greenhouse

English- Georgian

During the English-Georgian period of the 1700s, the English were passionate about flowers and gardening. Floral design features characterized during this period included: Symmetrical and triangular forms. One flower type, or a variation of one color. Flower fragrance. A characteristic floral design of the English-Georgian period was the nosegay, a small hand-held bouquet of fragrant flowers. The nosegay was carried by both men and women and was believed to provide relief from the unpleasant odors and infectious diseases that were prevalent during that period. The 15th and 16th Century collective fortresses of England gave way to smaller houses, into which flowers were brought, more for their fragrance than their beauty. Arrangements during the first half of this period consisted of flowers simply crammed into sturdy containers, with little or no concern for design. Some of the containers of the period were made specifically to hold flowers, with holes or openings to maintain the stems at particular angles. This period is also one which introduced the nosegay, or as it was called in England, the Tussy Mussy. The favourite flower in Great Britain was the rose, and so roses were used in abundance for floral arrangements. The flower designs, as a result of the formality of the time. Flowers were used more for the fragrance, than the aesthetics. Containers were heavy at the beginning of this period but became lighter as the style faded.

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, an interest in gardening spread from Italy and throughout Europe. People began to appreciate the beauty and symbolism of flowers. a single flower stem in a vase; massed symmetrical arrangements in urns; and compact, conical arrangements consisting of a variety of flowers with bright colors and distinctive forms. Floral arrangements of the time were massed in tight symmetrical shapes. Colorful flowers were used, often alongside fruits and vegetables. Containers during this period were typically urns, jugs and bowls. Flowers associated with virtues of the Christian religion, such as lily of the valley, were often used. Flowers used were those such as dianthus, daisies, lily of the valley, lilies, violets, roses, primroses. christmas wreaths were introduced during this period. Designs were naturalistic at the beginning, but they became more ornate during the later Renaissance. The Renaissance style was greatly influenced by the Byzantine, Greek, and Roman periods. Stems were covered creating a massed, symmetrically stiff arrangement. Fruits, blossoms and leaves were woven into garlands to decorate walls and vaulted ceilings.

Victorian

During the Victorian or Romantic period, floral design techniques were taught and recognized as a professional art. Design styles that influenced those of this era were: Baroque, Classic, and Rococo. Design styles characteristic of the Victorian era were either: large, compact masses of flowers; or light, open, and informal. The compact massed nature of Victorian designs did not allow open spaces or a center of interest to be distinguishable. However, one distinct feature of these designs was the use of trailing plant materials to create a romantic touch. During this period, Great Britain & its great empire had an important influence on all art forms, including architecture, clothing, & home furnishings. There was also a tendency to disassociate from classicism, with movement toward romanticism & comfortable individualism. During this period, floral designs became more lavish, to the point of overflowing. Containers used were often flared vases or urns of alabaster, porcelain, silver, or pewter. Triangular or circular arrangements, almost always using roses, were common during this time. Flowers such as tulips , lilies, anemones, dahlias, fuchsias, asters, bleeding hearts, & other common garden flowers were used in containers with the roses. During this time, an attempt to establish the first simplistic rules for arranging flowers was made. Also known as the Romantic Period or Romantic Era, this period of design was named for the then-ruling Queen Victoria. Improved transportation led to the inclusion of a larger variety of plant materials. Use a mix of any type of flower, from tropical to garden. Flowers and plants were used to show opulence and beauty. Flowers were also used as fashion accessories, worn and carried. The rise of flower meaning took place during this period. Containers were decorative & ornate.

American

Floral arrangements of early American colonists consisted of native plant materials placed in household containers. Floral arrangements of the Williamsburg period in America showed the influence of European styles, as did those of the American Victorian period that followed. A distinctive American style of design began to evolve after World War II, influenced by East (Asian) and West (European) floral art. The design style became known as Western Line and gave rise to the term "line mass". Mixed bouquets of the Williamsburg tradition predominated, using garden flowers such as anemones, lilies, roses, Dutch bulbs of all kinds, hollyhocks, phlox,sunflowers , violets, bachelor buttons, marigolds, strawflowers, daisies, dianthus, and snapdragons. Field grasses and foliage were mixed with these flowers, in fan-shaped arrangements, using fine, feathery material on the outside to contrast with the solid masses of blooms in the center. Much use was also made of dried materials such as cockscomb, lunaria, strawflowers, and ornamental grasses during the fall and winter, when fresh flowers were sparse.

