Government chapters 5-8

who was the leader of the federalists?

Alexander Hamilton.

a country where he gov. heavily censors internet news and search engines is

China.

the last candidate for president elected without party competition was

James Monroe

in the discipline of political science, party identification refers to

a sense of psychological attachment to a party.

about __ of immigrants in America are undocumented.

a third.

the democratic party national committee changed its internal procedures to be more open and inclusive in response to

a traumatic 1968 convention following the assassination of Robert Kennedy and emphasizing opposition to the Vietnam War.

women compared to men, and blacks compared to whites, tend to have political participation rates today that are

about the same.

as parental and school influences wane in adulthood, ____ emerge as more important socialization agents

adult peer groups and the mass media.

when the media regularly focus public attention on violent crime, political corruption, or economic woes, they are engaged in

agenda Setting.

during the Vietnam War, protesting students on college campuses

all the above are true.

suppose the US abolished political parties. Voters would then

all the choices are true.

research on the impact of soft news finds it

all these choices are true.

the phrase " on background" means that media are permitted to

anonymously quote material without identifying the source.

it is quite possible that campaign coverage is affected by an ___ among journalists.

anti-incumbent bias.

the phrase "off the record" means that media

are not allowed to print the information.

In general today, women politically participate

at about the same rate as men.

most democratic theorists agree that a modern nation-state cannot practice democracy without

at least two political parties regularly contesting elections.

a polling company surveying public opinion on obama's health-care plan finds public opinion to be almost evenly divided, for and against. the graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

bimodal

elections, as an institutional mechanism,

bolster the power and authority of the state.

in the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote

both order and equality over freedom.

young Americans are more reliably socialized into their parent's religions when

both parents follow the same religion.

children are likely to adopt their parent's party identification when

both parents strongly identify with the same party.

recently, media outlets have started including ____ in their samples, particularly in response to the habits of younger Americans.

cellphones

according to the self-interest principle, people tend to

choose what benefits them personally.

a practical test whether or not a government is democratic is whether

citizens can affect its policies by acting through its institutions.

a legal action brought by a person or group on behalf of a number of people in similar circumstances i also known as a

class action suit.

citizen mobilization to stop construction of a nuclear waste facility near their homes would be an example of the ___ phenomenon.

NIMBY.

the ___ Party was an agrarian "free-silver" party that was attractive in part because it was seen as a response to the depression of 1896.

Populist.

during the decades from the economic depression of the 1890s until the stock market crash in 1929, presidential elections were dominated by the __ party

Republican.

the text uses the examples of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush to make the point that, with respect to gov. spending,

Republicans don't hesitate to spend large sums on federal programs that suit their ideology.

since the present two-party system was established, how many minor-party candidates have been elected to the presidency?

Zero.

the term solid south refers to the

South's consistent democratic voting record for much of the 20th century.

in the early days of America, the president was chosen by

a group of political elites in the Electoral college .

more and more, cable news seems analogous to

early partisan newspapers.

according to a 2012 survey in your text, which of the following individuals is most likely to identify as a republican?

earning between $75,000 to $99,000, college degree, male, age 42-53.

according to Edmund Burke, the reason people unite in parties is to

enact a set of policies.

a 2013 supreme court decision regarding the Voting Rights Act allowed numerous states to

enforce new voter identification laws.

generally, the first agent of political socialization that people are exposed to is

family

the major agents of early socialization in the united states are

family, school, community, and peers.

the media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide which events to report and how to report them are known as

gatekeepers.

George Washington, generally considered sympathetic to the Federalists Party, felt that political factions

had negative effects on democracy,

one criterion that me met for a country to be democratic is that it must

have more than one political party.

a libertarian is most likely to exhibit the characteristics of

high income and high education.

the contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of women to

identify more with the democratic party than men do.

reaction to a film posted on Youtube made by an Egyptian-American that mocked the muslim prophet Muhammad is an example of the influence of new media platforms; that they

impact the types of stories that get picked up by the "mainstream media".

Americans contributing money to a candidate's campaign is best defined as a form of

influencing behavior.

a story that contains no policy content and is not related to the day's events but that commonly discusses popular personalities and is designed to draw greater viewer interest is

infortainment.

political party platforms probably matter most to

intraparty factions at party conventions.

