HIST-H 101 Remembering Story Answers

The first two Selma Marches hadn't gotten far. The first culminated in "Bloody Sunday," as state police attacked and pushed off protesters on the other side of the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The Chair of SNIK, ________ was attacked and beaten down along with many other protesters. The second march was led by Dr. King, who turned the march around after holding a mass prayer on the bridge. That was called "Turn Around Tuesday." Everything changed when a federal court issued an order to allow for the march from Selma to Montgomery. LBJ federalized the Alabama National Guard and sent in federal troops to protect the marchers from Selma. On March 21st, Dr. King led about 8000 marchers across the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The numbers of the throng grew as they went and they stopped to camp along the way, reaching Montgomery on March 25th. The Third Selma March was a great success, but the fracture between the SCLC and SNIK became complete. The next year in 1966, ________ became the chairman of SNIK. He rejected nonviolence, at least as a sole strategy, and began a purge of white members. The ________ was a direct result of all this. It required federal preclearance for certain states if they wanted to redistrict or make any other changes related to voting. The states under its umbrella were those with a problematic history of racially motivated voter suppression. Southern states.

John Lewis Stokely Carmichael Voting Rights Act of 1965

On August 15th, 1947 the independence of India and Pakistan was recognized. The partition, however, resulted in extreme violence. In preparation for the partition, about ten million people moved, from India into Pakistan and from Pakistan into India. Nearly a million died in the process as migrant caravans were waylaid by bandits and militants. Riots broke out in numerous places, Muslims attacking Hindus and Hindus attacking Muslims, especially in ________. Soon, war broke out between the fledgling states over control of that region, along the border. Adding insult to injury from the point of view of the Pakistanis, India withheld funds that were supposed to go to Pakistan in accordance with the previous partition agreement. ________ became Prime Minister of the provisional Indian government. By 1950, India adopted a republican constitution and the Prime Minister was re-elected, with the INC continuing as the dominant party in the Indian Parliament. INC began programs for the modernization of India, including industrialization. India today is a very different one than the India of Gandhi, yet he is commonly held to be the father of modern India. ________ is generally held to be the father of Pakistan.

Kashmir Nehru Muhammed Ali Jinnah

November 9th going into the 10th, 1938 riots broke out in Germany, in which crowds attacked German Jews, Jewish businesses, and synagogues. This became known as ________. In fact, the crowds had been stirred and directed by Nazi ________. The goal was to drive Jewish people out of Germany. Some did flee, while most did not, either hoping for a turn in the political trend or because they didn't feel as if they could.

Kristallnacht Sturmabteilung

From modules: ________ returned to China in 1917, going to Guangzhou (also known as Canton) in the south. There, he and his Kuomintang established a military government dedicated to the reunification of China. As he envisioned it, the re-unification was going to have to involve a conquest of the separatist regions of China, the regional warlords being militarily overthrown one by one. The KMT created a Chinese Nationalist Army in and around Canton for that reconquest. Chief among the KMT military leaders was the field officer ________. The Communist Party of China (CPC) was formed in Shanghai in 1921, initially composed of university students. Among their early members was a young, well-read, and ambitious ________. Obviously, they were inspired by the works of Marx but were also inspired by the works of Lenin and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. As such, from the beginning, they were dedicated to the creation of a Marxist-Leninist state in China. The KMT needed foreign aid to succeed in the reconquest of China, but they had a hard time finding it. That is until the fledgling Soviet Union decided to begin supplying them with war material. However, Lenin insisted that the CPC be allowed to form their own communist regiments within the Chinese Nationalist Army, to march and fight alongside the non-communist regiments. Kuomintang's leadership agreed.

Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong

By 1914 (and really earlier at the turn of the 20th Century) most of Africa, a significant portion of Asia, as well as some places in the Americas had been brought under modern Imperial authorities. Using the Keylor text and maps therein, indicate the Imperial authority dominating the places listed below by 1914: Algeria Egypt Nigeria Korea Philippines Congo Cape Colony Shanghai and Hong Kong Kamerun

-Algeria: France -Egypt: Great Britain -Nigeria: Great Britain -Korea: Imperial Japan -Philippines: United States -Congo: Belgium -Cape Colony: Great Britain -Shanghai and Hong Kong: Great Britain -Kamerun: German Empire

President Woodrow Wilson wanted the Great War to be the last war, and a war to make the world safe for democracy. His ideas were embodied in his peace plan called the ________, which was made the basis of the Paris Peace Convention in 1919 (under threat that the U. S. would make its own peace with Germany.) The most important part of Wilson's plan, according to him, was an international treaty organization called the ________. This was one of the few provisions that the European leaders accepted with no resistance, requiring little compromise, in Paris. Ironically, the U.S. ________.

