Health Psych: Quiz 1

​Most health-related evidence ​A. has been discovered accidentally. ​B. comes from the results of experimental designs. C. ​is withheld from the general public to avoid widespread panic. ​D. is the result of a variety of research methods.

​D. is the result of a variety of research methods.

Among historical and cultural perspectives about health, which one of the following is most different from the others? A. Ancient China's B. Early Christians' C. Native Americans' D. Western Africans'

B. Early Christians'

​In an experimental design that investigates the effects of a low carbohydrate diet on weight loss, diet would be ​ A. the dependent variable. B. the independent variable. ​C. a placebo. ​D. an extraneous variable

B. the independent variable.

Which of these has been a major health trend in the U.S. since 1900? a. Cost of medical care has risen faster than inflation. b. Health has been more frequently defined as the absence of illness. c. Acute illnesses have replaced chronic diseases as the leading causes of death. d. The biomedical model has been accepted by most psychologists.

a. Cost of medical care has risen faster than inflation.

Health psychologists are most likely to see health a. from a biomedical viewpoint. b. from a biopsychosocial viewpoint. c. as the absence of illness. d. as a single dimensional condition

b. from a biopsychosocial viewpoint.

Health psychologist Angela Bryan has begun to investigate genetic influences on ​A. people's likelihood to engage in safer sexual behaviors. ​B. people's responses to interventions with physical activity. ​C. people's responses to interventions with sexual activity. ​D. people's tendencies to engage in risky sexual behaviors.

​B. people's responses to interventions with physical activity.

What two factors can help explain some of the ethnic differences in health and life expectancy? ​ A. Low education level and drug use ​B. Low education level and age C. ​Poverty and low education level D. ​Poverty and age

C. ​Poverty and low education level

Individuals who have gone to college have lower death rates from ______ than those who have not. A. infectious diseases, but higher from chronic diseases B. chronic and infectious diseases than accidental injury C. unintentional injuries, chronic and infectious diseases D. unintentional injuries than from any kinds of disease

!!!!!!!!!!!! NOT B. chronic and infectious diseases than accidental injury

Sheldon Cohen's research on the common cold showcases that the ________ approach to understanding sickness and infection is inadequate. ​ A. biomedical ​B. biopsychosocial ​C. psychological ​D. biochemical

A. biomedical

​Cardiovascular disease and cancer account for _____ of all deaths in the US. A. ​more than a half ​B. around one third C. ​the vast majority ​D. a small minority

A. ​more than a half

College graduates generally have a higher death rate than high school dropouts. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following has been the LEAST significant contributor to escalating medical costs? A. Increases in population B. Increases in the number of complex surgical procedures C. More sophisticated medical technology D. The aging of the population

A. Increases in population

​Compared to the biomedical model of health, the biopsychosocial model promotes an approach to medical care that is more ​ A. comprehensive. ​B. conservative. ​C. reductive. ​D. aggressive.

A. comprehensive.

African Americans are more likely to die from _______ than European, Hispanic, or Asian Americans. A. homicide or septicemia B. kidney or liver disease c. suicide and homicide d. diabetes and stroke

A. homicide or septicemia

In which ethnic group(s) is septicemia among the 10 foremost causes of death? A. Hispanic Americans B. African Americans C. Asian Americans D. All three of these

B. African Americans

When comparing how two American ethnic groups rank in life expectancy with each other and with other world nations, which of these is true? A. African Americans rank half as high as European Americans, but higher than Israelis. B. African Americans and European Americans rank about the same, but lower than Canadians. C. African Americans rank half as high as European Americans, both lower than the Japanese. D. African Americans rank twice as high as European Americans, both higher than Italians

C. African Americans rank half as high as European Americans, both lower than the Japanese.

Which of these "sugar pills" is likely to have the greatest positive effect? A. Very small pills rather than medium-size pills B. Generic pills rather than brand-name drugs C. Capsules rather than tablets D. White pills rather than colored pills

C. Capsules rather than tablets

Which cause of death is within the top ten causes for Hispanic Americans, but not for European Americans, African Americans, or Asian Americans? A. Suicide B. Homicide C. Chronic liver disease D. Pneumonia & influenza

