HIST 150: Chapter 13 - Worlds Entangled

They all reduced planters' profits through violence or subtler means.

Enslaved people adopted many methods of resistance. In what way were these forms of resistance similar to one another?

They got military protection from international competitors; they got a local trade monopoly supported by their government's legal system.

European monarchs were willing to charter companies like the Virginia Company and the Dutch East India Company because of the economic rewards they reaped from the colonies. Why did investors seek charters from their monarchs? In other words, what did the companies get out of the deal?

False

True or False: The Keprulu reforms demonstrated that the Ottoman government lacked the will and the ability to respond to internal challenges.

European and Ottoman coffeehouse culture was made possible, in large part, by slave labor; since sugar was an important colonial product, slave labor was an integral part of the mercantilist system.

Between 1690 and 1790, Europe imported 12 million tons of sugar, which amounts to roughly one ton for every African enslaved in the Americas. What conclusions could one draw from this about the role of African slave labor in the global economy during this era?

Shift of power away from inland agricultural regions to coastal port cities: concentration of wealth and power in the hands of successful slave-capturers and coastal traders. Depopulation and labor shortage: widespread capture of warriors and kidnapping of civilians. Modification of African family structures to adapt to a shortage of men in many communities: tendency to sell male slaves to European traders while retaining female slaves.

Match each aspect of the slave trade with its broader effect within Africa.

starvation, exhaustion from overwork, and poor sanitation and disease

The ongoing demand for African captives was a result of the extremely high mortality rate among slaves who worked on sugar plantations in the Caribbean. What caused this high death rate?

Seven Years' War

This event was a contest between European powers for control of both colonies and global trade networks.

True

True or False: A major reason that the Tokugawa shogunate expelled almost all Christians from Japan was because of the Christian teaching that Christ's authority was superior to all others, including the shogun.

False

True or False: All forms of slave resistance involved some sort of violence by slaves against their masters or overseers.

False

True or False: Apart from admitting one Dutch merchant ship each year, the Tokugawa shogunate closed Japan entirely to external trade.

True

True or False: Mercantile interests were so important to European countries that governments began building bigger navies and engaging in wars with one another to protect their trade interests.

The English crown needed Parliament's approval to tax English subjects; the Protestants of England were both antiabsolutist and more politically powerful than French Protestants.

Which of the following obstacles prevented the English monarchy from becoming an absolutist government, in keeping with the French model?

Guns: In both North America and Africa, indigenous people made trade decisions with negative long-term consequences in order to acquire weapons, and then used those weapons in heightened local conflicts.

Which trade item directly escalated violence and political destabilization in multiple locations?

chartered companies

Who or what was most responsible for facilitating global trade networks in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

The Tokugawa shongunate was concerned that creating important trade ports far from the capital would fragment the kingdom and diminish the shogun's power; the Tokugawa shogunate was concerned about Christian missionaries' teachings and interactions with one another.

Why did the Tokugawa shogunate close its ports to almost all European trade and visitors?

the divine right of kings

Despite significant differences, empires in the seventeenth century developed some similar concepts and practices. Which of the following European developments would have been most recognizable to Qing government officials from their experience governing China?

The English model of colonization was based on commercially profitable agriculture, which led to armed conflict and dispossession of Native American lands. The French model of colonization was based on commercially profitable fur trading, which depended on the skills of Native Americans and led to complex political and interpersonal alliances.

Complete these sentences comparing the French and English interactions with Native Americans in eastern North America.

Qing China attempted to regulate European interactions in Chinese territory through the Canton system, which required European merchants to trade through approved Chinese guild merchants. By contrast, independent Indian merchants formed trading companies and extensive trade networks, but the Mughal government paid little attention to these commercial interactions.

Complete these sentences comparing the Mughal and Qing responses to trade with European merchants.

In the seventeenth century, the French government became an absolute monarchy, which placed extraordinary legal and moral power in the hands of the king. This political structure asserts the divine right of kings, an idea that uses religious concepts to bolster state power.

Complete this sentence about the evolution of government in France.

The English Navigation Act of 1651 is an example of a government using legislative and military power to protect the commercial success of merchants.