14 Points League of Nations never joined

After a prolonged struggle for women's suffrage in Great Britain, British women there were finally extended the right to vote, in large part connected to the exigencies of the Great War. That came with the ________, extending to British women 30 years old and over the right to vote. After an equally strident fight in the U.S., the right to vote was technically extended to women nationally in the U.S. with the ratification of the ________ in 1920. Even before that, the majority of women had gained the right to vote due to changes in state laws. Poor white women in poll tax states and ________ continued to have their voting suppressed, however, because of other voting regulations.

1918 Representation of the People Act 19th Amendment black women (little black men)

According to the map in Keylor's Chapter 14, Rwanda and Burundi attained independence in ________. Ivory Coast became independent in ________. Angola attained independence in ________.

1962 1960 1975

On June 25th, 1950 the North Koreans initiated a war of aggression against South Korea with a full-scale invasion. It was an onslaught across the ________ parallel. The UN condemned the invasion and resolved that military force should be used to expel the invaders from South Korea. General Douglas MacArthur commanded UN troops in Korea until April of 1951. U.S. President Harry Truman replaced him with General ________. Battle lines shifted dramatically during the first two years of the war, but a relative stalemate set in after the spring of 1951. The first jetfighter aerial dogfights happened in the air over Korea. Chinese pilots flying MiG 15s dueled with American pilots in ________.

38th Matthew Ridgeway F-86 Sabres

According to Keylor in Chapter 14, as African nations began to achieve independence around the turn of the 1960s, numerous African leaders attempted to craft a unified front for the African continent. In May 1963 delegates from numerous African nations met in ________ to form the Organization of African Unity (OAU.) It was heavily inspired by the pan-Africanism of the Ghanaian leader ________. A goal of the OAU was to avoid or untangle territorial disputes between the newly independent African nations, as well as violent territorial disputes with them. The second goal was to achieve a sort of pan-continental unity, at least along economic lines. Some leaders thought that military cooperation had to be assumed, too. The third overt tenet of the OAU was ________ in the Cold War.

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Kwame Nkrumah non-alignment

From modules: FDR had been in communication since Churchill gained the prime ministry, but the Atlantic Conference, as it came to be called, was their first in-person meeting as heads-of-state. It was the beginning of a true friendship. (Churchill, whose mother had been American, made numerous trips to the U.S. after America entered the War. He stayed in the White House, claiming to have met Abraham Lincoln's ghost at one point, and eventually giving a speech before Congress -- not about Lincoln's ghost.) Having said that, Churchill didn't get everything he wanted from the Atlantic Conference. FDR refused to talk about the U.S. entering the war as a belligerent in August of 1941, but he did agree to keep pushing the envelope on supplying Great Britain. The product of the Atlantic Conference was a joint statement called the ________. It wasn't a treaty but went on to become the basis of future treaties between Allied Powers. It involved eight, mutually endorsed objectives for the post-war world. In September of the same year, ten countries agreed to the objectives, including the Soviet Union. Interestingly enough, Churchill back-pedaled on his advocacy of national self-determination for all nations, noting that that part of the agreement did not apply to British colonial possessions. Independence activists in the colonial nations grumbled at Churchill's caveat, especially in British-held India. On New Year's Day of 1942, not long after America's entry into the war, Great Britain, the U.S., China, and the Soviet Union signed an alliance treaty, with twenty-two other countries signing the treaty on the following day. The treaty was called the ________. (The official name of the Allied Powers during World War II was the "United Nations." Roosevelt's idea. It was technically the United Nations versus the Axis Powers.)

Atlantic Charter Declaration by the United Nations

The Iranian Revolution of 1978 and 1979 was anti-Shah more than anything. However, the masses in the streets dually glorified an anti-Shah legend, the exiled ________. After the Shah was forced to flee, the Great Ayatollah returned and managed, together with other Iranian clergies, to steer an Islamic Republic into existence. At the center of that is the idea of the ________. In 1980, ________ waged a war of aggression against the Islamic Republic of Iran, but after eight years of bloody fighting, the Iranian Revolution survived.

