hcom 100 final

Defensive Climate

A communication climate in which the people involved feel threatened or controlled

Supportive Climate

A communication climate that offers communicators a chance to practice empathy and honestly explore the issues involved in the conflict situation

Forgiveness

A conflict reconciliation strategy in which people emotionally move past the conflict and attempt to let go of the bitterness and resentment felt towards the other - can happen slowly or sometimes not happen at all, depending on the severity of the perceived conflict

The Four Approaches to Conveying Information

1. Description An informative description speech that focuses on painting a mental picture about a culture for the audience. Examples: Describing the culture of Hawaii and the beautiful black volcanic beaches and deep turquoise blue water. Use many adjectives to verbally paint a picture in addition to using actual visual aids. 2. Demonstration An informative demonstration speech that answers how something is done in a culture step-by-step tutorial. Examples: How to build an origami paper crane, steps on how to best experience an American music event, how to prepare for getting a first tattoo. This type of speech is instructional in nature. 3. Definition An informative definition speech looks at what a specific custom, tradition, and practices in a culture are. Examples: What is "The American Dream", what is good etiquette in the online gaming culture, what is the best way to prepare for a job interview in America, etc. 4. Explanation An informative explanation speech looks at why something happens and the meaning behind it. For example, why do birds migrate north in the winter, why do bears hibernate, why is there a cultural shift in perception towards a specific person or event, etc.

The 8 Types of Informative Topics

1. People Informative speaking using people as a Intercultural topic is usually biographical in nature. The person discussed can be well known (such as an actor, musician, sports athlete, media personality, etc.) or an expert in their field. A brief history and highlighting their accomplishments or impact on culture is expected if using this type of speech. Focus on three (3) key points to discuss if using this type of speech. 2. Places Informative speaking using places as a topic usually discuss key points about that place. For example, if informing about the culture of Argentina, discussing a brief history, music, food, famous places, art, traditions, etc. are expected. It is important to note that not everything in the culture is expected to be covered (it would take too long and be unfocused). Focus on three (3) key points to discuss if using this type of speech. 3. Objects and Phenomena Informative speaking using objects and phenomena usually focuses on either physical things (objects) or behaviors/natural events (phenomena). For objects, a unique intercultural object such as a culturally specific/traditional piece of clothing can be discussed. For phenomena, discussing a culturally specific phenomena, such as culturally specific animals, practices, and customs can be discussed. For example, informing the class about the "Alpacas of Peru" could be an informative intercultural topic. Focus on three (3) key points to discuss if using this type of speech. 4. Events Informative speaking using events usually looks at historical events and their impact on culture. For example, analyzing the effects of a famous speech or social occurrence. Events could also include the effects a song, movie, sport, game, fashion, etc. has on culture as well. Focus on three (3) key points to discuss if using this type of speech. 5. Processes This type of informative speaking looks at the step-by-step actions of how something is done. For example, the culture of makeup and a tutorial on how to apply a specific type of makeup, the culture of origami and how to make a paper crane, the culture of snowboarding and the steps to start getting into the sport, etc. Focus on three (3) key points to discuss if using this type of speech. 6. Concepts This type of informative speaking discusses ideas and meaning. For example, the cultural importance of the painting of the Mona Lisa (focusing on the meaning and cultural impact behind the painting more than the physical painting itself), the "ideas" the Statue of Liberty represents, etc. Focus on three (3) key points to discuss if using this type of speech. 7. Issues This type of informative speaking looks at social events and how they impact cultures. For example, a political/social issue and the effects it has on the people in a country or a social dilemma or problem, or a law in a country. It is possible but can be hard to maintain objectivity when speaking about "issues". Focus on three (3) key points to discuss if using this type of speech and be careful not to turn the speech into persuasion. 8. Plans and Policies This type of informative speaking discusses social guidelines and rules, such as how cultures perceive the environment, education, social welfare, etc. and what is accepted/rejected by a culture. Focus on three (3) key points to discuss if using this type of speech. Be careful not to turn the speech into persuasion.