C. Chronic liver disease

How do life expectancies today compare between Americans of European descent and Americans of African descent, and with people in other countries? A. The life expectancies for both these groups are essentially comparable. B. The life expectancies are considerably longer with African Americans. C. The life expectancies of both groups are longer than in other countries. D. The life expectancies are significantly longer for European Americans

D. The life expectancies are significantly longer for European Americans

In the United States, people living below the poverty level generally A. are more likely to have lower levels of education. B. are more likely than others to have health insurance. C. are more likely members of ethnic minority groups. D. are more likely to correspond to choices a and c both

D. are more likely to correspond to choices a and c both

Currently, the leading cause of death in the United States is cancer. a. True b. False

b. False

The increase in life expectancy since 1900 is due mostly to a. decreases in cancer deaths. b. the conquest of influenza. c. major lifestyle changes. d. none of these factor

d. none of these factor

What two factors can help explain some of the ethnic differences in health and life expectancy? ​ A. Poverty and low education level B. Poverty and age ​C. Low education level and age ​D. Low education level and drug use

​ A. Poverty and low education level

​How do income and education relate to health and life expectancy in America today? ​A. Income and education both affect both health and life expectancy. B. ​Income affects health problems; education affects life expectancy. ​C. Income and education influence neither health nor life expectancy. ​D. Income affects life expectancy; education affects health problems.

​A. Income and education both affect both health and life expectancy.

Among approaches that could rein in growing health care expenses, which is not only less expensive, but also more proactive? ​A. Preventing disease through healthy lifestyles ​B. Screening people for disease and death risks ​C. Detecting disease earlier, facilitating control ​D. Treating chronic disease most appropriately

​A. Preventing disease through healthy lifestyles

​Older people have higher probabilities of dying than younger people. How does this affect the statistics for causes of death? A. ​This skews causes of death toward those for young people. ​B. This skews causes of death toward causes for older people. ​C. This has no effect, since these two are not directly related. D. ​This has no effect, as causes of death differ by age groups.

​B. This skews causes of death toward causes for older people.

​How has life expectancy in the U.S. changed from a century ago to today? A. It has exceeded 100 years of age. ​B. It has increased, but not significantly. C. It has increased to almost 35% longer. D. ​It has risen to be more than 65% longer.

!!!!!!!!!!!!! NOT C. It has increased to almost 35% longer.

Trace the development of behavioral medicine and health psychology

A. Behavioral medicine 1. Has historical roots in psychosomatic medicine. 2. Is an interdisciplinary field. 3. Aims to integrate biomedical and behavioral knowledge to enhance prevention, diagnosis, treatment, andrehabilitation. 4. Has dedicated journals, including Annals of Behavioral Medicine. B. Health psychology 1. Can be traced to the APA task force (1976) that found few psychologists conducted health research, andenvisioned psychologists would contribute to enhancing health and preventing disease in the future. 2. Was founded by psychologists and made official when the APA established its Division 38 specifically for this field, a specialty within the psychology discipline. 3. Applies knowledge in psychology to promoting health, preventing disease, treating disease, improving the health care system, influencing public opinion about health, and establishing health policy. 4. Includes the branch of clinical health psychology. 5. Has dedicated journals, including Health Psychology

Discuss the implications of the acceptance of the biopsychosocial model over the biomedical model.

A. Implications of the acceptance of one model over another are important because models guide research and practice in any area. B. Acceptance of the biomedical model, the view that disease is a mechanistic response to pathogens, has promoted: 1. Acceptance of a mechanistic view of physiology as the source of both disease and the only route tocures. 2. Exclusion of psychological and social factors relating to illness and health because these factors do notfit into the model. C. Acceptance of the biopsychosocial model promotes: 1. A more complex, multidimensional, and contextual view of health and illness. 2. A definition of health that includes optimal functioning. 3. A focus on the behaviors that underlie the development of many chronic diseases. 4. A holistic approach to health and to treatment.

Before the development of health psychology, how was psychology involved in health?

A. Psychology's involvement in health traces back to the early years of the 20th century. 1. Psychologists were involved in medical education. 2. Despite long involvement, psychologists played a secondary role in medicine, restricted to mental health treatment and consultation. B. The development of psychosomatic medicine promoted the role of mental factors in physical health. 1. The psychodynamic view holds that personality is a factor in the development of disease. 2. The psychosomatic view began to lose popularity, replaced by behavioral medicine and health psychology.