Americans are less likely to ____ than citizens of other countries.

join demonstrations.

Journalistic norms of objectivity and accuracy grew, some say, because of

lack of competition, allowing focus on quality rather than sensationalism.

research indicates that one important reason for the decline of third-party voting starting in the 1930s may be

leftward drift of the democratic party to adopt issues otherwise raised by third parties.

in 2012 and 2013, voters approved a number of ballot propositions, including ones in Colorado and Washington that

legalized marijuana.

mot referenda are placed on the ballot by

legislatures.

today, college students are much more ____ than the general public

liberal

available evidence seems to indicate that there are ___ among journalists and reporters.

liberal leanings.

because it depends on mass participation in politics, majoritarianism tends to

limit individual freedom.

the most frequent response (such as "I favor") in a public opinion distribution is known as

mode

psychological explanations of turnout suggest that voting will rise if

more Americans believe that gov. is responsive.

some research indicates that people who watch partisan news become

more extreme in their politics.

researchers have found that political apathy is ___ in the US compared to almost all other nations.

much lower.

until the early 1960s, most Americans cited ___ as the source from which they got most of their news.

newspapers.

a symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution around a single mode is called a

normal distribution

representatives of the mass media frequently defend the importance of freedom of the press, even if it comes at the expense of

order.

someone who asserts that elections "socialize political activity" is contending that elections are mechanisms that maintain

order.

the set of values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of gov. is called

political ideology.

the text defines ___ as the actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or support gov. and politics.

political participation.

the process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called

political socialization

a direct primary is a

preliminary election to choose party candidates.

the first political institution that young children tend to focus on is the

president

in Smith v. Allwright, the Supreme Court found ___ is are unconstitutional,

preventing blacks from voting in primary elections.

the _____ principle indicates that what is learned first is learned best.

primacy`

the traditional division of mass media into ___ has become made problematic by the

print and broadcast.

the shortlived ____ party nominated Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for the presidency in 1924, but carried on La Follette's home state and ceased to nominate candidates in 1925.

progressive.

the extent to which any socializing agent is influential depends on

prolonged exposure to and good communication with the agent, as well as being receptive.

the first media technology to make broadcast journalist into household names was

radio

the effect of the 26th amendment, which enfranchised 18-20 year olds was to

reduce the national voter turnout rate.

the text suggests that the early days of radio, owners sought gov. regulation of the airwaves to

restrict others' freedom to enter broadcasting and compete.

in the 2000 election, the candidacy of Ralph Nader

resulted in a loss of support for the democratic candidate Al, Gore.

general entertainment programming that often includes discussions of political affairs, such as the Daily Show, the Today Show, and the View is called.

soft news.

according to the text, violent unconventional political participation is

sometimes worth the risk.

a distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is a

stable

which of the following statements is most accurate?

the media in the US have played an important role in advancing equality.

after a 2012 election, which of the following received the lowest rating from Americans?

the media.

public opinion polls can be criticized on the grounds that

the way a pollster words a question can determine the answer.

voters favor one-party control of the presidency and the congress when

their party is in control.

with respect to religion, the group that has grown rapidly in the 21st century and now makes up almost 20% of the American population is

unaffiliated

to maintain order, the gov. has a stake in converting __ wherever possible.

unconventional participation into conventional participation.

the text defines suffrage and franchise as the right to

vote.

the majoritarian model of democracy favors

voting as the primary means of participation.

compared with other nations in the world in granting suffrage to women, the US

was among the first.

how does education affect voter turnout?

well-educated people are more likely to vote than are their less-educated counterparts.

the people's party (populist) could at least brag hat it was the first third party since 1860 to

win any electoral votes.

in his first fun for presidency, Andrew JAckson

won a plurality of the popular vote but was not chosen as president by the house of Representatives.

___ percent surveyed adults indicated that they learned about the 2008 political campaign from comedy shows like the Daily Show, The Colbert Report, or SNL

30%

in 2009, how many of the House Democrats voted against reforming health care, president Obama's most important policy initiative?

39.

historians estimate that ___ percent of Americans supported the Revolution in July 1776.

40

the typical procedure for initiative requires petitions to feature the signatures of __ of the number of registered voters in a state.