Informative Speaking

A form of public speaking intended to increase the audience's understanding or knowledge Informative speaking should strive to be as objective and unbiased as possible (not persuading/changing attitudes, beliefs, or values)

Ethos

A form of rhetorical proof that appeals to credibility, ethics, and the qualifications of the speaker. Examples: Celebrity endorsements, an expert in a field endorsing a product

Pathos

A form of rhetorical proof that appeals to the audience members emotions Examples: Commercial or speech that makes you laugh, sad, or even angry

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

A model that highlights the importance of persuasion that includes two distinct routes; central processing and peripheral processing. Speakers want audience members to engage in central processing during their speech. Central Processing Thinking critically and seriously about a message, motivated to learn about a topic Peripheral Processing Giving little thought to a message, thinking a message is too complex

Conflict

An initial negative interaction between two or more interdependent individuals, based in an actual or perceived disagreement (usually starts negatively, but if managed effectively can end positively)

The Three Anxiety Triggers

Anxiety Trigger 1: Upsetting Experiences Past upsetting experiences in public speaking can trigger anxiety and apprehension in future speeches. A strategy to manage this anxiety trigger is to practice speeches both mentally and physically thoroughly to build confidence. Look to every new speech as a fresh start. Usually audiences have never seen your past speeches that were upsetting. Anxiety Trigger 2: Fear of Evaluation When an individual gives a public speech, there may be a fear of being judged by others. Evaluation does not only involves grades, many times the fear of evaluation is a fear of the audience judging our performance. A strategy to manage this anxiety trigger is practicing the speech to build confidence, becoming knowledgeable in the area of the speech beforehand, and choosing a speech topic that you are passionate about. Anxiety Trigger 3: Distaste for Attention Some individuals may have more or less social preference to speak in front of others based on their social experiences. If you feel that you do not like "being the center of attention", a strategy to manage this anxiety trigger is to view yourself as a part of a group (our class) and that the other members of the group are there to support you, not judge you. Practicing the speech both mentally but also physically in front of others can decrease stress for this trigger.

Attitudes , Beliefs and Behaviors

Attitudes General evaluations of people, ideas, objects, and events Beliefs The ways in which people perceive reality; the feelings about what is "real and true" Behaviors Observable communication that in includes verbal and nonverbal messages

Facial Expressions/Kinesics

Audiences in the U.S. culture like to see the speaker smiling (if the topic itself is not too serious in nature) during speech events. The speaker does not have to be constantly smiling nonstop, but a genuine smile or hand gesture to emphasize a word or point can help the audience connect with the speech.

Reduction of Filler Words

Audiences in the U.S. tend to like flowing, non-fragmented style of speaking. Try to reduce the use of uhm, uh, like, stuff, whatever, you know, words. It is usually better to slightly pause then to fill speech space with "filler words". Speakers may say these words when they are nervous or unprepared, reducing these filler words can be practiced however before the speech event.

The Three Benefits of Productive Conflict

Benefit 1: Productive Conflict Fosters Healthy Debate - Engaging with others respectfully and with an open perceptive lens can lead to positive competition and exchange of ideas. Discussing the pros and cons of an idea mutually can stimulate a more open dialogue between individuals and groups. (Competition in sports, politics, brands, etc. can create more choice and sharing of ideas) Benefit 2: Productive Conflict Leads to Better Decision Making - Individuals can increase their chances of positively achieving outcomes they desire if they balance and prioritize their actions. When individuals are confronted with conflicts for future goals, they can create a plan to balance those goals. Having a goal-plan in place can lead to better decision making. (If our goals had no conflicts along the way, achieving the goal may feel less fulfilling) Benefit 3: Productive Conflict Spurs Relationship Growth -When individuals in a relationship (friend, family, dating partner) experience productive conflict together, it make the relational bond closer. When individuals discuss conflict together in a positive and cooperative way, both individuals usually feel closer and more stable in the relationship afterwards. (If too many conflicts are ignored or not discussed in a relationship, it can lead to resentment by one or both partners)

The Four Conflict Triggers

Conflict Trigger 1: Inaccurate Perceptions -Communicative misunderstandings can be a major conflict trigger. An individual may encode meaning into a message, but their partner may decode it in a different negative meaning. For example, your partner may think you are purposefully ignoring them through text, but in actuality you are sleeping/working/studying or the text message was never received. Clarifying the intention behind our verbal and nonverbals can create more accurate perceptions Conflict Trigger 2: Incompatible Goals -Individuals in a relationship may have perceived incompatible goals and plans for the future. How to save or spend money, how to pass on family values, and the perceptions of equality in a relationship can cause conflict. Managing incompatible goals productively means not trying to win or lose the argument, but to create a shared solution together. This can take time, energy, and mutual motivation to resolve positively. Conflict Trigger 3: Relational Transgressions -Relational transgressions can trigger the most serious conflicts. Relational transgressions include infidelity, deception, broken promises, and disrespectful treatment towards each other. Individuals who feel insecure in the relationship may perceive that their partner is betraying them constantly, even if that is not the case. Respectful communication and stability in a relationship can increase relational security Conflict Trigger 4: Provocation - Provocation means intentionally starting a conflict to "get it out in the open" or even to intentionally upset another person. There are four types of provocations: Aggression (verbal/nonverbal and physical threats) Identity Threats (personal demeaning attacks) Lack of Fairness (perception of not contributing or overusing shared resources) Irresponsibility (perception that an individual is careless and not putting effort into the relationship)