Discuss how the preparation and work of health psychologists differ from and are similar to those of other psychologists

A. The preparation of health psychologists is similar to other psychologists, following the scientist/practitioner model. 1. Health psychologists receive doctoral degrees in psychology; many also obtain postdoctoral training.Some also pursue training in endocrinology, epidemiology, immunology, neurology, or other medical subspecialties. 2. Clinical health psychologists must also learn clinical skills and how to practice as health care teammembers. 3. Health psychologists often complete practicums and internships in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings. B. Jobs of health psychologists may be similar to those of other psychologists or may vary considerably. 1. Like other research psychologists, health psychologists who conduct research usually are employed in educational settings where they combine teaching and research. 2. Unlike most research psychologists, health psychology researchers may be employed in medical centers, teaching medical students and participating in research as part of biomedical research teams. 3. Like other clinical or counseling psychologists, health psychologists who provide services may work in private practice, in hospitals or clinics, or in health maintenance organizations (HMOs), where they provide diagnosis and treatment. 4. Unlike most clinical or counseling psychologists, health psychologists who provide services may work as part of teams that provide services to people who are physically sick. 5. Unlike most psychologists, health psychologists are more likely to be involved in providing preventive services.

In the United States during the early years of the 21st century, A. ​deaths from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases increased. ​B. deaths from accidents increased significantly. ​C. deaths from heart disease increased significantly. ​D. deaths only moderately related to lifestyle decreased significantly.

A. ​deaths from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases increased.

What roles do age and ethnicity play in mortality?

Age is strongly related to illness and death. 1. The likelihood of chronic illness increases with age. 2. Children and young adults are much less likely to die than middle-aged and older adults, but younger people are more likely to die of unintentional injuries and violence. B. Ethnicity also plays a role in health and mortality. 1. European Americans (including Whites and Hispanics) have substantially longer life expectancies than African Americans. 2. The role of ethnicity is not entirely clear because poverty and low socioeconomic status also relate to ethnicity in the United States, and income relates to health. a. Poverty is related to ethnicity and is a negative factor in life expectancy. b. Educational level is related to ethnicity, and low educational level is an important factor in poor health.

Pneumonia and influenza (together) account for one of the 10 leading causes of death in which ethnic group(s)? A. European Americans B. European and African Americans C. European, Hispanic, and Asian Americans D. European, Hispanic, African, and Asian American

C. European, Hispanic, and Asian Americans

Rhona is a 32-year-old African American college professor. Gena is a 32-year-old Hispanic American engineer.Leah is a 32-year-old European American who has been unemployed for most of the past 10 years and living below the poverty level. Helen is a 32 A. Rhona. B. Gena. C. Leah. D. Helen

C. Leah.

​The placebo effect is ​A. most prominently observed in well-designed experiments. ​B. an imaginary effect which can be applicable to everybody. C. ​physiologically real and can improve organic or psychological symptoms. ​D. an imaginary effect occurring almost exclusively in hypochondriacs.

C. ​physiologically real and can improve organic or psychological symptoms.

Carla is a teenager living in poverty who is pregnant. What is true about associated health risks to her and her baby? ​A. Her baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, but this is not a risk. B. ​She is equally as likely to be abused as poor teens who are not pregnant. ​C. She is more likely to be abused, but her baby cannot be abused in utero. D. ​Her baby is more likely to have low birth weight, raising mortality risk.

D. ​Her baby is more likely to have low birth weight, raising mortality risk.

Which of the following has been less influential than the others in raising our life expectancy? ​A. Better public sanitation ​B. More milk pasteurization ​C. Increased immunization D. ​New medical innovation

D. ​New medical innovation

​Health psychologist Angela Bryan has begun to investigate genetic influences on ​ A. people's tendencies to engage in risky sexual behaviors. ​B. people's likelihood to engage in safer sexual behaviors. ​C. people's responses to interventions with sexual activity. D. ​people's responses to interventions with physical activity.

