Global Sports and National Cultures Exam 1

Invictus by William Ernest Henley

"I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul." Inspiration for Mandela to stand strong while imprisoned

"Anthropological Days"

"Savages" from Asia, Africa, and the Americas were gathered from sideshows at the fair and asked to demonstrate their native games. They competed against themselves in modern sports and poor performances by untrained natives used to support the racist theories of the day

Rugby League

13 players, simple rules that are easy to follow, associated with everyday people and professionalism

Rugby Union

15 players, complex rules that are difficult to understand, associated with upper class and amateurism

1970 World Cup

1970 Brazil team often voted as the best ever, had Pelé and Garrincha

Charles Miller

A Brazilian sportsman, who is considered to be the father of football in Brazil. In 1894, came back to Sao Paulo with two soccer balls and taught locals the game. Founded the Sao Paulo Athletic Club and started a league in Rio de Janeiro

Church of Maradona

A religion created by Argentine Maradona fans, Inducted by scoring a "Hand of God" goal. The Church of Maradona: Ten Commandments, The ball is never soiled, Love football above all else, Declare unconditional love for Diego and the beauty of football, Defend the Argentina shirt., Spread the news of Diego's miracles throughout the universe, Honor the temples where he played and his sacred shirts, Don't proclaim Diego as a member of any single team, Preach and spread the principles of the Church of Maradona, Make Diego your middle name,Name your first son Diego.

Zappas Olympics

A series of athletic events held in Athens, Greece in 1850, 1870 and 1875. One of the first revivals in the modern era of the ancient games

John Ian Wing

A young Melburnian athlete came up with a new idea for the closing ceremony to have all the athletes commingle in an attempt to dissipate all the political tension

Tommie Smith and John Carlos

African American athletes who won gold and bronze in the 200m running event. During the medial ceremony, each athlete raised a black-gloved fist. Suspended and banned from the Olympic village

Jesse Owens

African American star of the 1936 Berlin games. Hitler did not like him because he went against his belief that the Aryan race was superior

The Desaparecideos: Disappeared People

Anyone suspected to be a left-wing activist that disappeared during the Dirty War

1978 World Cup in Argentina

Argentina defeated Holland 3-1 in the final and the Dutch players complained of antífutbol tactics. There was widespread elation at victory and the win greatly increased support for Videla's regime

Albicelestes

Argentine national football team.

Mary Lou Retton

At the boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, she won a gold medal in the individual all-around competition, as well as two silver medals and two bronze medals. Her performance made her one of the most popular athletes in the United States.

Elis

Athletes gathered here a month before the start of the ancient games where they trained and swore to follow the rules

Roland Barthes

Author of What is Sport? Describes a truly national sport as one in which the sport is embedded in the culture of the country. He also compared Sport to Theater as theater used to be what brought people together due to a common interest. Today sport brings people together but people feel as if they are part of the game

Kylian Mbappé

Born and grew up in the suburbs of Paris (banlieue). Cameroonian father and Algerian mother. Does not fall neatly into the categories of "Black-Blanc-Beur". Half black and half beur

The 1994 World Cup

Brazil beat Italy in the final, No goals scored, penalty shoot out

Maracanazo

Brazil's devastating loss to Uruguay in the 1950 World Cup final, people committed suicide in the stadium

Samba

Brazilian dance with African influences, influenced Brazilian football

Garrincha

Brazilian footballer who played as a right winger. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest dribblers of all time and helped lead them to a 1958 world cup victory

Pelé

Brazilian retired professional footballer who played as a forward. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time

Santos Club

Brazilian soccer club

Ronaldhino

Brazilian soccer player starring in a Nike commercial from 2005, First Youtube video to reach 1 million views

Cuju

Chinese game that involved kicking the ball through an open net. One of the games that led to the creation of soccer

Coup de boule/Headbutt

Close match between France and Italy, Zidane headbutted a player after he said something. France lost the match after Zidane was ejected. Song about it was #1 in the charts in France

Atletico Nacional

Colombian professional soccer team that Escobar invested in to combine his billions of illegal dollars with his lifelong passion for soccer

Pentathlon

Combined 5 events in the Ancient Olympics: discus, long jump, javelin, running, and wrestling.

Pierre de Coubertin

Considered the father of the Modern Olympics and help found the International Olympic Committee. Viewed the games as a way to promote sport, health, and well being

Věra Čáslavská

Czechoslovak artistic gymnast and Czech sports official. She won a total of 22 international titles between 1959 and 1968 including seven Olympic gold medals

Marine Le Pen

Daughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen and leader of the National Front since 2011. Says many of Les Bleus don't sing the national anthem because they have "another country in their hearts," their "true country"

2001 France-Algeria Match

Deeply symbolic because war between the two countries ended in 1962. The Algerian fans booed all the French players except for Zidane. In the 73rd minute, with France leading 4-1, Algerian fans invade the pitch and the match had to be called. Some politicians used it to reinforce stereotypes of Algerian immigrants not being integrated, being lawless and violent.