Productive conflict

Conflict that is managed effectively-High Energy Investment/High Satisfaction

Unproductive conflict

Conflict that is managed poorly and has a negative impact on the individuals and relationships involved (the most common type of conflict) -Low Energy Investment/Low Satisfaction

The Four Methods of Delivery

Delivery Method 1: Speaking From Manuscript Manuscript speaking uses a literal script of words in front of the speaker when performing the speech. Examples: news anchor reading a teleprompter, a politician reading a pre-written speech, an actor reading a script physically while rehearsing Pros: Very accurate since the script is being read word for word Cons: May not connect with the audience very deeply if the audience feels the speech is scripted - or especially if the speaker reads the speech without looking to the audience with their eyes or body language. Delivery Method 2: Speaking From Memory Oratory: Memory speaking, or oratory speaking, also uses a script of words, except the speaker remembers all of the script word for word in their minds. Examples: an actor acting in a play or movie or a performer singing song lyrics. The script is prewritten and can not be changed. Pros: Also accurate since pre-written, can perform other peoples works yourself with their script Cons: Usually used for artistic events - can be hard to connect with the audience or change any content of the work when everything is heavily pre-scripted Delivery Method 3: Speaking Spontaneously Impromptu Speaking: Spontaneous speaking with no script, and little to no preparation. Examples: The TV show Whose Line Is It Anyway, comedy troupes, being asked a surprise question, being asked to speak at a wedding or event without any preparation Pros: Usually perceived as more genuine and authentic Cons: Without preparation or practice, can be highly stressful, can also lead to a speech without much structure or a clear beginning/end Delivery Method 4: Speaking Extemporaneously Extemporaneous Speaking: A style of speaking where the speech is carefully prepared with notes and an outline, but the speaking style is more immediate (connecting) with the audience. The speaker can have notes in front of them, but the speech should be more conversational in tone. Notes should not be referenced too much; the speaker should be making eye contact, using paralanguage, and using body language to enhance to speech for the audience. The speech for our class should strive to be in the extemporaneous style. Pros: Usually seen as authentic and genuine, able to connect with the audiences emotions more than other speech delivery styles Cons: Can be tempting to start reading or over-relying on notes when nervous, which would effectively turn the speech into a manuscript speech

Objective View

Expressing or presenting facts and information in a straightforward and evenhanded way, free of influence from the speaker's personal thoughts or opinions.

Communication Apprehension

Fear or anxiety associated with communication, which is often a common barrier to effective delivery. (Usually involves Cognitive symptoms, such as stress/apprehension psychologically and the feeling of trepidation/fear of the future)

Performance Visualization

Having a positive outlook towards a speech can not only have uplifting effects, but it can also lead to positive self-fulfilling prophecy. When individuals practice a speech with a positive visualization, it can build confidence for the actual speech event. Desensitize yourself and lower anxiety/apprehension by practicing in front of others physically before the speech event Rehearse the delivery multiple times not only in your mind but also physically out loud Become an expert in your chosen speech area topic, the more prepared you are the less anxiety and apprehension there will be for the speech event Choose a speech topic that you care about and already have some knowledge in if possible

Contextual Culture Conflict

Individuals may also have a contextual or multicultural approach to conflict based on both cultural perceptions, if they feel they understand both sides

Attitudes Towards Conflict

Individuals may orient more towards disliking or enjoying conflict in general, based on their cultural values and personal experiences. Individuals can change their attitude towards conflict through experiences (hopefully towards more productive outcomes)

Logos

Logos A form of rhetorical prof that appeals to logic and is directed at the audiences reasoning Examples:Using statistics, charts, graphs, to show data Inductive Reasoning Drawing general conclusions on a specific piece of evidence Deductive Reasoning Drawing specific conclusions based on multiple pieces of evidence

Speaking Rate/Volume

Most U.S. audiences prefer to hear a moderately paced (not too fast or slow) speech, that is loud enough to hear in the farthest reaches of the room. If the speech is online, then recording the speech at an appropriate volume level.