5 to 10 percent.

A sample of 600 randomly selected individuals is usually accurate to (plus or minus)

5% points

about ___ of all Americans adopt their parent' party.

50 percent.

In a 2014 Gallup poll __ percent of Americans supported affording gay marriage the same legal status as traditional marriage.

54

a January 2014 poll showed that ___ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illness they may have.

54

according to the 2012 American National Election Study, about ___ percent of Americans believe the gov. should permit abortions in many, if not all, instances

61`

despite new technological options, and despite criticism that in its current form it polarizes politics in an unhealthy way, ___ of Americans listen to traditional AM/FM radio weekly.

90%

_____ are group leaders who follow news in specific areas

Attentive policy elites.

early TV network news programs focused their evening news on an

"anchorman"

a typical gallup national poll surveys approx. ___ individuals

1,500

if voter turnout was computed on the basis o registered voters, about ___ of American s vote.

80 percent.

the __ amendment to the Constitution prohibits states from denying the right to vote " on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

15th

the best the Socialist party has ever done in America was to capture 6 percent of the vote in the election of

1912

women were granted universal suffrage in

1920.

the amendment granting women's suffrage is the

19th amendment.

according to a 2013 poll, ___ percent of Americans think the political parties do an adequate job representing the American people.

24

the amendment lowering the voting age to 18 is the

26th.

___ was the first candidate elected as a republican?

Abraham Lincoln

which of the following statements best describes the attitude of the American people toward political parties?

Americans recognize the value of parties but distrust the existing ones.

black Americans shifted significantly to the democratic party n the 1960s largely in response to

Democratic party support for civil rights legislation.

the __ party is probably the oldest political party in existence.

Democratic.

the __ Amendment prohibits Congress from abridging freedom of the press.

First.

one of the nation's oldest polls, the ___ , was started n the 1930s and was most notably wrong in 1948 when it predicted that Thomas Dewey, the republican candidate, would defeat the democratic, Harry Truman in the Presidential election.

Gallup Poll

the framers guessed that the ____ would reflect public opinion, especially on the crucial issues of taxes and gov. spending.

House of Reprsentatives

the current debate about " net neutrality" concerns whether

ISPs should be allowed to charge people more if they consume a large amount of bandwidth.

which of the following statements concerning Latinos is incorrect

Latinos are a racial group.

the two ideological protest parties that together managed just over 1 percent of the vote in the 2012 presidential race were the __ party and the ___ party.

Libertarian; Green.

lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ____ model more difficult to sustain

Majoritarian.

which of the following was the first known act of unconventional participation in America?

The Boston Tea Party.

___ championed the direct primary.

Progressives.

__ captured the presidency in 1968 and won five of the eleven southern states in the old Confederacy, signaling an electoral realignment that has seen republican candidates for president do very well in the south.

Richard Nixon.

Congressman ___ was the 1988 Libertarian Party presidential candidate. he was elected to congress as a republican in 1996, where he served until 2013.

Ron Paul.

which president portrayed the democratic as big spenders, but his administration spent more than $1 trillion for defense?

Ronald Reagan.

____, candidate for president in 1992, ran as an independent and won 19 percent of the popular vote.

Ross Perot.

the __ is not a national political party because it does not nominate its own candidates.

Tea Party.

the country with the lowest voter turnout among eligible voters in congressional elections is

The US.

Timothy McVeigh bombed the Oklahoma City Federal building because he

believed the US gov. had become a police state.

which president first provided space in the White house for reporters?

Theodore Roosevelt.

the early republicans were led by

Thomas Jefferson

which country was the first to provide for the general election of representatives through

US.

a 2006 survey found that if the government feels information threatens national security, ____ Americans favor gov. censorship.

about a third of.

when excluding horserace stories, media coverage of Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential campaign, compared to coverage of Obama, was

about the same.

the fact that ideological conservatives believed even more strongly that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction before 2003 war after they were informed that subsequent investigations concluded that this was not true is an example of the

backfire effect

advocates of dropping FCC content regulations believe that

broadcast media should be treated the same as other media.

a recent example of popular music conveying a political message is "Born this way: by Lady Gaga, which focuses on

bullying.

in the current American context, a liberal would tend to promote

business and gov. policy ahead of social order.