Complete this sentence about the relationship between trade and state power.

The alliance among the Mamluks, the Egyptian merchants, and the local ulama undermined Ottoman control over Egypt, which had been an important source of tax revenue to the empire.

Complete this sentence about threats to the unity of the Ottoman Empire.

Caribbean sugar helped revolutionize global trade, but trade entails more than just the products for sale. Commercial enterprises were only truly viable because of stock markets and cargo insurance. Voyages were made safer and more profitable through developments like the fluitschip. These global developments then gave rise to changes in economic behavior within Europe, like the enclosure movement in England.

Complete this short paragraph about increased global exchange during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Benefiting from Amsterdam's position as the easiest, cheapest place to borrow money in the world, the Dutch East India Company raised ten times the capital of its English counterpart -- the royal chartered English East India Company.

Despite its small size, the Netherlands became a world power in the era of mercantilism. Fill in the blanks to accurately identify a major basis for this success.

Male depopulation in slave-trading regions of Africa reinforced and expanded the traditional practice of polygamy; Majority-male slave communities in the Americas had extremely low rates of reproduction and very high mortality rates, which resulted in a high demand for additional slaves.

European planters in the Americas preferred to purchase male slaves, while West Africans preferred to retain female slaves. What were the effects of these combined preferences?

Canton system

How did the Qing government manage trade between China and the outside world?

By building forts and fur trading posts, like the French in the Mississippi River Valley of North America.

How was Muscovy able to extend its influence across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean?

English East India Company, Canton system, and VOC

In many places, governments responded to growing global trade by seeking to both bolster and harness the power of merchants. Which of these institutions involved merchants who benefited from a government-supported monopoly on trade?

Control over the money supply is an important government power.

In the Ottoman Empire and Ming China, silver was used for both private transactions and paying taxes. Both governments were severely destabilized by the influx of New World silver. Which one of the following conclusions could be derived from these two examples?

Armies were made up of paid soldiers, just as commercialization changed previously feudal relations into cash transactions; technological advances were essential, just as the financial success of shipping companies was tied to new shipping technologies; governments fielded large armies, just as companies raised huge amounts of capital and employed many people.

In what ways did fighting in the Thirty Years' War mirror broader European economic changes?

European demand for a single good altered local economic and political behavior, as coastal residents attempted to supply European merchants with the goods they desired; European demand for a single good increased the power of coastal merchants and leaders at the expense of other inhabitants of the region.

In what ways were the experiences of coastal merchants in India and West Africa similar?

Indian farmers began to produce more cotton to meet coastal demands; Western European landowners and farmers made investments that increased food production; English landowners changed their relationship with people who tilled and harvested their fields, paying them wages in place of sharecropping agreements.

Increased global trade caused both economic development and population growth in cities -- especially port cities. How did this urban growth affect rural economies?

Regional leaders resisted Mughal authority, and coastal merchants became more powerful: textiles. The Dutch conquered and decimated the population in the Bandanese Islands: nutmeg.

Match each heavily traded commodity to its sociopolitical effects around the world.

Indigenous peoples negotiated with Europeans from different countries, exploiting European rivalries to protect themselves and pursue their own interests.

Prior to the Seven Years' War, what characterized the relationships between European colonists and indigenous people in North America?

The VOC had easy access to Amsterdam's efficient money markets and low interest rates.

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the English East India Company were formed within a decade of each other, but the VOC raised ten times as much investment capital as its English counterpart. Why?

False

True or False: Mercantilists believed that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world, and they worked hard to share access to that wealth among European powers.

True

True or False: Most enslaved Africans on the Caribbean islands worked in sugar, coffee, and tobacco agriculture.

A robust trade network that supplied enslaved African laborers to Caribbean planters; financial institutions that lent money and insured cargoes.

What global developments made large-scale sugar-growing possible?

English plantation-based agriculture was closest to the Bandanese experience because, in both places, the indigenous population was largely eradicated, after which slave labor was imported to grow cash crops.

Which colonial model in the Americas most closely resembled the Dutch experience in the Bandanese Islands, and why?