D. ​people's responses to interventions with physical activity.

Which of these is correct about relationships between statistics for mortality rates and life expectancy? a. Infant mortality rates decrease average life expectancy for the population more than adult or elderly mortality rates. b. Mortality rates increase as adults become older, but causes of death for the elderly are not higher than overall causes. c. Elderly mortality rates decrease average life expectancy for the population more than infant or child mortality rates. d. Although mortality rates are higher for elderly than younger adults, causes of death are similar for both groups.

a. Infant mortality rates decrease average life expectancy for the population more than adult or elderly mortality rates.

What best reflects an advantage of the biopsychosocial model of health? a. It treats health as a positive state rather than a negative of illness. b. It regards illness as a negative factor rather than a positive factor. c. It has aspects both superior and inferior to the biomedical model. d. It covers more factors, but cannot explain individual differences

a. It treats health as a positive state rather than a negative of illness. b.

Stefan is highly wealthy and attributes his good health largely to his positive living habits of adhering to a nutritious diet and regular exercise, avoiding harmful substances, and minimizing and managing stress. Stefan is most likely to a. be very highly educated. b. have a certain occupation. c. be of a specific ethnicity. d. have no spouse/children.

a. be very highly educated.

Psychosomatic medicine sees physical illnesses as a. including emotional and psychological factors. b. being attributable only to physiological causes. c. causing stress and subsequent organic illnesses. d. not real but imagined in some specific diseases.

a. including emotional and psychological factors.

During the past 30 years, death rate from heart disease in the United States has declined. At the same time, a. medical care expenses have increased. b. rates of smoking tobacco have increased. c. Americans' life expectancy has decreased. d. biomedical model acceptance has increased.

a. medical care expenses have increased.

Behavioral medicine assumes a. the combination of behavioral and medical sciences. b. the existence of a particular pathogen in any illness. c. disease can be controlled; health cannot be enhanced. d. medicine's and psychology's goals are incompatible

a. the combination of behavioral and medical sciences.

Which of the following has been the LEAST significant contributor to escalating medical costs? a. Increases in population b. The aging of the population c. More sophisticated medical technology d. Increases in the number of complex surgical procedures

a. Increases in population

Which of the following cultural views of health would be most compatible with that of ancient Roman physician Galen? a. That of late 19th-century German physician Rudolf Virchow b. That of late 19th-century Austrian physician Sigmund Freud c. That of the 17th-century philosopher/scientist René Descartes d. That of the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians and Hebrews

a. That of late 19th-century German physician Rudolf Virchow

African Americans have a higher death rate than European Americans. a. True b. False

a. True

Death rates in the United States from both heart disease and cancer are declining. a. True b. False

a. True

Most people in the United States die of chronic diseases. a. True b. False

a. True

The training of health psychologists includes earning doctoral degrees. a. True b. False

a. True

From the late 1960s to the early 1990s, the role of psychologists in medicine changed most in which way? a. More psychologists began conducting health research. b. More psychologists began teaching in medical schools. c. More psychologists began working to change lifestyles. d. More psychologists began working for managing pain

b. More psychologists began teaching in medical schools.

Chronic illnesses in the U.S. are responsible for the majority of healthcare spending. In which category do they account for the largest proportion of money spent? a. Overall health care spending b. Prescriptions that are written c. Hospitalizations for patients d. Patients' visiting physicians

b. Prescriptions that are written

Research from outside your textbook finds the U.S. behind many other developed nations in achieving positive healthcare outcomes. How does this best relate to research cited in your textbook about current U.S. healthcare expenditures? a. U.S. health care spending is comparable to U.S. positive health care outcomes. b. U.S. health care spending far outweighs the U.S. positive health care outcomes. c. U.S. health care spending is even lower than U.S. positive health care outcomes. d. U.S. health care spending, as it rises, lowers U.S. positive health care outcomes

b. U.S. health care spending far outweighs the U.S. positive health care outcomes.

The biomedical model of disease a. existed in the 1800s until the biopsychosocial model in the early 1900s. b. conceives of disease as caused by being exposed to specific pathogens. c. is more common among the public than with healthcare professionals. d. cannot explain infectious illnesses or the prevalence of viral illnesses

b. conceives of disease as caused by being exposed to specific pathogens.

In Sheldon Cohen's research on the common cold, all participants received a cold virus injection and after a week,a. all of the participants in the study had developed a cold. b. only some of the participants in the study caught a cold. c. only the healthy participants in the study caught a cold. d. only those with recent stressful experiences got a cold.

b. only some of the participants in the study caught a cold.

