Health 231- Chapter 1

Mrs. J. is trying to get her third-grade students to remember to have their homework signed by a parent before bringing it to class. Students who remember every day for a month receive a gift card from a local bookstore. This is an example of a(n)... A. activity reinforcer. B. possessional reinforcer. C. manipulative reinforcer. D. consumable reinforcer.

possessional reinforcer

Mindy wants to lose weight. The fact that her parents engage in regular exercise is a(n)... A. reinforcing factor. B. enabling factor. C. predisposing factor. D. motivational factor.

predisposing factor

Washing your hands before eating is an example of disease... A. prevention. B. screening. C. treatment. D. intervention.

prevention

To successfully change a behavior, a person must recognize that change is a(n)... A. isolated event. B. stressful situation. C. process that occurs in stages. D. chance to wipe out past mistakes.

process that occurs in stages

Which of the following is an example of a SMART goal? A. Reduce my weekend alcohol consumption from 6 or more drinks per night to 1 drink per night. B. Reduce my weekend alcohol consumption from 4 or more drinks per night to no more than 3 drinks per night. C. Stop drinking alcohol. D. Drink less alcohol.

reduce my weekend alcohol consumption from 4 or more drinks per night to no more than 3 drinks per night

Jim was successful at meeting his exercise goal and rewarded himself by taking a three-day vacation at a golf resort. This is an example of a... A. Covert behavior. B. Reinforcing behavior. C. Manipulative behavior. D. Negative behavior.

reinforcing behavior

Support from others to change a behavior is an example of a(n)... A. Enabling factor. B. Contributing factor. C. Reinforcing factor. D. Predisposing factor.

reinforcing factor

Having unprotected sex is considered a... A. health promotion. B. health disparities. C. medical treatment. D. risk behavior.

risk behavior

The thought, "I don't have enough time!" is an example of... A. enabling. B. self-talk. C. punishment. D. shaping.

self-talk

Based on a recent cholesterol screening, Marlon decided that he has to stop eating so much fast food and get more exercise. Between work and school, his free time is limited, but he is determined to lower his cholesterol level and improve his overall health. The best way for Marlon to stay motivated to improve his diet and work out regularly is to... A. make weekly resolutions for how many times to work out and chastise himself if he hasn't accomplished his planned goal. B. set reasonable short- and long-term goals and reward himself for meeting them. C. set an ambitious goal and chart daily and weekly progress using online tools. D. depend on his friends to keep him away from his favorite fast-food restaurants.

set reasonable short- and long-term goals and reward himself for meeting them

The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions is... A. wellness. B. fitness. C. recovery. D. motivation.

wellness

An appraisal of the relationship between an object, action, or idea and some attribute related to it is a(n)... A. attitude. B. belief. C. analysis. D. motivation.

belief

Not allowing yourself to think about stage fright and focusing only on the content of your speech when preparing for a presentation is an example of... A. positive reinforcement. B. a situational reinforcer. C. blocking and stopping. D. countering.

blocking and stopping

Health and wellness are best described as... A. dynamic. B. determined by the environment. C. determined by genes. D. static.

dynamic

One of the most important goals of Healthy People 2020 is to... A. increase the number of public health departments in every state. B. increase funding for research on certain diseases such as cancer and diabetes. C. reduce health care costs for all Americans. D. eliminate health disparities and improve the health of all population groups.

eliminate health disparities and improve the health of all population groups

Emotional health can best be described as being able to... A. maintain satisfying interpersonal relationships. B. adapt to various social situations. C. feel and express emotions appropriately. D. think clearly, without emotional influence.

feel and express emotions appropriately

The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental dimensions is the definition of... A.fitness. B. health. C. recovery. D. satisfaction.

health

Differences in cancer mortality among specific populations are an example of... A. biological determinants. B. health disparities. C. medical malpractice. D. risk behaviors.

health disparities

Overall, the leading cause of death for Americans is... A. Respiratory disease. B. Cancer. C. Heart disease. D. Accidents.

heart disease

The science of epigenetics studies... A. the structure of our genes. B. patterns of inheritance. C. how behavioral choices influence our cells' ability to use genes. D. how genes influence an individual's behavioral choices.

how behavioral choices influence our cells' ability to use genes

Which strategy is used by many athletes to visualize the attainment of goals? A. vicarious performance. B. coaching. C. imagined rehearsal. D. athletic imagery.

imagined rehearsal

Healthy People 2020 is a plan designed to... A. increase payments to doctors who serve Medicaid and Medicare patients. B. update FDA regulations on the manufacture and sale of drugs in the United States. C. extend health insurance coverage to millions more Americans. D. improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans.

improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans

Studies associate mindfulness with... A. improvements in memory. B. social isolation. C. increased blood pressure. D. increased religious belief.

improvements in memory

Health promotion... A. includes policies, programs, and financial support for initiatives that promote health. B. involves social justice efforts aimed at achieving health care for all Americans. C. focuses on curing the most prevalent diseases. D. refers to fundraising campaigns for health-related organizations.

includes policies, programs, and financial support for initiatives that promote health

Which type of costs are related to higher insurance premiums and increased disability payments due to obesity-related health conditions? A. Medicare costs. B. direct medical costs. C. Medicaid costs. D. indirect medical costs.