Ayatollah Khomeini Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists Ba'athist Iraq

________ is usually said to be the father of Fascism. He sprang to power with his infamous ________ in October of 1922. He had true popular support in many regions of Italy. At the same time, his party had a premilitary arm, colloquially known as ________, who plied intimidation and violence to influence election results.

Benito Mussolini March on Rome the Black Shirts

From Keylor, Chapter 16: Perhaps most startling were events in East Germany. On November 9th, 1989 a protest-besieged East German government ended all prohibitions against foreign travel, including movement through the ________. Quickly, the people of the city began pulling down the old edifice. By March 1990 there were open elections in East Germany and the communist party didn't win. East and West Germany were re-unified into the singular Republic of Germany in October 1990. That had been guided to rapid completion under West German Chancellor ________. It helped that he had eased Polish fears about any possible territorial disputes and that the Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev assented to a unified Germany remaining in ________.

Berlin Wall Helmut Kohl NATO

The American domestic economy was in a bubble from 1927 up into 1929. That bubble burst in 1929 beginning with the Stock Market Crash on ________, October 29th, 1929. The effects cascaded into crashes in the factory economy, the financial sector, and the agricultural economy. To make matters worse, an immense ecological disaster kicked off in 1930, which persisted for a decade, known as the ________.

Black Tuesday Dust Bowl

The movement continued to grow and the SCLC, together with SNIK, decided to launch a massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama. It was to coincide with the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation in May of 1963. Birmingham was a symbol of all that was wrong with America and the commissioner of both the fire department and the police department in Birmingham, ________, was a perfectly emblematic adversary. He was a harsh man, thoroughly and combatively dedicated to preserving racial segregation. Birmingham also had a significant Klan presence, with Klan violence not being uncommon. In fact, Birmingham had already earned the nickname "Bombingham" because of the Klan periodically bombing black businesses and black homes. Activists poured into Birmingham in May 1963 to join activists living there, demanding the end of segregation in the city. Some black activists engaged in sit-ins at white-only counters, some entered other white-only spaces in violation of city ordinances, and thousands of demonstrators took to the streets. Dr. King led 2, 500 marchers down the main thoroughfare of the city. At the same time, a boycott was ongoing and plenty of business leaders were already turning against the segregation ordinances. Policemen and firemen attacked the protesters with clubs, dogs, and high-pressure water from fire-hoses. Once again, Americans saw real-life horror on their television screens, as news broadcasts broke into regular programming to report on the violence nationwide. 3000 people were arrested, filling the local jails past capacity. Dr. King was arrested, of course. In his jail cell, he fasted and wrote his now-famous ________. He spoke of the complicity of white moderates who, in their unwillingness to aid in the civil rights struggle aided and abetted the racist order. Mostly, he had president ________ in mind.

Bull Connor Letter from a Birmingham Jail John F. Kennedy

In 1930, the Indian National Congress (a party) announced the beginning of a ________. The goal was to peacefully break specific laws en masse, laws which they considered to be unjust. The Movement was initiated by ________ who, in 1930 walked at the head of a group over the course of weeks to reach the salt marshes of Dandi. Known as the Salt Satyagraha, it began on the anniversary of the ________. Tens of thousands gathered at the marshes when the marchers arrived. There, he did a strangely illegal thing - he gathered a handful of salt for personal use. Thousands in the crowd began doing the same. In that protest and protests following, around 60, 000 Indians were arrested, peaceful protests attacked by club-wielding Brits and Indian police.

Civil Disobedience Movement Gandhi Amritsar Massacre

In Great Britain, Winston Churchill and his Conservative Party lost the July 1945 elections to ________ and his Labour Party. While Churchill's wartime leadership was appreciated, the British people wanted a new direction for peace. Appointed Minister of Health, ________ lead the charge to create the ________, which was established for England in 1948. Thereafter the program was extended to other parts of Great Britain: Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. It created a unified, nationalized health system. One might call it "socialized" medicine. Physicians are, effectively, well-paid government employees. All of its medical services are funded by the tax schema. Having a monopoly on negotiating power, the NHS is able to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies from a position of great economic authority.

