HIS174 Study Guide

E.P.I.C.

"End Poverty In California" was a political campaign started in 1934 by famed socialist writer Upton Sinclair (best known as author of The Jungle). The movement formed the basis for Sinclair's campaign for Governor of California in 1934. The plan called for a massive public works program, sweeping tax reform, and guaranteed pensions. It gained major popular support, with thousands joining End Poverty Leagues across the state. EPIC never came to fruition due to Sinclair's defeat in the 1934 election, but is seen as an influence on New Deal programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roose His ideas of CA were much more radical than roosevelts. He proposed state gov take over factories and farms idled by the depression Sinclair laid out his vision for EPIC in his 1933 book I, Governor of California, and How I ended Poverty: A True Story of the Future.[1] Specifically, the plan called for state seizure of idle factories and farm land where the owner had failed to pay property taxes.The government would then hire the unemployed to work on the farms and at the factories. The farms would then operate as self-sufficient, worker-run co-ops. EPIC also called for the implementation of California's first state income tax.The tax was to be progressive, with the wealthiest being taxed at 30%. The plan would also have increased inheritance taxes and instituted a 4% tax on stock transfers. EPIC also included government provided pensions for the old, disabled, and widowed. To implement EPIC, Sinclair called for the creation of three new government agencies: the California Authority for Land (CAL), the California Authority for Production (CAP), and the California Authority for Money (CAM). CAL was to implement the plan for seizure and cultivation of unused farm lands. CAP was to do the same for idle factories. CAM meanwhile was to be used to finance CAL and CAP by issuing scrip to workers and issues bonds for the purchase of lands, factories, and machinery.

Women's Army Corps

350,000 women serve in military/ most in Women's army corp. It was created as an auxiliary unit, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) on 15 May 1942 by Public Law 554,[1] and converted to full status as the WAC on 1 July 1943 they are introduced into the regular army. Women never in combat, but assist in some tasks. Lot of stereotypes--lesbians, mannish, prostitutes.. Recruiters try to entice women to join, but reassure society that women will not be women after the war. "When war ends, women will go back home and back to normal" 7 million women entering labor force for the first time. 50% A lot of women decided they did not want to go back home, after all they were fighting a war about freedom that has caused disruption in gender norms. Lays foundation for feminist and civil rights mvmt The WAAC were first trained in three major specialties. The brightest and nimblest were trained as switchboard operators. Next came the mechanics, who had to have a high degree of mechanical aptitude and problem solving ability. The bakers were usually the lowest scoring recruits and were stereotyped as being the least intelligent and able by their fellow WAACs. This was later expanded to dozens of specialties like Postal Clerk, Driver, Stenographer, and Clerk-Typist. WAC armorers maintained and repaired small arms and heavy weapons that they were not allowed to use. The WAC provided enlisted seamstresses to tailor WAC uniforms to their wearer - a service they also provided to male officers. The WAC as a branch was disbanded in 1978 and all female units were integrated with male units. Women serving as WACs at that time converted in branch to whichever Military Occupational Specialty they worked in.

The St. Louis

A ship departed with 1000 germans from nazi germany. They were informed the cuban gov't would give them visas to the US. Did Not let them off. Headed toward miami. German quota had been exhausted, they could not come in. Appeal directly to president roosevelt, but ignored them because the American citizens did not approve. Went back to other countries in Europe. A quarter went to GB, the rest over 500 were taken in by other european countries but Hitler took over soon too. The MS St. Louis was a German ocean liner. In 1939, it set off on a voyage in which its captain, Gustav Schröder, tried to find homes for over 900 Jewish refugees from Germany. After they were denied entry to Cuba, the United States, and Canada, the refugees were finally accepted in various European countries, including Belgium, the Netherlands, the UK, and France. Historians have estimated that approximately a quarter of them died in death camps during World War II.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Act directed at farmers. The main problem for farmers was overproduction which led to lower prices. Every farmer of a certain commodity, can voluntarily sign a contract with the department of agriculture that states they will reduce their production and the government will write them a check. This makes the values of goods go up, so technically they get paid in two ways. AAA has an effect on sharecroppers(people who live on the land but don't own it, just help harvest.) because the farmers are supposed to share their check but they don't and just evict people from their land because they don't need to plant more anyway. a federal law passed in 1933 as part of U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. The law offered farmers subsidies in exchange for limiting their production of certain crops. The subsidies were meant to limit overproduction so that crop prices could increase.

Wagner Act

Acts main purpose was to establish and protect the legal right of most workers (notably excepting agricultural and domestic workers) to organize or join labour unions, bargain collectively and strike . The Wagner Act is arguably the most important piece of legislation to date protecting workers' and unions' rights Sponsored by Democratic Sen. Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act established the federal government as the regulator and ultimate arbiter of labour relations. It set up a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) with the power to hear and resolve labour disputes through quasi-judicial proceedings. The act prohibited employers from engaging in such unfair labour practices as setting up a company union and firing or otherwise discriminating against workers who organized or joined unions. Fiercely opposed by Republicans and big business, the Wagner Act was challenged in court as a violation of the "freedom of contract" of employers and employees and as an unconstitutional intrusion by the federal government

Huey Long

American politician who served as the 40th governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a member of the United States Senate from 1932 until his assassination in 1935. A Democrat and an outspoken populist, Long denounced the wealthy and the banks. Initially a supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt during his first 100 days in office, Long eventually came to believe that Roosevelt's "New Deal" policies did not do enough to REDISTRiBUTE the wealth as he believed "US was a very rich country and, people should not be malnourished, homeless." He developed his own solution: the "Share Our Wealth" program, which would establish a net asset tax, the earnings of which would be redistributed so as to curb the poverty and homelessness epidemic nationwide during the Great Depression. His radio program spread throughout the world. 7.5 m. clubs. Established a Wealth cap which meant people should not have more than a certain amount of money or it should be taxed by the gov. Income cap - 1mil in a year. Inheritance cap - 5 mil. Would result in 2-3000 a year to the poor. Did not work. Huey was very corrupt and later assassinated. Support for Huey made Roosevelt notice that people favored these radical ideas.