Baroque

Floral designs characteristic of the Baroque Period originated in Italy and later spread into Holland and Belgium. Early Baroque style arrangements were symmetrical, oval-shaped, and characterized by ornamentation including cherubs and scrolls. Later in the Baroque Period, design styles became asymmetrical, with a characteristic "S" curve or "Line of Beauty" that was later named the "Hogarth Curve" in honor of William Hogarth, an 18th century English painter. The Baroque period directly followed the Renaissance. Styles were evoked by the works of Michelangelo in Italy, but these were adopted by designers in Holland and Belgium. Early Baroque styles were symmetrical, but later Baroque arrangements became more asymmetrical. During the Baroque period, the English painter, William Hogarth introduced the so-called Hogarth Curve. or S-curve, which is still popular today. Large containers held flamboyant arrangements containing many different kinds of flowers, such as iris, marigold, lily, peony, canna, narcissus, hollyhock, and roses, as seen in the works of artists of this period. Accessories -ere often incorporated in these arrangements. Compatibility was overlooked in Flemish design. Many types & varieties of flowers, herbs and fruit were used together. Floral arrangements in the home were a sign of wealth, so often they would use exotic flowers paired with standard ones. These flower arrangements focused on rich colors, texture, and natural accessories (i.e. things found in nature such as birds nests). As these pieces focused on the flowers, containers were very simple & understated. This style of floral design, popular in Europe during the 1600's, focuses on S-curve lines, embellished scrolls, and large amounts of ornamentation. Think above & beyond for this floral design style. Use large, dark flowers and house them in containers such as urns, tall vases or low baskets. Think of availability at the time; for ornaments choose fruit, jewelry, swirling shells and cherubs.

egyptian period

Floral materials were used for religious and civic events to honor pharaohs/kings and gods. They also used flowers for personal enjoyment and decoration. The Egyptians wove together flowers, foliage, and fruit to create wreaths and garlands that were worn as headpieces. They also decorated banquet tables with open vases, bowls, and baskets of flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The Egyptians selected floral materials that were native to the Nile River Valley such as: lily, ivy, papyrus, rose, iris Stylized, geometric shapes, especially the symmetrical triangle and fan, were common in this style of design. Interpret the Egyptian style into florals by concentrating on the 2 dimensional aspects of their highly-stylized, wall relief sculptures. Focus on flower color, instead of depth. Create ridged, geometric designs using gold and blue, which were very popular during this time. Design styles of the Egyptians were simplistic, repetitious, and orderly. Predominant colors included the primary colors red, yellow, and blue.

Byzantine

For a time after the fall of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine culture continued the floral art and design traditions of the Romans. Byzantine floral designs included garlands constructed of narrow bands of fruit and flowers, alternated with foliage. The Byzantine culture was also known for its symmetrical, conical, tree-style designs of foliage in containers, with flowers and fruit spaced at regular intervals throughout. This style of design refers to the that of the Byzantine Empire of the early centuries AD. Lavish churches with golden domes, pointing spires and lots of gold mosaics were popular. Flower arrangements in this style might be arranged in a spiral or cone form. Use gold and jewel-toned flowers to help represent the colored tiles popular in Byzantine design. This period saw a continuance of the Greek & Roman styles, but fruit was used with the flowers in garlands in a twisted effect. Stylised trees in containers were made symmetrically with foliage and flowers in large baskets, goblets, or low containers. These were highly stylised, and used neighbouring hues, such as green, blue-green, blue, and violet, with complementary accents of red, red-orange, orange, and yellow. Used symmetrical tree-like compositions. Changed construction of garlands to be narrow bands of flowers or fruit alternated with foliage. Formal conical designs with clusters of blossoms at regular intervals

Japanese

Japanese design styles are more carefully planned and stylized compared to Chinese designs. Ikebana is the Japanese art of floral design, which literally means "to arrange flowers". The offering of flowers on the altar in honor of Buddha was part of worship. Ikebana evolved from the Buddhist ritual of offering flowers to the spirits of the dead. The first classical styles of Ikebana started in the middle of the fifteenth century; the first students and teachers of Ikebana were Buddhist priests and members. As time passed, other schools emerged, styles changed, and Ikebana became a custom among the Japanese society. The structure of a Japanese flower arrangement is based on a scalene triangle delineated by three main points, usually twigs, considered in some schools to symbolize heaven, earth, & man & in others sun, moon, & earth. Shin (Heaven) Soe (Man) Hikae or Tai (Earth) These elements are emphasized in Japanese design through design simplicity and the use of negative space.

Middle ages

Little is known about floral design during the Middle Ages with the exception of Persian art. Floral paintings show flowers arranged in vases in an informal, naturalistic style. Some Oriental influence is also seen in the color schemes of these floral paintings. During the Middle Ages, wreaths and garlands served as decoration and personal adornment. Interest and emphasis in flowers and plant materials focused on their use in drinks, medicines, fragrances, and food. Oriental influence is clear. Numerous types of containers were used. Flowers were used for religious functions. This time in European history is also known as the Medieval Period or Dark Ages. During this time, monasteries cultivated a large part of the floral community, including garden herbs, fragrant flowers and medicinal plants. During this period, most of the flowers and herbs grown were for medicinal purposes. There is little emphasis on floral arranging for decorative purposes. However, fragrant flowers were used to freshen the air and for making garlands & wreaths. Flowers arranged in vases.

flemmish-dutch

The Flemish-Dutch period was an age of discovery in horticulture. During this period, diverse plants such as chrysanthemums, cacti, nasturtiums, and sunflowers were introduced to Europe by merchant marines who had traveled to other regions of the world. Paintings of floral arrangements from the Flemish-Dutch period show a variety of flowers from all seasons, which would not have existed in an actual floral arrangement. Accents of fruits, shells, nests, and additional flowers near the base of the container were also characteristic of Flemish designs.