Despite national media coverage to the contrary, poverty is not related to the mortality rate in the United States. a. True b. False

b. False

Health is generally defined as an absence of disease. a. True b. False

b. False

Health psychologists rarely work in hospitals. a. True b. False

b. False

Stress is the leading cause of death in the United States a. True b. False

b. False

The discipline that seeks to improve health and the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of illness through integrating psychology's behavioral knowledge with medicine's biological knowledge is called a. behavioral health. b. health psychology. c. behavioral medicine. d. medical psychology

c. behavioral medicine.

An inverse relationship exists between educational level and death rates, which means that a. people who graduate from high school have higher death rates than those who do not. b. people who attend college have higher death rates than those who dropout of high school. c. people who attend college live longer than those who have never attended college. d. both a and b are true.

c. people who attend college live longer than those who have never attended college.

Which of these most accurately describes how medical costs interact with life expectancy in the United States today? a. People with chronic conditions incur more medical costs than older people. b. Older Americans today have poorer health than older Americans in the past. c. Older Americans today represent more of Americans with chronic diseases. d. Medical costs are due to more people living longer, not to chronic diseases

c. Older Americans today represent more of Americans with chronic diseases.

Many medical advances during the 19th century were prompted by the biomedical model that a. emphasized emotional more than physical factors in disease. b. took the place of the Cartesian model for health and disease. c. led to a search for microscopic organisms that cause disease. d. promoted a holistic perspective regarding health and disease

c. led to a search for microscopic organisms that cause disease.

Presently, physicians and health psychologists are most likely to agree that psychosomatic illnesses area. a primary means of coping with acute pain. b. all in the head of the person with the illness. c. linked to a complex of biological, psychological, and social factors. d. flow from unconscious factors and are a means of reducing anxiety

c. linked to a complex of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Cade attributes catching a "cold" to not getting enough sleep and feelings of distress. Thus, Cade has an implicit acceptance of the ____ model of health.a. biochemical b. biomedical c. Cartesian d. biopsychosocial

d. biopsychosocial

Dorian comes down with a "bug," which has hardly ever happened before, so he wonders why. Which statement is most appropriate regarding this? a. His being exposed to a contagious microbe is the single most salient factor. b. Psychological more than biological factors determine if he gets sick or not. c. Biological and psychological factors combined outweigh any social factors. d. Biological, social, and psychological factors interacted to create this result

d. Biological, social, and psychological factors interacted to create this result

College graduates generally live longer than people who dropout of high school. Which of these conditions is most likely to explain these differences? a. College graduates are more likely to smoke cigars. b. High school dropouts are more likely to seek health care. c. High school dropouts are less likely to use illicit drugs. d. College graduates are less likely to smoke cigarettes.

d. College graduates are less likely to smoke cigarettes.

Among approaches that could rein in growing health care expenses, which is not only less expensive, but also more proactive? a. Screening people for disease and death risks b. Treating chronic disease most appropriately c. Detecting disease earlier, facilitating control d. Preventing disease through healthy lifestyles

d. Preventing disease through healthy lifestyles

For health psychologists who work in the public health field, which activity they may engage in is most related to helping develop major public health decisions? a. Teaching health psychology and conducting research in the field b. Diagnosing health conditions and offering patients interventions c. Monitoring recent, current, and emergent trends related to health d. Working on placing nutrition facts on menus and food packaging

d. Working on placing nutrition facts on menus and food packaging

Based on research by Sheldon Cohen and colleagues, which of these people is more likely to catch a cold if they are all exposed to someone who has it? a. Wanda, who goes to bed and gets up at the same times each day b. Xavier, who is very friendly and regularly interacts with others c. Yolanda, who feels and expresses gratitude and joy in life daily d. Zvi, who has just succeeded in coping with divorce and custody

d. Zvi, who has just succeeded in coping with divorce and custody

Janelle, a health psychologist, could do any of the following tasks EXCEPT a. offer alternatives to pharmacological treatments. b. provide behavioral interventions to treat physical disorders. c. design effective health communication to promote positive physical health. d. design drug trials to enable doctors to find a drug to treat breast cancer.

d. design drug trials to enable doctors to find a drug to treat breast cancer.