Firebombing of Dresden

British/American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, that took place during the Second World War in the European Theatre. In four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 722 heavy bombers of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and 527 of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices on the city.[1] The bombing and the resulting firestorm destroyed over 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) of the city centre.[2] An estimated 22,700[3] to 25,000[4] people were killed, although larger casualty figures have been claimed over the years. A 1953 United States Air Force report defended the operation as the justified bombing of a strategic target, which they noted was a major rail transport and communication centre, housing 110 factories and 50,000 workers in support of the German war effort. Dresden-- a city known for its culture, arts.. Spared because of these reasons and also home of some nazis. Whole city of dresden involved in cleansing the city of jews. They were sent to camps had to walk 3 miles in snow with their belongings. In summer 1944-- celebration of failure of assassination plot against hitler. Firebombing of Dresden -some targets were armament camps. Dresden-40,000

Father Coughlin

Catholic Priest- Father Coughlin had a radio show and national following-- was able to overcome anti catholicism. Had more listeners than Huey. 30 million tuned in, Also established a pol. organization called National Union for Social Justice. He was a leading anti semite. Blamed the banks, monetary system, and the jewish that ran those systems. He thought the banks should be nationalized, take out bankers, and print more money. He supported hitler and mussolini Early in his radio career, Coughlin was a vocal supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal. By 1934 he had become a harsh critic of Roosevelt, accusing him of being too friendly to bankers. In 1934 he established a new political organization called the National Union for Social Justice. He issued a platform calling for monetary reforms, the nationalization of major industries and railroads, and protection of the rights of labor. The membership ran into the millions, but it was not well-organized at the local level. After hinting at attacks on Jewish bankers, Coughlin began to use his radio program to issue antisemitic commentary. In the late 1930s he approvingly supported some of the fascist policies of Adolf Hitler and of Benito Mussolini, and of Emperor Hirohito of Japan.

Bases-destroyers deal

Churchill had asked Roosevelt for some ships. They did not have enough to stop a nazi invasion. He said he needed congressional approval. Offered old destroyers to GB-- they did a swap. GB gets 50 aging destroyers and US gets bases? Roosevelt decided it was constitutional to do it. Sec of navy said it's unconstitutional. ---then was replaced by rep. Internationalist. He was not looking for opposition. Signaled that the US had GBs back, in trying to prevent nazi invasion. Scared the nazis, hitler thought it was clear that the US would eventually join the war. By August, while Britain and her Empire stood alone against Germany, the American Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy reported from London that a British surrender was "inevitable". Seeking to persuade Roosevelt to send the destroyers, Churchill warned Roosevelt ominously that if Britain were vanquished, its colonial islands close to American shores could become a direct threat to America if they fell into German hands. On September 2, 1940, as the Battle of Britain intensified, United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull signaled agreement to the transfer of the warships to the Royal Navy. In exchange, the US was granted land in various British possessions for the establishment of naval or air bases, on ninety-nine-year rent-free leases,

Lend-Lease Act

Congress empowers the president to "lend, lease, or otherwise dispose of" arms and other equipment to any nation whose defense he deems vital to the security of the US. the Lend-Lease Act was the principal means for providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations during World War II. It authorized the president to transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to "the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States." By allowing the transfer of supplies without compensation to Britain, China, the Soviet Union and other countries, the act permitted the United States to support its war interests without being overextended in battle. The act authorized the president to transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to "the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States." Britain, the Soviet Union, China, Brazil, and many other countries received weapons under this law. By allowing the president to transfer war matériel to a beleaguered Britain-and without payment as required by the Neutrality Act of 1939-the act enabled the British to keep fighting until events led America into the conflict.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Created in 1935 by John L. Lewis, who was a part of the United Mine Workers (UMW), federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. --originally began as a group of racially diverse unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal.( page 790-791)

"Okies"

During the GD, immigrants were leaving the united states--and migrants from other parts of the US take their jobs because there are so little. These migrants were called okies. a migrant agricultural worker from Oklahoma who had been forced to leave during the Depression of the 1930s. The Dust Bowl and the "Okie" migration of the 1930s brought in over a million newly displaced people; many headed to the farm labor jobs advertised in California's Central Valley. Californians began calling all migrants by that name, even though many newcomers were not actually Oklahomans. The migrants included people from Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Colorado and New Mexico, but were all referred to as "Okies" and "Arkies." Once the Okie families migrated from Oklahoma to California, they often were forced to work on large farms to support their families. Because of the minimal pay, these families were often forced to live on the outskirts of these farms in shanty houses they built themselves. These homes were normally set up in groups called Squatter Camps or Shanty Towns, which were often located near the irrigation ditches which ran along the outskirts of these farms. Indoor plumbing was inaccessible to these migrant workers, and so they were forced to resort to using outhouses. Unfortunately, because of the minimal space allotted to the migrant workers, their outhouses were normally located near the irrigation ditches, and some waste would inevitably runoff into the water. These irrigation ditches provided the Okie families with a water supply. Due to this lack of sanitation in these camps, disease ran rampant among the migrant workers and their families. Also contributing to disease was the fact that these Shanty Town homes that the Okie migrant workers lived in had no running water, and because of their minimal pay medical attention was out of the question. At the time, Okies was not a nice word for the migrants that came from other places in the U.S. Native californians were very resentful of the migrants. Migrants bring, country music, religion (southern baptist)