the first nomination process for two opposing candidates for the presidency was conducted in 1800 by

congressional caucuses.

most news printed about Congress comes from

congressional press releases and prepared reports.

available evidence seems to indicate that there are _____ among editors and owners of the major news media.

conservative leanings.

the __ party won most presidential elections from 1932, during the Great Depression, though the election of 1964, when the turbulent 1960s created the environment for a major political realignment.

democratic.

private ownership of the media in the US makes the American news industry

dependent on advertising revenues

Federalism in the electoral system refers to

difference between national election trends and trends in states.

unconventional political participation involving assembling crowds to confront businesses and local gov. is known as

direct action.

the purpose of the literacy tests that were used in the southern states after 1870 was to

discourage African Americans from voting.

regarding the internet, the federal Communications Commission FCC

does not have jurisdiction to regulate internet content.

crime rates fell in every major category from the 1980s until very recently, but as one journalist said, " crime coverage is not editorially driven; it's___

economically driven.

the standard socioeconomic model of participation chiefly refers to

education, income,and occupation.

of all the social and economic variables affecting political participation, ___ is the strongest single factor.

education.

a 2011 news analysis found that cable TV was particularly devoted to ___ whereas online news sites and newspapers provided more coverage of ___.

election coverage; foreign affairs.

the political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes

exposure to third parties.

the now-abolished____ obligated broadcasters to discuss issues and to provide equal coverage of all opinions on those issues.

fairness doctrine.

the first newspapers in the US were

financed by political parties that advocated party causes.

in the presidential elections since 1968, the South has tended to vote

for republican candidates.

a respondent who agrees with the statement "By law, a woman should be ale to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice" values

freedom over order.

as a general trend, college-educated individuals are more likely to choose

freedom over social order.

content analysis of the 2012 party convention platforms found that Republicans were more likely to mention the word ___ whereas democrats were more likely to mention the word __.

freedom; equality.

individuals with higher education and income tend to favor __ over __

freedom; order or equality

which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy?

government should do what a majority of the public wants.

Congress and the states moved quickly to pass the 26th amendment, which lowed the voting age to 18, because they

hoped to channel student energy away from demonstrations and toward more conventional forms of participation.

during a presidential election, the tendency of journalists to limit coverage of campaigns to coverage of which candidate is leading or behind in the polls at the time, rather than chiefly covering 'issues, is known as

horse race journalism.

the internet was started

in 1969, with support from the US Department of Defense.

voting in the US decreased during the 1970s and 80s. other forms of participation

increased or remained stable.

to stay in business in the digital age, many newspapers have ____ their online content, with varying degrees of success.

instituted paywalls for

what most distinguishes political parties from interest groups like the AFL-CIO and the National Association of Manufacturers is that

interest groups do not nominate candidates to run as their avowed representatives.

the "television hypothesis" is the belief that television

is to blame for the low level of citizens' knowledge about public affairs.

counting both print and online users, news readership of newspapers

is up overall.

characteristics frequently associated with nonvoters are

low education, low income, and being relatively young.

in 19 presidential elections since 1936, gallup polls have been deviated from actual results by

lss than 1.0 percent point.

in Oregon, everyone votes by

mail.

According to the __, political parties are essential in making gov. responsive to public opinion.

majoritarian model of democracy.

which of the following statements concerning ideological "moderates" is correct?

many people identify as "moderates" because they do not understand the alternatives.

during the Jacksonian era, parties had to appeal to much larger numbers of voters , and one response was using ___ to select presidential candidates.

national conventions.

A poll of Americans who had seen or heard of Michael Moore's 2007 documentary Sicko found that _____ changed their mind and said health-care reform was more necessary.

nearly half.

according to the text, Americans were ___ politically apathetic in 2012 compared to 1952.

neither more nor less.

in response to financial stress, some suggested that newspapers operate as ____, allowing them to be funded through endowments, donations, and perhaps gov. support.

nonprofits.

where in the Constitution are political parties discussed?

nowhere.

according to the text, if the criterion is ___, America has the best and most democratic gov. in the world.

number of elections held.

surveys show today that approx. ___ of the American population today think that the US needs a third party.

one-half.

when elementary schools introduce students to authority figures outside the family, like the teacher, they prepare students for the value of ___; when they stress norms of democratic decision making and respecting the opinions of others, they teach

order;equality

as students move from elementary school, to high school, their political socialization tends to transition from knowledge of ___ to development of _____.

patriotic ritual;good citizenship.

the ability of groups to make government respond to their special problems is best described as a part of ___ theory.

pluralist.

which of the following qualifications for voting was virtually eliminated in all states by the 1850s?

property ownership.

according to the text, with respect to political participation, "__ is the great equalizer".

protest.