Clement Attlee Aneurin Bevan National Health Service (NHS)

Stalin came to power after winning out in a political fight with Leon Trotsky and others. He sided with a part of the Communist Party seeking the end of the N.E.P. in favor of ________. Stalin was aided by a network of patronage that he had already grown around himself as the head of the Secretariat. He had made himself the de facto leader of the ________, the chief policy-making organ of the Soviet Union. Thereafter, Stalin became inclined to an ever more violent series of political purges. He also promoted rapid industrialization during a process commonly called ________. Conscript labor was used, often worked over-hard, and in dangerous conditions.

Collectivization Politburo Forced Industrialization

Pro-war Americans in the Spring of 1917 wanted a naval and financial war against the Germans. Billions of American dollars were loaned to the Allies. And the combined strength of the American British navies neutralized German effectiveness in the North Atlantic. The ________ was especially important to these ends. Nonetheless, at the insistence of the French, Wilson sent a small, token American Expeditionary Force to France in July of 1917. The commander of the AEF was ________ and he was not to be placed under the authority of the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, ________, or any other foreign commander. Instead, the AEF was to coordinate with other Allied forces. It was the commander of the AEF who wrote to the Wilson Administration warning of the need for more American boots on the ground in Europe. Wilson complied with the request.

Convoy System John J. Pershing Ferdinand Foch

According to Keylor, Chapter 15: Coming to power in the People's Republic of China in 1979, ________ was the paramount leader of the Chinese Communist Party throughout the 1980s. His leadership set China on a new course, which is still on. In 1979, China embraced a limited Open Door policy, in which four special commercial zones were established, allowing for micro-regional capitalist activity. Foreign investors were invited in to build light industry, attracted by ________ (and cheap labor.) The new direction of China also meant new foreign tax shelters to draw in financial interests more broadly. It involved multi-national trade agreements and making use of American aid to develop off-shore oil drilling, among other things. At various instances in the 1980s, the U.S. and China cooperated on foreign policy in Africa and parts of Asia. Resistance fighters in Afghanistan, for example, had received supplies from both the U.S. and China for their war against ________ invasion.

Deng Xiaoping tax incentives Soviet

From modules: In October of 1944, a large Allied fleet engaged with a large Japanese fleet near the Philippines Islands in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. It was and still is, the largest naval battle fought in all of known human history based on tonnage. The Japanese became increasingly desperate as their holdings evaporated and they ran low on resources. More and more, Japanese pilots ran suicide missions. Known as Kamikazes, they attempted to dive their planes like guided missiles into American ships. There were plenty of such attacks at Leyte Gulf. What must be understood is that some Japanese pilots (and ground troops) were tantamount to being religious fanatics. They believed that their Emperor was divine. The closer Allied forces got to overt victory in the Pacific, the more such Japanese troops acted upon their fanaticism. "Kamikaze" means ________. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was a decisive Allied victory, with the Japanese losing more planes, men, and ships than the Allied fleet. Even as the liberation of the Philippines was ongoing, U.S. Marines stormed the beaches of a small Pacific island called Iwo Jima in February. The Japanese soldiers defending the island fought with a fanaticism far surpassing previous engagements. The Allies were getting closer to Japan, which was itself considered sacred. Then, in April, Allied troops invaded ________. Once again, Japanese defenders fought fanatically, often refusing to surrender and fighting to the death. Civilians on the island had been lied to, told that their women would be raped, tortured, and murdered by American troops. That was to convince these civilians to fight. Instead, many men on the island, believing the lie, murdered the women in their families -- mothers, daughters, wives -- and then committed suicide.

Divine Wind Okinawa

In August of 1953, the administrations of ________ in the U.S. and Churchill in Great Britain coordinated a coup d'état in Iran. Huge numbers of people were paid to protest in the capital, Tehran, even as pro-American and pro-British Iranians were armed. The manufactured coup was successful with ________ deposed, accused of crimes against the state. He was imprisoned. Pro-American and pro-British Iranians took control of the government. The 1953 Iranian Coup was the first engineered by the ________. It wouldn't be the last. In the future, Truman proved right about the bad precedent. The coup had been aided by the assent of the Iranian Shah who was promised greater authoritarian power, which he got through governmental reform. After the 1953 coup, the new despot acted ever more like the authoritarian that he had become, and grew increasingly paranoid as well.