Hiroshima bomb

Early Aug, uranian bomb ready to go Aug 6 1945, loaded on to airplane Flew B29 over japan, w uranian bomb, not on tokyo bc it had already been destroyed--target cities that were fine. Choose four drop little boy: Hiroshima, one bomb completely destroyed the city. 60,000-80,000 killed instantly. One of the scary things to people was that it was one bomb. By this point, japanese AF mostly destroyed. People killed instantly, not only victims---the thing about hiroshima--people did not die right away but became sick with radiation poisoning. 150,000 casualties by december. Total 200,000 people killed First, an Allied demand for an immediate unconditional surrender was made to the leadership in Japan. Although the demand stated that refusal would result in total destruction, no mention of any new weapons of mass destruction was made. The Japanese military command rejected the request for unconditional surrender, but there were indications that a conditional surrender was possible. Regardless, on August 6, 1945, a plane called the ENOLA GAY dropped an atomic bomb on the city of HIROSHIMA. Instantly, 70,000 Japanese citizens were vaporized. In the months and years that followed, an additional 100,000 perished from burns and radiation sickness

America First

HeadQs in chicago, 800,000 members, make sure the US does not give more aid to GB. Leaders include Charles Lindbergh - Aviator. He had been an admirer of Nazi Germany, Hitler gave him a medal. Known for being friendly to the Nazi govt He thought the british and the jews were forcing the US into war. Another Leader, Robert Mccormick owned the Chicago Daily Tribune. After winning election, Foreign Minister asked for more because they were broke. They asked for credit. "If you wanna stay out of the war you should make it possible for us to buy more terms" was the foremost United States non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II. It was also characterized by anti-semitic and pro-fascist rhetoric. Membership peaked at 800,000 paying members in 450 chapters. It was one of the largest anti-war organizations in American history. Lindbergh gave speeches across the country, emphasizing that support for Britain was sentimental and misguided. His main points were that geographically, it was impossible to imagine Britain defeating Germany from its island air bases or for an invasion of the European continent with the million men that would be required for victory. He argued that while fighting a war in Europe would be a disaster for the United States, geography greatly favored a defensive position that would allow it to hold the entire Western Hemisphere against any aggressor.

Gerald Nye

Merchants of Death: Skeleton leading a pack of men. Followers are bankers, profit from death. Capitalist need for profit. "How WW1 began" The people were manipulated into war. Senate investigation on the Book Merchants of Death: Nye Committee. Gerald Nye : senator from North Dakota. ND center of American isolationism Was there a conspiracy involving ammunition and bankers? J.P. Morgan Jr.--banker Irenee du Pont--largest arms manufacturer at the time Subp. them What is their connection? They found they made a lot of money in WW1. Huge profits. They cannot find any proof of conspiracy. Nye committee debated legislative solutions: Have govt take over all of the arm industry? Doesn't work. Also proposes that people be drafted in war based on their income. Also doesn't pass. US cut off trade with any nation involved in war. American politician who represented North Dakota in the United States Senate from 1925 to 1945. He was a Republican and supporter of World War II-era isolationism and anti-Semitism, chairing the Nye Committee which studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I. Nye was instrumental in the development and adoption of the Neutrality Acts that were passed between 1935 and 1937.[4] To mobilize antiwar sentiments, he helped establish the America First Committee. According to Nye, American involvement in the "war for democracy" could be explained in terms of a conspiracy of arms manufacturers, politicians and international bankers. In common with many conservative isolationists, Nye subscribed to an anti-semitic belief in a Jewish conspiracy pushing the US into war. At a 1941 Senate subcommittee hearing investigating "war-mongering" Hollywood films, Nye stated that those "responsible for the propaganda pictures are born abroad".[5] He accused Hollywood of attempting to "drug the reason of the American people", and "rouse war fever"; he was particularly hostile to Warner Brothers.[6]

Court-packing controversy

President Franklin Roosevelt announces a controversial plan to expand the Supreme Court to as many as 15 judges, allegedly to make it more efficient. Critics immediately charged that Roosevelt was trying to "pack" the court and thus neutralize Supreme Court justices hostile to his New Deal.( people said that it was the dictator bill. (Roose) was trying to unbalance powers. He was trying to take over the judicial branch.) President Roosevelt issued a proposal in February 1937 to provide retirement at full pay for all members of the court over 70. If a justice refused to retire, an "assistant" with full voting rights was to be appointed, thus ensuring Roosevelt a liberal majority. Judicial Procedures Reform Act >Federal judge who has served at least 10 years must, six months after his 70th birthday, retire. Or else... > The president could nominate a new judge to that court > President could name up to six new Supreme court judges... People insulted that Roose. Made the act about age, suggesting they can't do their job. --legislation was viewed by members of both parties as an attempt to stack the court, and was opposed by many Democrats, including Vice President John Nance Garner Roosevelt was very stubborn about the court packing, until he had to acknowledge the bill was not going to pass and pulled it back. He lost credibility.

1938 purge

Roosevelt's Purge describes President Franklin D. Roosevelt's unsuccessful effort to rid the Democratic Party of conservative, anti-New Deal Democrats. In the summer of 1938, FDR intervened in certain Democratic primary elections, seeking to help engineer victory for liberal Democrats challenging conservative incumbents. PURGE TARGETS Sen. millard Tydings of Maryland Sen. guy gillette of iowa Sen. Frederick Van Nuys of Indiana Sen. Walter George of Georgia Sen. Cotton ed smith of south carolina Rep. John o connor of new york These politicians had angered Roosevelt by opposing the addition of new justices to the U.S. Supreme Court, by refusing to go along with executive-branch reorganization, or because they said "no" to both. In each case, except for that of O'Connor, FDR's opponent won. For President Roosevelt, the failure of the purge was a major setback. His attempt to establish a truly liberal Democratic Party, which would rescue the New Deal and propel it to greater heights, proved an embarrassment and a personal humiliation. Tries to get rid of these conservative dems, but he fails and they are all reelected. They owe nothing to him, because he has tried to get them fired. A lot of conservatives in his party are determined to stop the new deal.