The Brazilian Miracle

Economic turnaround. Development of new industries, hydroelectric power, and gasohol (sugarcane)

Emperor Theodosius

Ended the olympics in 393 A.D. as an effort to impose christianity as the state religion of Rome

Olympism

Exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, mind and will. Seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of a good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles

1998 World Cup

First time France made it to the final, Victory over Brazil (3-0). Zidane scored 2 of the 3 goals during the 1998 World Cup Final and became a cultural icon. "It was not about religion, the color of your skin, we didn't care about that, we were just together and enjoyed the moment."

Jules Rimet

Fought in WWI alongside soldiers from the French colonies. Developed the idea of "us[ing] a ball instead of bullets to resolve international conflict." Creation of a relationship between people of different classes given France's many divisions (class, politics, religion)

Vasco de Gama Club

Founded by Portuguese immigrants in Rio, in early 1930s, team composed mainly of black and mixed-race players and won the championship. Other clubs started allowing blacks to play on their team

Lilian Thuram

French soccer player who responded to Nicolas Sarkozy's statement by saying he is not scum

Calcio

Game played in medieval Italy that reached the height of its popularity in the 16th century

Futebol Mulatto

Gilberto Freyre's idea that racial mixing had led to the particular style of play in Brazil

The Goal of the Century

Goal by Maradona against England that is said to be the greatest individual goal of all time, dribbled around lots of England's players by himself to score

The Hand of God Goal

Goal had been scored "a little bit with the head of Maradona and a little bit with the hand of God". Maradona said that scoring this goal was like "stealing an Englishman's wallet" and helped them beat England during the World Cup

1895 Schism

Gradually, rules were modified resulting in two distinct types of rugby: Rugby Union: amateurism and Rugby League: professionalism

Zinedine Zidane

Great French soccer player during the 90s and early 2000s. Comes from Algerian descent, which was an issue for some French people. Headbutted another player which resulted in 2006 world cup final loss and his last career game

William Penny Brookes

Greatly influenced Coubertin and thought that the best way to prevent illness was through physical exercise. Many say the idea of the Olympic revival was his idea

Lionel Messi

Has won the Ballon d'Or/Golden Ball (awarded to the best player in the world) five times (tied with Cristiano Ronaldo for most ever), Won the Ballon d'Or/Golden Ball for the best player at the 2014 World Cup

President Medici

Head of Brazil in the 60s after military siezed power in a bloodless coup

Thomas Arnold

Headmaster of Rugby school between 1828-1848. Wanted to civilize education of unruly elite through muscular christianity

Josef Goebbels

Hitler's propaganda minister, convinced Hitler to approve the Games because he believed they would be a great propaganda tool—and he was right

Truce of Zeus

International truce among Greeks that ensured safe travels among spectators despite wars between city states

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Jean-Marie Le Pen

Leader of the "Front National," France's far-right nationalist party. During 1996 European Cup he said that there were "too many foreigners" on the French national soccer team. Claimed immigration was destroying France's national identity

Emil Zatopek

Legendary Czechoslovakian runner nicknamed the "Czech locomotive". In 1948 London: Won gold in the 10,000m and silver in the 5,000m. In 1952 Helsinki: Won gold in the 5,000m and 10,000m, then the marathon

Garra Charrua

Maracanazo win for Uruguay was a prime example of the tenacity of its people

Windsor Castle

Marathon started here and established the distance of 26.2 miles. It was originally supposed to be 25, but they wanted the race to start beneath the windows of the royal nursery.

Freemasons' Tavern

Meeting held here in London of 1863 to set up the rules of soccer

Nicolas Sarkozy

Minister of the Interior at the time and later president of France. He visited the sites of the riots and said that they were going to clean up the suburbs by getting rid of the "racaille" Translation: "scum," "riff raff," "scoundrels"

Pankration

More dangerous version of wrestling in which there were two rules; no biting and no gauging. However, these often were not followed, and athletes would kick, punch, strangle, and break the bones of their competitors.

Black-Blanc-Beur

Multi-ethnic national team, players were symbols of integration and brotherhood in a nation struggling with its colonial past, three colors of the French population. Some say that the 1998 World Cup victory created the illusion of national unity when none existed

La Guerra Sucia (The Dirty War)

Murder of 30,000 Argentines called The "desaparecidos": "disappeared people". Traumatic moment in the history of Argentina with Videla in power.