In the united states today, the mass media

provide a two-way channel of communication between the people and the government.

the accuracy of the population sample used for the public opinion polls depends on

randomness of selection, size of sample, and variation in the population,

Chinese political activists have used inflatable ducks and legos to

recreate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests in a way that avoid censors.

the fairness doctrine, the equal opportunities rule, the reasonable access rule are all rules under which FCC has

regulate broadcast media content.

the telecommunications Act of 1996

relaxed the rules governing media ownership.

the 12 amendment

required the electoral college to vote separately for president and VP.

newspapers owned by publicly-traded chains are more likely to

resort to negative or positive spin on the news.

most politicians and many scholars believe that the media's greatest influence on politics is ability to

set the political agenda.

the republican party was established in response to the issue of

slavery.

if someone formed the "second amendment party" a political party to run on a platform of removing regulations on gun ownership, that would be an example of a __ party.

single-issue.

when Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scale, the data plotted on the graph is a

skewed distrubution

since surveying the American public about ideology began, the ideological distribution of the public has become

skewed toward conservatism

when sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. the graph of such a distribution would be characterized as

skewed.

the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott is an an example of

successful unconventional political participation.

___ is political action that expresses allegiance to country and gov.

supportive behavior.

today, the mass media conduct most polls by

telephone.

currently, __ is (are) most Americans' primary news source

television.

presence of multiple political parties

tends to split opposition to a dominant regime and help it maintain power.

Newspapers did not move toward independent ownership and large circulation until

the 1830s.

the ___ was the first "third" party in American history to challenge the two major parties for the presidency and called the first national party convention.

the Anti-Masonic Party

which event helped shape the partisan patterns of the north and south for nearly a century?

the Civil War.

a critical event that helped end the republican Party;s domination of national politics in the 1920s was

the Great Depression.

The basic definition of public opinion is

the collective attitudes of citizens on a given issue or question.

pressure on an individual to conform to community values or views is strongest whe

the community is homogeneous.

by law, the US presidential election occurs

the first Tuesday after the first monday in november.

in nearly every other democratic country, the burden of registration is placed on

the government.

the era of Good Feelings was characterized by

the lack of party competition.

The amount of information online is so vast that most people rely on ___ to help them determine which news is real and important.

the mainstream media.

one of the most convincing explanations for the persistence of the two-party system in the US lies in its use of

the presidency is a big enough political prize to induce parties to harbor uncomfortable coalitions of voters just to win the electoral vote and the presidential election.

content analysis of network news suggests that most coverage focuses on

the president.

the reasonable access rule required

the press to refrain from publishing strategic information during wartime.

one critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that

the public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on daily issues of gov.

the framers of the Constitution left the issue of voter enfranchisement to

the states.

___ occurs when a media outlet such as a magazine informs a relatively small number of group leaders who follow news in a specific area, and those leaders in turn mobilize their followers to put pressure on public officials

the two-step flow of communication.

political scientists know less about unconventional forms of political participation because

they are biased toward institutionalized, or conventional , politics, and it's easier to collect data on conventional practices.

studies of Americans who engage in "contacting behavior" like complaining to city hall find

they are not more likely to vote than other Americans.

one recent criticism of referenda and initiatives is that

they create an expensive "industry" designed around circulating petitions and spending millions.

how do the mass media influence the socialization process?

they play contradictory roles, sometimes promoting popular support for government and sometimes eroding public confidence in it.

the American emphasis on freedom over equality in political participation works to the benefit of

those with greater resources.

the goal of the statistical theory of samplingis

to reflect the views of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy.

Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ____ model of partnership

transmission

officials send out ___ when they intentionally leak news to gauge the reaction of the public or other political leaders.

trial balloons.