CAWIU

Section 7a of NiRA-- left the farmworkers out In 1933- beginning of CAWIU-- change to what the NIRA was ignoring The Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union was a Communist-aligned union active in California in the early 1930s. Organizers provided support to workers in California's fields and canning industry The demand for labor spurred the growers to look to seasonal migrant workers as a viable labor source. Corporations began to look at profits and started to marginalize its workers by providing sub-par wages and working conditions to their seasonal workers. The formation of the Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union addressed and represented the civil rights of the migrant workers. In May 1928 the union sent out letters to all the growers asking for wage increases. They also requested an improvement in working conditions: ice for drinking water, picking sacks, lumber to build out-houses and legal compensation to injured workers. The strike leaders were arrested and sent to prison for violations of the state Criminal Syndicalism Law.

1937 recession

Unemployment went up and GDP went down. Happened because Roosevelt decided to pull back on government spending, then Social Sec, was passed. As a result, roosevelt increased spending again. mid-1937 to 1938 when the economic recovery from the Great Depression temporarily stalled, lasting about 13 month Economic downturn caused by the decline in federal spending was commonly referred to as the "Roosevelt recession," and to counter it, FDR asked Congress in April of 1938 to support a substantial increase in federal spending and lending

Firebombing of Tokyo

War was coming to a close. Over in pacific, strategic bombing (air war) was entirely conducted by the US The US was trying to get as many islands as it could. (close enough to japan to have the same sort of strategic bombing as europe did) Strategic bombing by US dropped on tokyo. Mar 1945 Tokyo--90,000 U.S. warplanes launch a new bombing offensive against Japan, dropping 2,000 tons of incendiary bombs on Tokyo over the course of the next 48 hours. Almost 16 square miles in and around the Japanese capital were incinerated, and between 80,000 and 130,000 Japanese civilians were killed in the worst single firestorm in recorded history. The cluster bombing of the downtown Tokyo suburb of Shitamachi had been approved only a few hours earlier. Shitamachi was composed of roughly 750,000 people living in cramped quarters in wooden-frame buildings. Setting ablaze this "paper city" was a kind of experiment in the effects of firebombing; it would also destroy the light industries, called "shadow factories," that produced prefabricated war materials destined for Japanese aircraft factories. Dresden and tokyo laid the foundations for atomic bombings--the us had already established they would have to kill civilians in order to kill the war.

FEPC

fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), committee established by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 to help prevent discrimination against African Americans in defense and government jobs. On June 25, 1941, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, which banned "discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin." At the same time, the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) was established to help enforce the order. Roosevelt took this action in response to concerns raised by African American leaders such as labour organizer A. Philip Randolph, Mary McLeod Bethune (director of minority affairs in the National Youth Administration), and others, who were outraged that black soldiers were fighting for the United States in segregated units in the military and returning home to a society that still violated their basic rights. FEPC was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry during World War II. In practice, especially in its later years, the Committee also tried to open up more skilled jobs in industry to minorities, who had often been restricted to the lowest-level work. The FEPC appeared to have contributed to substantial economic improvements among black men during the 1940s by helping them gain entry to more skilled and higher-paying positions in defense-related industries.[2]

Peleliu

japanese aimed at bogging the enemy invaders down for days and inflicting massive casualties in hopes of pushing the Allies into a negotiated peace. Peleliu's many caves, connected by networks of tunnels, allowed the Japanese to hunker down and emerge mostly unscathed from the Allied bombardment. They held out for four days before U.S. forces were even able to secure the southwest area of Peleliu, including a key airstrip. When the Marines turned north to begin their advance, they were targeted along the way by heavy artillery fire and a fusillade of small arms from Japanese forces installed in caves dug into the rocky surface of Umurbrogol Mountain, which the Marines dubbed "Bloody Nose Ridge." Over the next eight days, U.S. troops sustained about 50 percent casualties in some of the most vicious and costly fighting of the Pacific campaign. The Battle of Peleliu resulted in the highest casualty rate of any amphibious assault in American military history: Of the approximately 28,000 Marines and infantry troops involved, a full 40 percent of the Marines and soldiers that fought for the island died or were wounded, for a total of some 9,800 men (1,800 killed in action and 8,000 wounded). The high cost of the battle was later attributed to several factors, including typical Allied overconfidence in the efficacy of the pre-landing naval bombardment, a poor understanding of Peleliu's unique terrain, and overconfidence on the part of Marine commanders, who refused to admit their need for support earlier on at Bloody Nose Ridge. On the other hand, the capture of Peleliu served as a means to MacArthur's much-desired end: the recapture of the Philippines, and the drive towards Japan's home islands. The lessons learned at Peleliu also gave U.S. commanders and forces insight into the new Japanese strategy of attrition, which they would use to their advantage in later struggles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.

Fair Labor Standards Act

last major piece of new deal legislation. abolished child labor. (no child under 16 should leave school for employment. The sup court changed its mind on that law being unconstitutional. Min wage: 25 cents an hour (40 cents by 1945) Workers get time and a half after 44 hours (40 by 1945) Children under 16 cannot work during school hours.. Leaves out half of AA workers. FLSA establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, record keeping, and youth employment standards affecting employees in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments.

National Industrial Recovery Act

one of the measures by which President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to assist the nation's economic recovery during the Great Depression. Under the NIRA, companies were required to write industrywide codes of fair competition that effectively fixed wages and prices, established production quotas, suspended antitrust laws (supported alliance of industries), and placed restrictions on the entry of other companies into the alliances. These codes were a form of industry self-regulation and represented an attempt to regulate and plan the entire economy to promote stable growth and prevent another depression. Govt allows industries to collude and set prices. Govt does this so businesses do not undercut each other on prices because he wants to stop waves of bankruptcy. The codes are also voluntary. But there is a lot of pressure to participate.

Section 7A

protects workers right to from unions. "employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively through reps. of their own choosing and shall be free from the interference, restraint or coercion...collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection." Many felt encouraged to form unions. -no "unfair labor practice," i.e., firing organizers, setting up company union -if majority of workers vote to unionize, employers must bargain in "good faith" with the union - disputes arbitrated by National Labor Board. -exclusions:domestic workers, farm workers. Over half of AA do not have these protections because they are domestic and farm workers.