Eisenhower Mossedegh CIA

Bobby Kennedy had been assassinated in California, not long after his primary victory there. At the Democratic Party National Convention in Chicago, in August of 1968, many thousands of anti-war and counter-culture anti-establishment activists protested outside. They faced off with about 20, 000 Chicago cops and National Guardsmen. Who was nominated by the Democratic Convention in 1968? Not anti-war ________. They nominated Johnson's vice president, the "moderate" Hubert Humphry. Violence broke out between activists and the police, and the rioting was broadcast on televisions around the country. Young progressives and anti-war protesters around the country felt alienated from the Democratic Party. Afterward, the Republican Party gathered in Miami, nominating Richard "Dick" Nixon, soon to be also known as "Tricky Dick." Nixon condemned the violence in Chicago, promoting "law and order," and referenced the "silent majority," whom he claimed were too often overlooked. In the upcoming campaign, he took the position of " ________," in regard to the Vietnam War. That pulled over plenty of anti-war voters. Nixon won office and did eventually pull American troops out of Vietnam. However, in the first two years of his presidency, he actually expanded the war in Vietnam, wanting to minimize any appearance of American weakness before American troops were withdrawn. Anti-war protesters felt betrayed and took to the streets and campuses in large numbers once again. It was in that context that the ________ occurred.

Eugene McCarthy peace with honor Kent State Massacre

A series of bad harvests, general economic distress, and continual Russian military losses shattered Russian morale. A significant peace movement sprang up in the civilian population and in the Russian military. The refusal of the Tsarist government to make peace with the Germans and end the war led to its downfall with the ________ in 1917. The coup had been achieved through a general strike in and around Petrograd, set into motion by members of the Russian Duma coordinating with the ________. The subsequent provisional government also failed to make peace, laying the foundations of the next revolt. Later in 1917, Bolsheviks and their leader ________ had gained control of the Petrograd Soviet and launched another general strike with the aid of local Russian troops. The Duma was not consulted for the October Revolution.

February Revolution Petrograd Soviet Vladimir Lenin

The second reign of ________ was exceedingly different from the first. It was like he was an entirely different person. He was right-wing, having no more time for social-democrats, and ruled with an iron first from the front. Corruption was amok in his government administration and he used extreme brutality: torture, political imprisonment, and murder against his opposition. Press freedom, of course, was dramatically curtailed as were protests. The downfall of the strong-man came from three things: His use of brutality made him more enemies than it killed. U.S. support was not entirely heartfelt and trustworthy. And, finally, he badly underestimated a man named Fidel Castro. By 1953, Castro was the leader of one small group (and there were many disparate groups in the anti-government resistance.) On July 26th, 1953 Castro led better than 150 insurgents in an attempt to take control of a small military base outside of Santiago, in Cuba. It was supposed to be a surprise attack, with the goal of raiding the base's armory. They were found out and repulsed. Some rebels fell back to a nearby hospital, which they seized. Responding troops took the hospital by force. Castro was captured, attempting to make his way back into the nearby mountains. While in a prison, Castro organized a new group from among the inmates called the________, named after the earlier failure. In 1955, he and his brother Raul were released from prison. Batista thought that commuting their sentences would demonstrate his magnanimity from a position of unimpeachable strength. Other groups launched anti-government attacks that same year and fearing re-incarceration, the Castro brothers fled into brief exile, going to Mexico. In Mexico, they met ________.

Fulgencio Batista July 26th Movement Che Guevara

Tensions rose between Syria and Israel in early 1967. Syria held the Golan Heights in the north and had used the vantage point to bombard Israeli settlements close to that border. They claimed that Israelis were trying to push into their territory. In May of that year, the President of Egypt ________ insisted that Israel was planning an attack on Syria in reprisal. He called for the nations of the Arab League to array their troops near the borders of Israel in preparation for imminent war. At the same time, Egypt demanded that U.N. peacekeepers leave the Sinai Peninsula. They did leave because it was Egyptian soil and if the Egyptians didn't want them, they didn't have the right to stay. Israel knew that they were about to be attacked and calculated that the Israeli Defense Force was outnumbered three to one. The Israelis decided to not wait for the coming attack. The Israeli prime minister at the time, ________ ordered the Israeli military to take the offensive in all directions. Early in the morning of June 5th, the Six-Day War began with the Israeli air force launching a surprise attack on Egyptian airbases deep inside Egypt. That was the beginning of a near incessant series of air raids by Israel, pushing their aircraft to maximum use, often flying ranges that barely left them with enough fuel to return home. Immense numbers of bombs were dropped on Egyptian airstrips over the course of six days. Some of the bombs detonated immediately, whereas others were on timers. The Egyptians tried to repair damaged airstrips quickly, cementing over craters. In many instances, however, new holes were exploded in the surfaces by timer detonated bombs that the Egyptians had overlooked. The point was to destroy as much of the Egyptian air force as possible and keep the rest of it grounded. Egyptian ground forces moved swiftly across the ________ Peninsula only to be met a bit better than midway by counter-attacking Israeli troops. The Israelis had air superiority and fairly quickly, the Egyptian offensive was halted and routed. By June 9th, the Israelis were driving the Jordanians, Iraqis, and Saudis back out of the West Bank and were soon to seize all of Jerusalem. The Golan Heights fell to Israel, as well. Not only was Israel not wiped off the map, but it also grew territorially.