Subjective View

Presenting facts and information from a particular point of view

Persuasion

Process of influencing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Propositions of Fact, Value, Policy

Proposition of Fact A claim that something is true or untrue, real or not real Proposition of Value A claim about somethings worth using judgements Proposition of Policy A claim about a goal or rule and what the best course of action is

Receptive, Hostile, Neutral Audiences

Receptive Audience Audience members that already agree with the speakers viewpoints Hostile Audience Audience members that already disagree with the speakers viewpoints Neutral Audience Audience members that can be persuaded to be either receptive or hostile

Tone

Research in Public Speaking for the U.S. Culture shows that audiences value polytonal (up and down inflections in voice) speaking and dislike monotone or single tone speaking. Tonality can be practiced before a speech event, and can be practiced by recording yourself multiple times.

The Three strategies For Managing Conflict

Strategy 1: Escapist (Prevent or avoid having to deal with conflict altogether). Includes: Avoiding - Not addressing the conflict or either person's goals (Lose - Lose) Obliging - Giving in to the other person's goals to end the conflict quickly (You Win - I Lose) Low Energy Investment / Low Mutual Satisfaction Strategy 2: Competitive (Engage in conflict to purse ones own goals). Includes: Direct Fighting - Engaging in open conflict to assert and achieve personal goals (I Win - You Lose) Indirect Fighting - Using passive aggressive tactics to achieve personal goals without open conflict (I Win - You Lose) Strategy 3: Cooperative (Engage in conflict to purse mutual goals). Includes: Compromising: Negotiating to achieve a deal for peach person to gain in part, lose in part (We Both Win - And We Both Lose) simultaneously Collaborating: Addressing both the self and other goals; finding a solution that achieves both (Win -Win)High Energy Investment/High Mutual Satisfaction

Communication Climate

The dominant temper, attitudes, an outlook of relational partners in a situation

Public Speaking Anxiety

The nervousness one experiences when one knows one has to communicate publicly to an audience. (Usually involves Physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, quicker breathing, perspiration, and feeling of uneasiness)

Conflict management

The way individuals engage in conflict and address disagreements with relational partners (can be unproductive or productive)

Apology

To openly take responsibility for your own misbehavior in communication - must be perceived as genuine to be taken positively. Never apologizing or apologizing too much or without authenticity can be perceived negatively

Time

U.S. Audiences tend to enjoy speeches that have a clear structure of a 1. beginning with a preview of the three main points, 2. followed by the three main points, 3. a strong conclusion wrapping up the three main points. If a speech is scheduled for a certain time frame, audiences report that they expect the speech to fall very closely within the expected time frame, or else the audience may become nervous or tired themselves.

Posture/Nonverbals

U.S. audiences tend to admire speakers who either stand or sit with their backs in a straight up posture (not slouched) when giving a speech. Using a moderate amount of hand gestures when appropriate to emphasize words is also seen as engaging.

Scanning

U.S. audiences tend to like the speaker to make eye contact with the entire room multiple times during a speech if there is a live audience. Eye contact does not have to be direct, it can be "scanning" the room if giving a speech physically. When giving a speech online, making direct eye contact with the camera is valued (not looking away too much at notes or other distractions).

Pronunciation/Articulation

U.S. audiences tend to prefer accurate pronunciation (how a speaker says a word through their voice), and clear articulation (saying a word with clarity so that it is not mistaken for other words) in speech events

Coercion

Using manipulation, threats, intimidation, or violence to gain compliance

Individualistic Culture Conflict

Values being direct and assertive. Solving conflicts fast and putting conflict "out in the open" is seen as respectful and effective. May value completing the task over relational harmony.

Collectivistic Culture Conflict

Values finding support from others before approaching conflict; may delay conflict to find "the right time" to talk about it. Values slower, more indirect and subtle cues when approaching conflict. May value keeping relational harmony over completing tasks.

Style of Dress

Wearing something that is comfortable but also contextual to the speech topic is seen as thoughtful to U.S. audiences. The style of dress does not always have to be formal/professional, it depends on the context of the speech topic. If giving a speech about Hawaii, wearing a Hawaii shirt can have more credibility than wearing something more formal.

Taking Conflict Personally (TCP)

When an individual perceives healthy, productive conflict as personal attacks because of their negative experiences with conflict in the past

Power Dynamics

When one individual has more or less perceived relative power to another, it can lead to unproductive conflict if they feel resentful towards it Examples: An individual having financial power over another and using it unfairly or disrespectfully Having emotional-psychological power or dependence towards another and using it unfairly or disrespectfully Note: An individual not having exactly equal power to another does not always lead to unproductive conflict unless they perceive that the relational power is being used unfairly