Munich agreement

settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia. Neville Chamberlain--member of the conservative party Under him, britain followed a pro appeasement policy so Hitler would not bother british territory. Decided to talk to hitler personally in munich, to see if they could avoid war and stop him from taking czech.. Through a deal saying he would have no objections from britain and he could only have Sudetenland(part of czech) but not the rest of czech. He agreed. People were glad he took the agreement, and avoided war. (Munich Agreement) People applauded Chamberlain. Neville Chamberlain--member of the conservative party Under him, britain followed a pro appeasement policy so Hitler would not bother british territory. Decided to talk to hitler personally in munich, to see if they could avoid war and stop him from taking czech.. Through a deal saying he would have no objections from britain and he could only have Sudetenland(part of czech) but not the rest of czech. He agreed. People were glad he took the agreement, and avoided war. (Munich Agreement) People applauded Chamberlain. Chamberlain returned home to jubilant welcoming crowds relieved that the threat of war had passed, and Chamberlain told the British public that he had achieved "peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time." His words were immediately challenged by his greatest critic, Winston Churchill, who declared, "You were given the choice between war and dishonour. You chose dishonour and you will have war." Indeed, Chamberlain's policies were discredited the following year, when Hitler annexed the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March and then precipitated World War II by invading Poland in September. Took the whole of czech state, almost without a fight. Violating the Munich Agreement.

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

tenant farmers-similar to sharecroppers-were both poor. Growers were not sharing subsidies Interracial union (very unusual for american south) Those in govt who supported it were purged. Originally set up during the Great Depression, the STFU was founded to help sharecroppers and tenant farmers get better arrangements from landowners. They were eager to improve their share of profit or subsidies and working conditions. The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union was one of few unions in the 1930s that was open to all races. They promoted non-violent protest to gain their fair share of the AAA money. They also promoted the goal of blacks and whites working efficiently together. The Farmers' Union met with harsh resistance from the landowners and local public officials. The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union leaders were often harassed, attacked and many were killed. In the 1930s the union was active in Arkansas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee and Texas.[2] It later spread into the southeastern states and to California, sometimes affiliating with larger national labor federations. Its headquarters was mainly at Memphis, Tennessee. From 1948 to 1960, it was based at Washington, D.C.. It was later known as the National Agricultural Workers Union

Roosevelt's Fireside Chats

term used to describe a series of informal evening radio addresses given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944. FDR used these speeches to comfort Americans who were reeling because of the devastating effects of the Great Depression. Because he wanted to extend his economic recovery program to the people, FDR used the Fireside Chats to complement his New Deal by explaining his policies speaking directly to the American people as if they were close friends. Started after the banking system failed, he decides he is going to go on the radio and explain how the banking system works in a very conversational tone. The message is "its okay trust the banks" after FDIC is implemented. Wants to reach people directly and bypass the media because it is much more conservative than he is. People listen, bring their money back to the banks and there ends the banking crisis.

MAGIC

the Allied (primarily US) cover designation for the decryption and analysis of Japanese diplomatic signals (1941/45). During World War II the codename was also used for decrypted Japanese military signals and, adding to an inevitable level of confusion, all these deciphered messages were classified as 'Top Secret Ultra'. US codebreaking effort. Germans gave code machines that they gave to the japanese Japanese in tokyo told those diplomats in washington to burn all secret documents knew japanese were about to declare war, but didnt know where they'd attack. "Magic" was distributed in such a way that many policy-makers who had need of the information in it knew nothing of it, and those to whom it actually was distributed (at least before Pearl Harbor) saw each message only briefly, as the courier stood by to take it back, and in isolation from other messages (no copies or notes being permitted). Before Pearl Harbor, they saw only those decrypts thought "important enough" by the distributing Army or Navy officers.

New Deal coalition

was the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs in the United States that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until the late 1960s. -urban residents -immigrants and children of immigrants -union members -African Americans (those who can vote) -the South People who feel they have benefited from the NEW DEAL The majority of Democratic voters, the coalition generally consisted of traditional, white southern Democrats, big-city machines, industrial workers regardless of race, trade unionists, and many farmers hit by the Depression. Black voters also tended to vote Democratic during the Depression.

Works Progress Administration

was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects including the construction of public buildings and roads. In a much smaller project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. the stated purpose of the program was to provide useful work for millions of victims of the Great Depression and thus to preserve their skills and self-respect. The economy would in turn be stimulated by the increased purchasing power of the newly employed, whose wages under the program ranged from $15 to $90 per month.

Whitaker and Baxter

were a husband-and-wife team that started Campaigns, Inc., the first political consulting firm in the United States. Based in California, the firm worked on a variety of political issues, mostly for Republican Party candidates. They both supported conservative ideals and are perhaps most famously known for preventing socialist Upton Sinclair from being elected Governor of California in the 1934 election. Together, they developed strategies and tactics - such as media advertisement buys and direct-mail campaigns - that are still widely used in today's campaigns. They were from sac. did not like merriam but coordinated against sinclair. Merriam won state democratic party even though he was a republican. Using oppositional research tactics, Whitaker and Baxter pored through all of Sinclair's writings, finding quotes that they could use against him. The Los Angeles Times began putting quotes from Sinclair on their front page six weeks before the election. Sinclair ultimately attributed his loss to Whitaker & Baxter, who were named only as "The Lie Factory" in his post-election book, "I, Candidate for Governor, and How I Got Licked.

Social Security Act

Social Security Act established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped. Secretary of labor Frances Perkins, appointed by friend Roosevelt. She had many ideas to set up a safety net and help draft this act.