Gemal Nasser Levi Eshkol Sinai

When the offensive came, it drove deep into Allied territory creating a "bulge" in the battlefront, hence the Battle of the Bulge(December 16, 1944 - January 25, 1945.) The Allies were largely taken by surprise by the offensive, but the German advance was ground to a halt amid brutal fighting. Pockets of Allied troops were caught behind the enemy advance. The largest was around Bastogne, Belgium. Famously, when a German commander demanded the Allies surrender in Bastogne, ________, commanding the 101 Airborne Division sent a note in response, a single word "Nuts." As in, the Germans had to be nuts. ________'s 3rd Army drove tank columns up from the south, liberating Bastogne. German gains were brief, entirely collapsing in January.

General Anthony McAuliffe George S. Patton's

From modules: The Siege of Stalingrad began in August of 1942, German forces fighting their way into the city's suburbs. As of September, the fight came to the main part of the city. It was a desperate and prolonged fight, epitomizing hellish brutality. Two of Stalin's finest strategic minds, ________ and ________ organized the city's defensives and the German assault was ultimately repulsed. They then orchestrated a series of offensives to push the Wehrmacht away from the city, beginning in November. At the same time, the Big Three met for the first time in ________. Stalin pressed for another western front to be opened up against the Reich. FDR and Churchill assured that it was soon in coming. FDR got Stalin to promise plebiscites for Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia on the possibility of their becoming independent before being reabsorbed into the Soviet Union. The post-war borders of Poland were discussed, as well as numerous other issues.

General Georgy Zhukov General Aleksandr Vasilevsky Tehran

From modules: The Japanese used the ________ as the pretext for a full-scale invasion, and it became readily apparent that the Japanese had prepared well for the coming offensives. Beijing and Shanghai were violently seized as the invading Japanese Army waged total war. Then Nanjing fell. It wasn't long until Japanese forces pushed the Chinese Nationalist Army out of Wuhan. Japanese soldiers had been steeped in racist propaganda, and tended to treat Chinese under occupation as if inferior, if not subhuman. The most terrifying example of this came early in Nanjing. Over the course of six weeks, beginning in December of 1937, Japanese troops occupying Nanjing (also known as Nanking) visited hellish atrocities upon the people of that city. During the ________, the Japanese murdered and tortured people in extraordinary numbers.

Incident at Marco Polo Bridge Rape of Nanking

The victorious Allies dominated the Peace Convention in Paris at the end of the Great War. President Woodrow Wilson took a "forgive and forget" stance while promoting the idea of international cooperation to secure future peace. The Frenchman ________, however, wanted to pull Germany apart. Both he and the British Prime Minister,________ wanted to lay ample indemnities on Germany for damage done during the War. The product of talks, chiefly between these three of the Big Four, resulted in the Treaty of Versailles. The new government of Germany was a highly democratic, constitutional, and federal republic, called the ________, after the town where the government their constitution was adopted. They felt they had little choice but to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

George Clémenceau David Lloyd George Weimer Republic

The American diplomat in Moscow, ________ urged the Truman administration to take a harder stance in regard to Stalin and the Soviet Union. He conveyed his idea of nefarious Soviet aims in his Long Telegram and then in his X Article. The Truman administration adopted ________ or the Truman Doctrine in 1947. It was to mean American involvement in the internal affairs of foreign nations to check, if not push back the spread of Soviet influence. The Republic of Turkey was being put under terrific pressure to allow a Soviet naval base in its territory and a civil war began in Greece. Communist insurgents were colliding with anti-communists in Greece, and while the ________ had been supporting the Greek anti-communists, they were feeling hard-pressed and were begging the U.S. to become involved. $400 million dollars of aid was to be funneled to the Greek anti-communists. Millions more would be sent in the following years. Economic aid was also sent to Turkey, paired with definite diplomatic support for the Turks in rejecting the Soviet naval base.

