of North America?

No, there was frequent contact. Native American tribes frequently warred with one another to obtain goods, seize captives, or take revenge as well as make diplomacy and peace.

Of the ten million people who crossed the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the Americas in years between 1492 and 1820, were most white Europeans?

No.

In the 1500s, did Europeans firmly believe all men were created equal?

No. It depended on class.

In the 1500s, did European men own property and the right to vote?

No. Most European men did not own property and could not vote.

Did Native Americans have a strong immunity to European diseases?

No. Native Americans had a weak immunity to European diseases which weakened their resistance to the conquistadors.