Hist 222 exam 1

National League

- clubsCouldn't be owned by playersCity had to have 75,000 peopleHad to have approval of other teamsNo alcohol at games, no games on Sunday, .50c a game

Kolven

A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf.

Quarter Horses

A new breed of horse in the colonies that was much smaller than the British thoroughbreds with larder hindquarters bred to race shorter distances of a quarter mile or less

Lawful Sport

Activities allowed by Puritan society which were designed to refresh the mind and body of the participant while being completely disassociated from Britain's Festive Culture

1st Great Awakening

Activities deemed to be appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan Lawful sport, was allowed if it benefited the individual through exercise of providing food.

Needful Recreation

Activities deemed to be appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan Lawful sport, was allowed if it benefited the individual through exercise of providing food.

Reserve Clause

Allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures

Playground Movement

Also designed to keep children out of trouble it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 504 in a little more than a decade.

Barn Ball

An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick

Separate Spheres

As part of the Victorian middle class, there was a separation of sexes. The public sphere (business, politics) was the domain of men and the private sphere (the home, family) was the domain of women. Rarely did the two mix

Alexander Joy Cartwright

Bank clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker base ball club and devised the games' first rules

Primogeniture

British cultural tradition of the first-born son inheriting the family fortune

Leonard Jerome

Builds Jerome park, no alcohol, no fixed races, shortens the races• Yearly stakes races- Belmont Stakes 1870sHorse Races

AG Spalding

C.) Former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go on to become a sporting goods magnate. he wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport.

Paper Chases

Called "hare and hound" races in England they were essentially cross-country races in which torn up paper would mark the courses

4 Folkways

Chesapeake, New England, Backcountry, and Middle Colonies

michael King" Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man

Race of the Century"

Considered by many the first major sporing event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers it pitted a northern horse Eclipse vs. southern horse Sir Henry in a sectional battle at Union race track on Long Island.

Tavern pastimes

Drank a lot because often the water wasn't pure Seasoned drinkers- didn't see a lot of drunk people because of their "high tolerance"o They played cards, billiards, etc.. Regulating taverns William Penn didn't like taverns Regulations were put on people, how much they could drinkBackcountry didn't really look at the regulationsThe other Folkways followed the regulations

James Gordon Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper

Walking City

First of three stages of development of urban areas in which the edge of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city

Cincinnati Red Stockings

First recognized all-salary team in baseball. In their inaugural season of 1869 they won 57 while losing none and tying one.

William Cammeyer

First to charge admission for baseball games. --Enclose his baseball field in Brooklyn, 1862, with a fence and charged admission, in 1876 he was president of Brooklyn mutuals who voted to make the league a charter member and set a fixed rate of 50cents/game

Folk games

Foot races, quibits, skittles, etc..

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as "Father Baseball" Harry Wright

Toli

Game of stickball played by Native Americans most closely resembling lacrosse

Britain's Festive Culture

Games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in British society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating life

Sporting Spectacles

Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to the participants went against their basic beliefs

John Cox Stevens

Heir to a steamboat fortune, used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (particularly races) involving horses, yachts, and people

Royal Sports

Jousting- tiltyard or divider so the horses don't crash together-Henry 8 was a jouster Tennis- started in France, Tenez-Scoring is related to gambling with crowns

Book of Sports"

King James' 1618 declaration of what sports were and were not allowed to be played on the Sabbath. The declaration came in response to the growing influence of the Puritans

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880s

Sabbatarian laws

Laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentary forces during the British Civil War. Was the titular ruler of Great Britain after the Civil War when there was no monarch.

Victorian Counterculture

Made up mainly of working-class men from the new industrial economy of the 19th century who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up a large part of this group along with members of the upper class. They were rebelling against the restrain of the Victorian middle class in many ways including competitive sports.

Enlightenment

Movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of science and reason. It began in Europe

Middle Class Victorianism

Named for the longest-serving monarch in British history (Victoria) it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint and hard work

N4A

National Association of Amateur Athletes of America

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base

Players' League

Ny giants 2nd baseman, denounced the reserve clause - Brotherhood of Pro. Baseball Players- founded by Ward, players first attempt to organize, wanted to abolish the reserve clause - New League (Players League)- started by Ward and the Brothers to get new rights for them, did well at first but three leagues was too many, players league ended by the end of the 1890 season

Beer and Whiskey League"

Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at games (something the National League did not do)

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the game was first called Four Old Cat and eventually this. It most closely resembles the modern game of baseball and the name derived from towns fielding teams to play the game.