San Francisco general strike

began in 1934 on waterfront main complaint was the hiring system was very corrupt. Shipowners would not give up control of hiring system. Employers were not able to break strike--which resulted in no goods out of California. Then they tried to break the strike using force. leader of longshoreman's strike was harry bridges ,who refused to compromise On july 5th 1934, strikers attacked trucks, police then shot strikers, many wounded and two killed. National guard was then sent in by the gov. Now 180 unions joined to strike against the troops. General strike only lasted 4 days Unions persuaded to go back to mediation, employers were tired and lost money. Union got control of hiring hall. With the passage of Section 7A of the National Industrial Recovery Act, which guaranteed the right of workers to form unions, longshoremen in San Francisco, like workers elsewhere, began pouring into the available unions. During July and August, 1933, nearly ninety-five percent of the San Francisco longshoremen joined the International Longshoremen's Association.1 Their greatest grievance was the shape-up, a system of hiring which the longshoremen referred to as "the slave market." Every morning at 6 a.m., everyone seeking a day's work longshoring would crowd along the Embarcadero, where the foremen would pick out those they wanted for the day. The effect was that longshoremen could never count on steady work, had to suck up to or even bribe the foremen, and had to work to exhaustion or not be hired again. With the end of the general strike, the longshoremen were forced to accept arbitration of all issues by the Longshoremen's Board. The Board established jointly operated hiring halls with union dispatchers but employer choice among available workers. The arbitration award also gave longshoremen a raise to ninety-five cents an hour for straight time work, just shy of the dollar an hour it demanded during the strike Many people who were employed during the Great Depression grew increasingly dissatisfied with working conditions, and took action by forming labor unions. Although the General Strike of San Francisco took place from July 16 to 19, 1934, it had been brewing for months. In March, Harry Bridges (shown in two photographs) led his International Longshoremen's Association (ILA, which represented the dockworkers), in a vote to strike for control of hiring halls, better pay, and better hours. The ILA strike officially began on May 9, 1934. A photograph from May 8 shows longshoremen waiting for the strike deadline, and an image from May 10 shows Bridges leading picketers down San Francisco's Embarcadero. Other images show strikers in line for food, and a young man trying to decide whether or not to picket. On July 5, when employers tried to open the docks and unload ships, strikers clashed with 1,000 armed police officers. Photographs show police confronting the strikers with what appears to be gunsmoke on one side, and police with tear gas guns. When it was over, 64 were injured and two men were killed on what became known as "Bloody Thursday 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike (also known as "1934 West Coast Longshoremen's Strike," & a number of variations on these names) lasted 83 days, triggered by sailors & a 4-day general strike in San Francisco, & led to unionization of all U.S. West Coast ports.

Atlantic Charter

As nazis were invading soviet union, Roosevelt decided he and Churchill needed to discuss the goals of post world war. "All the men in all the lands" phrase used in the ATLANTIC CHARTER August 1941 -no territorial gains -territory adjustment according to wishes of the people -right to self determination of peoples -Free trade freedom of seas -Global economic cooperation -Freedom from want and fear -Disarmament. The Atlantic Charter made clear that the United States was supporting the United Kingdom in the war. Both the USA and UK wanted to present their unity, regarding their mutual principles and hopes for a peaceful postwar world and the policies they agreed to follow once the Nazis had been defeated

"Second Gold Rush"

big influx of migrants all at once that come to the states-- because the US was trying to produce enough ships to win the war, tried to attract workers with great benefits, and get them to come to california, and the employers could not longer afford to discriminate because they needed workers. (esp. attractive for women since men are drafted. ) opportunity for chinese, retired, etc. 3000workers in shipyard 280,000 aircraft factories. people can earn a lot of money. But there are bad living conditions -lots of trailer camps, but not very good >many movies ran all night so people stayed there, kids-and not enough schools -more epidemics- diseases unknown to cal were introduced. -pollution

Cotton strike of 1933

In the cotton strike, the pickers are angry at the wage. 60 cents for 100 lbs. Not enough for them to live on. Starts by cotton pickers but Decker and Chambers help them organize it further. 12000-20000 cotton pickers participate. Have a lot of power because the crop can rot. Growers responded by evicting workers from company housing. They set up a strike camp on land from small farmers who supported them. Racial element to strike bc, majority are mexicans/filipinos When growers started using violence, workers started to rebel--decker and chambers wanted to keep it nonviolent because they thought it would become a disaster. People soon did start getting killed. New deal government in washington started getting concerned with what was going on in california. George Creel - Federal government has authority to solve this strike. He gets state government to get a fact finding commission. 75 cents for 100lbs The commission is hostile to the union still because they are communist. Or else the fed gov't will not give you subsidized loans unless they pay workers more. The union agrees to the deal. Decker and Chambers tell them to accept the deal--slight victory because the fed govt intervened. Growers were furious. Cotton growers in the San Joaquin Valley relied on extremely low labor costs to make their crop pay. Although California cotton growers paid marginally better than cotton growers in other states, wages for cotton pickers in California had declined significantly from $1.50 per hundred pounds in 1928 to just 40 cents per hundred pounds in 1932 The Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union had been organizing in the cotton fields for some time, and by 1933 had come to provide leadership for the cotton pickers, most of whom were Mexican. The CAWIU was militant in its demands, and threatened a valley-wide strike if they were not met. These demands included a wage rate of $1.00 per hundred pounds of cotton picked, recognition of the CAWIU as the workers' collective bargaining agent, and abolition of "contract labor" (the contracting of a large group of workers for a one-time job or for seasonal labor). These demands were made in practically every cotton strike which followed in 1933.[6] Three days into the protests, the cotton growers became concerned that their cotton crop was not going to be picked at its peak value, and that angry workers would destroy their crops or harm workers who engaged in strikebreaking.[8] Two days later, the strike turned violent and workers were evicted from company housing. in Tulare County, armed men employed by the growers clashed with striking workers and CAWIU labor organizers, and CAWIU staff were forcibly ejected out of the county. Growers in Kings, Fresno, Madera, Merced Stanislaus, and San Luis Obispo counties armed themselves and their employees, announcing they would drive off any troublemakers. In Kern County, about 200 strikers and their families were evicted from their employer-owned cottages, their belongings dumped on the road, and told to get out of the county or face trouble.[9] Tensions reached a peak on October 10 in Pixley when about 30 ranchers surrounded a meeting of striking workers. The ranchers fired on the strikers, killing three and wounded a number of others.[10] That same day, a group of striking grape pickers faced a group of armed growers' men at a farm near Arvin, California, about 60 miles (97 km) south of Pixley. After several hours confronting one another at the border of the employer's land, the two sides began attacking each other (the workers armed with wooden poles, the growers' men using the butt of their rifles). A shot rang out and a striking worker was killed. A sheriff's deputy threw a tear gas grenade at the group, and the growers' men opened fire. Several strikers were wounded George Creel, chair of the Regional Labor Board of the National Labor Board (a federal labor relations agency), began to aggressively intervene as a mediator in the strikes. Although Creel lacked any formal powers, his bravado and air of authority impressed both growers and union workers. He warned growers that the Roosevelt administration would suspend federal agricultural assistance to California if violence continued, and proposed a three-member fact-finding commission to settle the strike. The growers agreed. Because Creel had assured the growers that workers would return to work at the rate of 60 cents per hundred pounds while the commission did its work, ushed by Creel, the commission announced on October 23 that growers should offer a rate of 75 cents per hundred. The growers accepted this solution on October 25. CAWIU asked for 80 cents per hundred and recognition of the union, but Creel said relief payments would be completely cut off if the workers did not agree to the commission's rate. Although workers were apparently overwhelmingly in favor of continuing the strikes, CAWIU leaders agreed to the commission's solution on October 26 and called an end to all cotton strikes then ongoing in California