Jim Thorpe

Native American athlete who won pentathlon and decathlon. A member of the Sac and Fox Nation. His Amateur status retroactively challenged because he had played on a baseball team in the summer and had been paid. Stripped of his medals; IOC restored in 1983 (30 years after his death)

"Citius, Atliusm, Fortius"

Olympic motto first used at the 1924 Paris Olympics. Stands for faster, higher, stronger

Antifutbol

Passing style of football that relies only on passing and an extremely defensive, aggressive, physical, robust style of play of football where one team deploys their whole team, except the striker, behind the ball. In doing so, they try their best to stop the opposition from scoring, rather than trying to win the game themselves.

Kemari

Popular game in medieval Japan with an emphasis on style and etiquette

Brasilia

President Kubitschek took office in 1956, promised fifty years of progress in five and an entirely new city that would become the capital of Brazil

Leni Riefenstahl's Olympia

Released in 1938 to showcase the 1936 games. Was funded by Hitler's propaganda minister in order to make him look better

General Augusto Pinochet

Ruled in Chile from 1973-1990, he reversed Allende's land reforms, arrested and tortured any citizens who were leftists

General Jorge Videla

Seized power in 1976 and lead a reign of terror and fear. Started the Dirty War in which 30,000 Argentines were killed

Andres Escobar

Soccer player that ultimately crossed paths with Pablo Escobar and suffered because of the violence that the drug cartels brought into Colombia. Murdered after scoring an own goal in the 1994 World Cup

Gliberto Freyre

Sociologist with controversial racial theories. Brazilian style of play contrasted to the European style. His notion of futebol mulatto

Estadio Nacional

Stadium in Santiago. Home of the National soccer team La Roja. A symbol of the brutality of the Pinochet regime, which is used as a detention center

Diego Armando Maradona

Star of the 1986 World Cup. Voted as the greatest soccer player of the 20th century. Hand of God and Goal of the Century in the same match to help Argentina beat England.

"Informal Empire"

Term used to describe British influence and control in Latin America

Black September

Terrorists took the Israeli team hostage and demanded the release of 234 prisoners jailed in Israel.

Leonidas da Silva

The "Black Diamond", Superstar of 1938 World Cup. "Bicycle kick"

Falklands War

The Videla regime invaded the British territory in 198, part of the idea was to divert attention from the "Dirty War". The Argentine government mistakenly believed that the British would concede the islands without a fight. In Argentina, the press (controlled by the government) gave accounts suggesting that Argentina was winning the war. Argentine players went abroad, learned the reality (that Argentina was losing)

Muscular Christianity

The view that vigorous physical expression was not incompatible with spiritual life. Also, there was the view that young urban boys, in particular, needed socializing to become real, not effeminate, men. Physical health achieved by way of being a muscular Christian was also a condition of a successful life.

Folk football

Traditional game from Britain, was banned because it was a threat to order. Preserved through Public Schools and the creation of soccer

Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa

United Nations began compiling this list in 1980. Was a list of sportspeople and officials who had participated in events within South Africa. Exerted a moral pressure on athletes

Olympia

Venue of the ancient Olympics in Greece. It is one of the oldest religious centers of the ancient Greek world and the site of the Temple of Zeus. Location was convenient geographically for visitors to come to the games

General Juan Peron

Viewed soccer as a potential means of unifying the people. He constructed many stadiums and was tremendously popular among the working-class supporters of Boca. The league was considered the best in the world and stadiums were always full. The Argentine national team was not allowed to play abroad due to a fear of losing their best players to European club teams

Rugby School

Where Rugby originated, game play encouraged for muscular christianity and spread to other public schools

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. She frequently attended youth soccer matches and promoted the sport

Capoeira

a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from African origins

Afrikaner

a person born, raised, or living in South Africa whose first language is Afrikaans and whose ancestors were Dutch

Springboks

all white rugby team before the end of the apartheid. Many black south Africans resented the team because it symbolized white privilege and the apartheid. After ending the apartheid, Nelson Mandela used the Spingbok team as a symbol to promote national unity and a national identity.

Cali Cartel

came to dominance after Escobar's death

Francois Pienaar

captian of Springboks- South Africa's rugby team, the year they won the world cup

Futebol de Resultados

more European style where the result is what matters and is more defensive soccer. There was debate surrounding the 1994 world cup team because they were accused of playing this style

Futebol Arte

playing football for the beauty of the game, or more simple attacking style soccer. Reflects Brazilian culture because it is a style where all players are involved, rather than just one or two stars and it is more than just winning a trophy

William Webb Ellis

pupil at Rugby School, picked up the ball and ran with it , which is thought to be the start of Rugby sport

Jimmy Carter

threatened U.S. boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympics if Soviets didn't withdraw from Afghanistan

Hacking

tripping an opponent and kicking his shins, banned from soccer and rugby

People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar

vigilante group composed of enemies of Pablo Escobar. They waged a small-scale war against the Medellín Cartel in the early 1990s, which ended in 1993 following the death of Escobar

Medellin Cartel

was a major Colombian drug trafficking organization with Pablo Escobar as the leader