Business owner Bill is financially very rich and enjoys better health than his rich, but not very rich, peers. Researchh as discovered that this difference is most affected by a. his social status as indicated by his level of income. b. his social status as indicated by his education level. c. his social status as indicated by his occupation level. d. his social status as indicated by his own perspective.

d. his social status as indicated by his own perspective.

In contrast to the biopsychosocial model, the biomedical model views health as a. a positive condition. b. an incorporation of psychological and social factors. c. a result of a combination of factors such as genetics, beliefs, and stress. d. the absence of disease

d. the absence of disease

How much has health care in America gone up in cost per person, per year, between 1970 and 2013? ​ A. To more than three times what it was ​B. To more than seven times what it was ​C. To more than ten times what it was ​D. To more than five times what it was

​B. To more than seven times what it was

​Dr. Rich is conducting research that examines whether 20-year olds eat more low-fat foods than 70-year olds. This research is using a ________________ design. ​ A. ex post facto ​B. cross-sectional ​C. retrospective D. ​experimental

​B. cross-sectional

​The branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to the occurrence of diseases within a population is ​ A. behavioral health. ​B. epidemiology. ​C. psychoneuroimmunology. ​D. behavioral medicine.

​B. epidemiology.

Which of the following is most correct about health care in the United States today? ​A. People historically had more control over their health than they have today. ​B. Conditions that kill people today are more related to non-behavioral factors. ​C. Contributions to rising health care costs today include unhealthy behaviors. ​D. Increasing health care costs today are due to technology, and not behaviors.

​C. Contributions to rising health care costs today include unhealthy behaviors.

An inactive substance or condition that has the appearance of the independent variable and that may cause participants in an experiment to improve or change behavior due to their belief is called​ A. ​a nocebo. ​B. a dependent variable. ​C. a placebo. ​D. an experimental design.

​C. a placebo.

​One hundred years ago, the majority of American deaths were due to A. ​illness from viruses. ​B. injuries from accidents. ​C. disease from bacteria. ​D. behavioral factors.

​C. disease from bacteria.

​How do the numbers of Americans dying each year from chronic diseases compare to the numbers of Americans living with chronic diseases each year? ​A. About 65 times as many people die from them as live with them every year. B. ​About the same number of people live with them as die from them in a year. ​C. About 10 times as many people live with them as die from them every year. ​D. About 65 times as many people live with them as die from them every year.

​D. About 65 times as many people live with them as die from them every year.

Among approaches that could rein in growing health care expenses, which is not only less expensive, but also more proactive? ​ A. Detecting disease earlier, facilitating control ​B. Treating chronic disease most appropriately ​C. Screening people for disease and death risks ​D. Preventing disease through healthy lifestyles

​D. Preventing disease through healthy lifestyles

​How much has health care in America gone up in cost per person, per year, between 1970 and 2013? ​A. To more than five times what it was B. ​To more than three times what it was ​C. To more than ten times what it was ​D. To more than seven times what it was

​D. To more than seven times what it was

​Correlational studies ​A. are a type of experimental design. ​B. cannot be used in epidemiological research. ​C. cannot be used in psychological research. ​D. cannot indicate cause and effect.

​D. cannot indicate cause and effect.

​Compared to the biomedical model of health, the biopsychosocial model promotes an approach to medical care that is more ​A. aggressive. ​B. conservative. C. ​reductive. ​D. comprehensive.

​D. comprehensive.

Chronic diseases ​ A. are not as common today as during the 19th century. ​B. include influenza and pneumonia. ​C. are due to infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses. ​D. develop and persist over a period of time.

​D. develop and persist over a period of time.

One hundred years ago, the majority of American deaths were due to ​ A. behavioral factors. ​B. illness from viruses. ​C. injuries from accidents. ​D. disease from bacteria

​D. disease from bacteria

​Health psychology is best defined as the scientific study of those behaviors related to ​ A. public health issues and public opinion on health only. ​B. the courses of development in psychosomatic illnesses. ​C. adoption of the sick role for persons who believe they are ill. ​D. health enhancement, disease prevention, and rehabilitation

​D. health enhancement, disease prevention, and rehabilitation