Strategic bombing

Kinds of bombing: >tactical >strategic: targeting urban centers and deliberately targeting civilians and destroying infrastructure iraq, Afghanistan, somalia 1919-1920s Guernica, 1936 Nazis killed a lot of people and destroyed the city The War Begins Warsaw, 1939 >dive bombers >level flight bombersp Goal of intimidating the pop. and making them surrender. Nazis used strategic bombing again in 1940. Would send their planes in the daytime attacking industrial targets. Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both.

Japanese internment

Japanese had to evacuate during war and move to internment camps in interior of the country. The internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II was the forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the western interior of the country of between 110,000 and 120,000[5] people of Japanese ancestry, most of whom lived on the Pacific coast. 62 percent of the internees were United States citizens.[6][7] These actions were ordered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt shortly after Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.[8] Japanese Americans were incarcerated based on local population concentrations and regional politics. More than 110,000 Japanese Americans in the mainland U.S., who mostly lived on the West Coast, were forced into interior camps. However, in Hawaii, where 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were also interned.[9] The internment is considered to have resulted more from racism than from any security risk posed by Japanese Americans.[10][11] Those who were as little as 1/16 Japanese[12] and orphaned infants with "one drop of Japanese blood" were placed in internment camps.[13] there existed a distinction between nazis and germans but not japanese americans and japanese immigrants. 10 days to get their affairs in order, then show up to an evacuation center with only as much luggage as they could carry. Moved out from assembly centers and then to camps. Camps were put in places where it was very hot in summer and cold in winter. College students interned too. College students could apply to universities in the midwest. Most people stayed in the camps, you could enlist in the military to get out of the camp. To prove patriotism, they were the bravest in war. Served in segregated unit. 1945 war ended- they could go back to their homes, a lot of belongings stolen or gone through. $20,000 for internment victims, for what they may have lost. two months after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 ordering all Japanese-Americans to evacuate the West Coast. This resulted in the relocation of approximately 120,000 people, many of whom were American citizens, to one of 10 internment camps located across the country. the Roosevelt administration was pressured to remove persons of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast by farmers seeking to eliminate Japanese competition, a public fearing sabotage, politicians hoping to gain by standing against an unpopular group, and military authorities. which forced all Japanese-Americans, regardless of loyalty or citizenship, to evacuate the West Coast. No comparable order applied to Hawaii, one-third of whose population was Japanese-American, or to Americans of German and Italian ancestry. In 1988, Congress awarded restitution payments of twenty thousand dollars to each survivor of the camps; it is estimated that about 73,000 persons will eventually receive this compensation for the violation of their liberties.

Neutrality Act of 1937

Neutrality Act: 1935: American Companies and individuals cannot sell arms to countries at war. 1936: 1935 act extended; Americans cannot loan money to countries at war. 1937: Extends to civil wars; includes "cash and carry provision for oil and trucks (not arms) Franklin Roosevelt was opposed to this, tried to figure out a way to make it less awful.. He got a compromise that said only trade trucks and oil. If you want anything from US you have to come get it yourself and pay in cash. The Neutrality Act of 1937[7] was passed in May and included the provisions of the earlier acts, this time without expiration date, and extended them to cover civil wars as well.[8] Furthermore, U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to belligerents, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on ships of belligerent nations. In a concession to Roosevelt, a "cash-and-carry" provision that had been devised by his advisor Bernard Baruch was added: the President could permit the sale of materials and supplies to belligerents in Europe as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately with cash, with the argument that this would not draw the U.S. into the conflict. Roosevelt believed that cash-and-carry would aid France and Great Britain in the event of a war with Germany, since they were the only countries that controlled the seas and were able to take advantage of the provision.[2] The cash-and-carry clause was set to expire after two years.

Nagasaki bomb

Never an order to drop on Nagasaki, just approval to use bombs when ready. Nagasaki (necessary?) Aug 9, 1945--fat man bomb dropped on Nagasaki About 40,000 instantly killed then double that by the end of the year wo days later, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. On August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on NAGASAKI, where 80,000 Japanese people perished. On August 14, 1945, the Japanese surrendered. Critics have charged that Truman's decision was a barbaric act that brought negative long-term consequences to the United States. A new age of nuclear terror led to a dangerous arms race. Some military analysts insist that Japan was on its knees and the bombings were simply unnecessary. The American government was accused of racism on the grounds that such a device would never have been used against white civilians.