Greek period

The Greeks wore wreaths upon their heads and garlands around their necks. They also scattered flower petals on the ground during banquets and festivals. The Greeks arranged loose flowers, fruits, and grains in upright cornucopias to present as offerings or gifts. This began 600 B.C - 46 B.C The ancient Greeks were so dedicated to beauty that their art heritage has lived through the ages & influences today's art. The crafters were the lower classes like the slaves & merchants. The wreaths at the time were use to give honor to those who won & fought. The ancient Greeks used flowers more for adornment. Herbs were frequently used with the flowers, & as garlands, & wreaths. flowers were often just strewn on the ground. They introduced the Horn of Plenty or Cornucopia. Most arrangements were triangular & symmetrical. Roses, hyacinths, lilies, iris, narcissus, violets , as well as grape leaves, herbs, & seed pods were used. Most arrangements ere triangular & symmetrical, usually of one or a limited number of colours. White as common, since it as a sign of purity. Often symbolic of a god or hero. Greek designs expressed grace & simplicity. the flowers, fragrance, & symbolism associated with each flower were foremost importance.

Roman period

The Romans continued the customs of the Greeks. However, the Romans also valued flowers for their fragrance and symbolism. Roman Period started 28 B.C. - 325 A.D The Romans continued with the customs of the Greeks. Garlands, wreaths and crowns were more elaborate than those of the Greeks. Crowns & garlands were tapered. Flowers were sometimes arranged in baskets and cornucopias.The Romans continued with the customs of the Greeks. Use as made of the fragrance of flowers. Garlands, wreaths and crowns were more elaborate than those of the Greeks. Crowns and garlands were tapered. "Sub Rosa" - Roman custom of hanging a wreath of white roses from the ceiling, and all things said beneath the wreath was to be kept a secret. Flowers: Rose, crocus, daisy, iris, lily, honeysuckle

Chinese

The ancient Chinese used flowers and plant materials for religious ceremonies. Chinese arrangements placed in ornate containers were large and made with few varieties of plant materials. The emphasis in Chinese designs focused on naturalism. The Chinese were making flower arrangements as far back as 207 BCE to 220 CE, in the Han era of ancient China. Flowers were an integral component of religious teaching & medicine. Practitioners of Buddhism, Taoism, & Confucianism placed cut flowers on their altars. This practice dates back to 618-906 CE. Buddhist teachings forbade the taking of a life, so religious practitioners worked sparingly when taking cuttings from plants. Flowers & leaves that were used to make basket arrangements were selected based on their symbolic meaning.

much of what we know about flowers in ancient civilizations is derived from their

art

small glass vial that fits in the neckline of a dress is called

blossom bottle

potted plant or container filled with greens and placed in fireplace during summer is called

bough pot

floral foam works by

capillary action

classic revival period- stone and brick structures with windows were used to grow what type of plant

citrus plant

A greenhouse-like extension of the interior of a home or other building that allows the growth and display of exotic plants

conservatory

1960s and 70s artifical plants became popular because of awareness of pollution

false

colonists in early america bought flowers from floral shops

false

cornucopias represent poor season or famine

false

in victorian london, it was not possible to get cut flowers from flower growers

false

physic gardens were devoted to producing flowers for flower arrangements

false

egyptians, greeks, and romans influenced what?

floral art and design through their use and arrangement of floral materials.

tussie mussie

handheld bouquet

plant produced by combining two plants

hybrid

greece- wreathes made out of ________ symbolized allegiance and dedication

laurel leaves

disease caused tulipmania was called

mosaic disease

what flowers were used during the colonial period

native flowers

building heated with wood or coal to allow plant growth in winter months

stove house

ancient societies prized flowers for color and fragrance

true

during the middle ages, monastery gardens were walled to protect valuable plants from thieves

true

floriculture flourishes in the netherlands

true

in ancient Greece, flowers and leaves were strewn on the floor to provide fragrance

true

in ancient egypt, flowers were used to honor the dead

true

industrial revolution brought attention to flowers

true

the dining style of the victorian era had an impact on the floral arrangement

true

tulips blooming and showing streaks that resembled flames is called

tulip breaking

tulipmania was caused by

viral disease