indirect medical costs

Determinants of health are a range of factors in a person's life that... A. influence his or her health status. B. influence his or her response to medical treatment. C. predispose him or her to a particular set of diseases. D. influence his or her genes.

influence his or her health status

The ability to think clearly, analyze information, and use one's mental capacity to meet life's challenges is known as... A. emotional health. B. physical health. C. social health. D. intellectual health.

intellectual health

Which health model views treating disease through medications and surgery as the surest way to improve health? A. Environmental model. B. Public health model. C. Medical model. D. Social model.

medical model

Manuela joined a group exercise class. Her instructor, who was formerly inactive and overweight, participates with the class and also shares personal fitness strategies. In class, Manuela tries to emulate her instructor's moves, and she has also become more physically active as part of her daily routine. Which technique is Manuela using to reach her goal of becoming more fit? A. reinforcement B. modeling C. visualization D. shaping

modeling

Observing a friend's successful attempt to quit smoking and trying some of the same tactics to quit yourself is an example of... A. shaping. B. conforming. C. envy. D. modeling.

modeling

A trait or behavior that a person can actively control, such as eating habits, is a(n)... A. environmental influence. B. biological determinant. C. modifiable determinant. D. social determinant.

modifiable determinant

A sedentary lifestyle, overuse of caffeine, and risky sexual practices are examples of... A. involuntary determinants of health. B. modifiable determinants of health. C. voluntary determinants of health. D. nonmodifiable determinants of health.

modifiable health determinants

A person's bone structure is an example of a(n)... A. behavioral choice. B. nonmodifiable determinant. C. epigenetic factor. D. environmental influence.

nonmodifiable determinant

An adolescent smoker might think lung cancer happens only to old people. This is an example of which factor of the health belief model? A. Perceived benefits. B. Perceived seriousness. C. Perceived barriers. D. Perceived susceptibility.

perceived susceptibility

The dimension of physical health encompasses the ability to... A. protect yourself from hazards in your environment. B. analyze information. C. perform activities of daily living. D. reason objectively.

perform activities of daily living

Gavin downloads a new workout song every time he completes his week's exercise goal. This action is an example of... A. countering. B. an intrinsic reward. C. shaping. D. positive reinforcement.

positive reinforcement

Young adults (ages 15-24) are most likely to die from... A. accidents. B. cancer. C. homicide. D. heart disease.

accidents

Missy is motivated to lose weight. She has begun taking a 30-minute walk every morning, has worked with a nutrition counselor to design a new diet, and on Monday will begin following new eating plan. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Missy is in a stage of... A. maintenance. B. action. C. precontemplation. D. contemplation.

action

Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? A. Research linking mindfulness to improved health is inconclusive. B. The practice of mindfulness emerged in the United States in the 1970s. C. Mindfulness is a religious practice in which the individual contemplates the divine. D. An essential component of mindfulness is awareness of oneself and one's environment.

an essential component of mindfulness is awareness of oneself and one's environment

Brenda is going on a ski trip over spring break and has 12 weeks to get in shape. She purchased an elliptical trainer and started working out on it for 10 minutes each day. Each week, she will increase her workout by 10 minutes until she can exercise for one hour. If she finds that is too rigorous, she will only add 5 minutes to her workout each week. Which of the following behavior-change techniques is Brenda using to get in shape for her trip? A. visualization B. modeling C. self-talk D. shaping

shaping

Changing your seat in class to one closer to the front to help change your habit of napping during the lecture is an example of... A. Situational inducement. B. Negative reinforcement. C. Social reinforcement. D. An activity reinforcer.

situational inducement

Jill has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others is an example of which dimension of health? A. Intellectual. B. Social. C. Emotional. D. Physical.

social

Which of the following were cited by college students in a national survey as major impediments to performing well academically? A. repeated strep infections. B. carrying a too-heavy course load. C. stress, anxiety, and sleep difficulties. D. substance abuse.

stress, anxiety and sleep-difficulties

People with an internal locus of control believe that events turn out as they do based on... A. their own actions. B. previous disappointments. C. fate and luck. D. environmental factors.

their own actions

Which behavior change model involves six distinct stages and is also known as the stages of change model? A. health belief model. B. social cognitive model. C. transtheoretical model. D. shaping model.

transtheorhetical model

All of the following are basic mindfulness skills EXCEPT... A. acknowledging that you are not perfect. B. cultivating compassion for a friend with financial problems. C. tuning out a noisy student in the library. D. acknowledging your disappointment at a poor grade.

tuning out a noisy student in the library

Which of the following contributed to increased life expectancy in the early twentieth century? A. more doctors in metropolitan areas. B. advances in heart and brain surgery. C. vaccinations and antibiotics. D. advances in genetic testing.

vaccinations and antibiotics

Which of the following is an essential prerequisite for changing a behavior? A. wanting to change. B. deciding on several rewards for making the change. C. asking friends for advice. D. changing environmental obstacles.

wanting to change

The positive aspects of a person's life, such being satisfied with life in general and having positive emotions, determines one's sense of... A. Health. B. Change. C. Well-being. D. Progress.

well-being