Manhattan Project

early in 1939, the world's scientific community discovered that German physicists had learned the secrets of splitting a uranium atom. Fears soon spread over the possibility of Nazi scientists utilizing that energy to produce a bomb capable of unspeakable destruction. Einstein penned a letter to President Roosevelt urging the development of an atomic research program later that year. Roosevelt saw neither the necessity nor the utility for such a project, but agreed to proceed slowly. In late 1941, the American effort to design and build an ATOMIC BOMB received its code name — the MANHATTAN PROJECT. The main assembly plant was built at LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER was put in charge of putting the pieces together at Los Alamos. After the final bill was tallied, nearly $2 billion had been spent on research and development of the atomic bomb. The Manhattan Project employed over 120,000 Americans. Secrecy was paramount. Neither the Germans nor the Japanese could learn of the project. Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed that the Stalin would be kept in the dark. In fact, Vice-President Truman had never heard of the Manhattan Project until he became President Truman. Although the Axis powers remained unaware of the efforts at Los Alamos, American leaders later learned that a Soviet spy named KLAUS FUCHS had penetrated the inner circle of scientists. Scientists ALBERT EINSTEIN, who fled Nazi persecution, and ENRICO FERMI, who escaped Fascist Italy, were now living in the United States. They agreed that the President must be informed of the dangers of atomic technology in the hands of the Axis powers. Fermi traveled to Washington in March to express his concerns on government officials. But few shared his uneasiness. Manhattan Project--code name for bomb project Was biggest govt project in history, cost 2 bil dollars. Over 30bil in todays money. Involved labor and brains of nations top scientists. -sites in 19 different states and canada -US did not share scientific info with the soviets. -2 major issues: designing the bomb, and getting enough fuel. (took a lot of labor.) 3 Major sites for the project --oak ridge, tennessee Govt secretly buys up all the farmland and begins project--a lot of security Little boy" --uranium bomb "Fat man" plutonium bombs--much bigger implosion trigger

GI Bill

The last major act of the new deal: GI BILL (OF RIGHTS) --1944 Law that gives government benefits to vets. (Housing --would guarantee home mortgages. Makes it much easier for working class to buy their own homes.) Educational benefits--govt pays tuition and gives them stipend. For upward mobility. Some people were excluded- - in practice it was difficult. Universities were still segregated, not nearly enough places for black vets that want to go to a historically black colleges. Housing even more difficult for some bc they could only buy in certain parts of city. Govt wouldn't loan to anyone trying to buy homes in black communities. GI is great opp. For those who could actually benefit. Benefits included dedicated payments of tuition and living expenses to attend high school, college or vocational/technical school, low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It was available to all veterans who had been on active duty during the war years for at least 90 days and had not been dishonorably discharged—exposure to combat was not required.[2] By 1956, roughly 7.8 million veterans had used the G.I. Bill education benefits, some 2.2 million to attend colleges or universities and an additional 5.6 million for some kind of training program.[3] The recipients did not pay any income tax on the GI benefits, since they were not considered earned income Although the G.I. Bill did not specifically advocate discrimination, it was interpreted differently for blacks than for whites. Historian Ira Katznelson argued that "the law was deliberately designed to accommodate Jim Crow".[25] Because the programs were directed by local, white officials, many veterans did not benefit. Of the first 67,000 mortgages insured by the G.I. Bill, fewer than 100 were taken out by non-whites.[26] By 1946, only one fifth of the 100,000 blacks who had applied for educational benefits had registered in college.[27] Furthermore, historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) came under increased pressure as rising enrollments and strained resources forced them to turn away an estimated 20,000 veterans. HBCUs were already the poorest colleges and served, to most whites, only to keep blacks out of white colleges. HBCU resources were stretched even thinner when veterans' demands necessitated a shift in the curriculum away from the traditional "preach and teach" course of study offered by the HBCUs.[28] Banks and mortgage agencies refused loans to blacks, making the G.I. Bill even less effective for blacks.[28]

1936 Madison Square Garden Speech

a speech given by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 31, 1936, three days before that year's presidential election. In the speech, Roosevelt pledged to continue the New Deal and criticized those who, in his view, were putting personal gain and politics over national economic recovery from the Great Depression. Most of the speech outlined Roosevelt's economic policies. He reviewed some of the successes from his first term in the presidency, explained how he saw critics and opponents of the New Deal as hampering economic recovery, especially to the detriment of working-class people. In expressing how strongly his administration would continue to promote New Deal policies. With World War II a few years away, Roosevelt expressed his desire for peace at home and abroad. Perhaps the most memorable line of the speech came when Roosevelt described forces which he labeled "the old enemies of peace: business and financial monopoly, speculation, reckless banking, class antagonism, sectionalism, war profiteering." He went on to claim that these forces were united against his candidacy; that "They are unanimous in their hate for me — and I welcome their hatred." Speech: "They controlled the gov't for 12 years and look what happened" --"We" have made the biggest changes." Crowd Reaction to Madison Square Garden Speech. 1936 was a landslide for FDR. The challenger was Alf Landon (Gov. of Kansas)

Caroline Decker

became radicalized in the 1920s. Became interested in communist ideology. By 16 she was speaker for communist league. A member of the Communist Party, as many activists were, she was an organizer for the Cannery and Agricultural Workers' International Union (CAWIU). Decker helped organize massive strikes of agricultural workers in California in the 1930s during the Great Depression. In Syracuse, Caroline met many leaders of left-wing organizations who frequented the family home. Influenced by her brother, who was a student at Columbia University in New York City, and her sister, who was a national officer of the left-wing Workers International Relief Organization, Decker became involved with radical politics and trade union organizing in her early teens. She joined the Young Communist League USA, helped organize cigar workers and shoe workers in Binghamton, N.Y. and became a speaker at such events as International Women's Day. decker was found guilty on two of six counts of criminal syndicalism and sentenced to a term of imprisonment at Tehachapi. She served for three years and was released in 1937.