Cap Anson

One of the earliest superstar players of baseball. He played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits

Public Schools Athletic League

Organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th Century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) out of trouble after school.

John Montgomery Ward

Played for NY Giants, only man in major league w/ 100 wins and 2000 hits, lawyer and educated man, part of Baseball Brotherhood (union of payers)

Rough and Tumble

Popular violent sport with no rules in the Backcountry usually contested when there was a real or perceived slight to one's manhood. The ultimate goal of the sport was to gouge the eyes out of your opponent.

Elysian Fields

Portion of John Cox Stevens' property in Hoboken, New Jersey, that was donated for use as cricket fields and the NY Yacht Club John Cox Stevens

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876

Knickerbockers

Recognized by many as the earliest organized baseball club. The club was reserved or gentleman and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness of the games. They played the first organized games in Hoboken, NJ, at the Elysian Fields in 1845

Rational Recreation

Recreation that was deemed appropriate by the Victorian middle class including reading newspapers, books, and playing musical instruments. Some sports were allowed but always under the umbrella of non-competitiveness

2nd Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the 18th century that was more widespread and longer-lasting than the movement of the previous century

Pageant of Misrule

Someone unmarried makes fun of the upper class and the married

Sporting Fraternity

Subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood

Caledonian Clubs

The Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country

Many Victorian counterculture members joined sporting fraternities. The most popular was the baseball fraternity.- First, explain how and where the baseball fraternity began and how it grew in popularity (also include the differences in the game compared to today).- Second, explain how and why the fraternity would dissipate and become more and more a business.- Finally, briefly explain how that business evolved as the century ended

The baseball fraternity began to emerge in the middle part of the century. It grew partially because people wanted to be a part of the fraternities or they wanted to watch them play. Alexander Cartwright started the Knickerbocker club around 1845 and other clubs took off according to their example. The Knickerbockers later came out with a set of rules, many close to our rules today. Similar rules included the diamond field, the positions, and the distance between bases. Different rules included tossing the ball underhand and the importance of the umpire.2. Soon games started to become a business and teams saw this and began charging for admission. More spectators and fans were coming to the games so it was logical to make money off of them. The business continued to evolve and grow after the Knickerbockers but slowly waned for a small period of time. Baseball clubs were slowly saved after an 1857 meeting and the National Association of Baseball Players was established to bring players and teams together.

Republicanism

The belief during the American Revolution that everything done by the colonists should be separate from Europe. The people in this new republic would have to be virtuous and idle recreation had no part in this society

Positive Sports Ideology

The idea that sports and athletics is a positive alternative to the more negative aspects of city life.

Violent games

To let off steam, wrestling etc.. Mainly a male thing, cock fighting, bull baiting

Southern Gentry

Usually sons of wealthy men in England. The oldest son gets everything. The second son has to fend for himself; usually those go to New England and live extravagant lives., (Landed Gentry)? -- leaders in the south colonies, lead the cause in breaking away from Britain in the next century, built large mansions in Virginia and Southern colonies

Luther Halsey Gulick

Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA, and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning

Puritans

didn't like sports- strict observation of the Sabbath- people who migrated to the new world- wanted to purify the church

YMCA

founded in england

Baseball Fraternity

o Alexander J. Cartwright- founds the club Knickerbocker baseball clubSimilar- played on a diamond field, 3 outs per inningDifferent- how they pitched the ball, didn't use gloves, umpires barely involved, could catch the ball on the bounce, went to 21Boston Game- could throw the ball at players to get them out

New York Athletic Club

quFirst all athletic club founded in 1860s

College crew

was popular in England William Wood- was for Yale, considered first intercollegiate coach, trainer, wanted the team to become better to beat Harvard William Blaikie- member of the Harvard team, team captain, studied what they did in England and brought it back to Harvard Yale-Harvard Rivalry: Yale got sick of losing to Harvard eventually,Harvard opened up the races to anyone who wanted to join, held Regattas, Harvard was beat a few times, Yale came back, Yale and Harvard decided not to race other teams due to them being beat, Yale and Harvard only race each other after that