George Kennan Containment Doctrine British

In 1958, the Chinese Politburo launched the second five-year plan, also known as the ________ (1958-1962.) Mao insisted that agricultural production had to be streamlined, the farming peasants of China squeezed, to achieve a level of agricultural efficiency which would, in turn, allow for industrialization. The idea was that if Communist China could produce surpluses of food-stuff and free up labor from farming (because of achieved efficiency,) then it could begin to rapidly industrialize. It was an unmitigated disaster, resulting in history's largest human-made famine, with around 30 million dead. The ________ didn't help matters. That campaign targeted flies, rats, mosquitos, and ________ for mass extermination. That proved part of their undoing, since it caused an ecological catastrophe. Locust plagues attacked their crops.

Great Leap Forward Four Pest Campaign swallows

On August 7th, 1964 Congress passed the ________, giving LBJ expansive powers to deal with communist insurgents in South Vietnam. The Resolution was based on false information, the inaccurate idea that two American battleships had been attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats ( ________.) LBJ interpreted the Congressional resolution as an unofficial declaration of war and proceeded in exactly that way. The American-Vietnamese War was fought in two theaters of operation. After Viet Cong attacked an American military encampment near Pleiku, LBJ authorized the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam on the basis that North Vietnam was supplying the VC. That was the beginning of one theater of operations: regular American bombing raids against North Vietnam. The second theater of operation was ground combat by ARVN and American troops against the VC in South Vietnam. American firepower was, undeniably, impressive and the VC were pushed out of one region after the next. Or so it seemed. Yet, the VC could rather quickly re-infiltrate or simply lay low for a time. The VC made a deadly tactical mistake at the beginning of 1968. On the first day of the Vietnamese New Year, January 31st, the VC struck with a ferocious series of coordinated surprise attacks. It became known as the ________. VC moved into Saigon and numerous other towns. Simultaneously, American and ARVN bases were attacked. While the VC had been successful in achieving surprise, they were finally thrown back, taking heavy casualties. There were about half a million American soldiers in South Vietnam at the time, and the VC were trying to play an American game by fighting in the streets of Saigon in broad daylight. American force-of-arms carried the day. Nonetheless, the VC Offensive did prove to be a political success for them. Americans saw scenes of the Offensive being fought back on their televisions. LBJ's claim that victory was close at hand in Vietnam was exposed as an obvious lie. The American anti-war movement expanded and kicked into high gear.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Gulf of Tonkin Incident Tet Offensive

In 1966, Mao reorganized the leadership of the Party elites and called for a new revolution to purge Chinese society of capitalist influences and elements subversive to the communist order generally. It was to be the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The purge including getting rid of Western influences. Paradoxically, it also included attacking aspects of traditional Chinese culture: the "Four Olds," old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits. The young people of Communist China were called upon to move the new revolution forward, and they responded with great enthusiasm. Millions of youths began traveling to Beijing, ________ in hand to hear Mao speak. He told them to go forth, to act vigorously to save their imperiled communist revolution from class traitors in their midst. To facilitate this, Mao ordered schools to be closed. Inflamed young Chinese people were formed into militant, revolutionary bands called the ________, sent marching through the streets of the cities and the countryside. These revolutionary bands traveled far and wide throughout the country. Fairly quickly, their activity turned ugly. It wasn't only ideas they spread, but also terror. They attacked museums, schools, libraries, temples, monuments, street signs (demanding that streets be renamed), and persons. Anyone who was thought to be counter-revolutionary was attacked, verbally, with humiliation, and sometimes with extreme physical violence, torture, and death. Older people, intellectuals, professionals, the well-dressed, select Party functionaries, and the traditional religions were all special targets. In some instances, driven by extremist and state-supported ideology, young people attacked ________.

Little Red Books Red Guard their own parents and grandparents.

From modules: During the first phase of the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Nationalist Army kept the upper hand. By 1931, the Chinese Red Army had settled into a base of operations in the town of Ruijin, Jiangxi Province. Indeed, the communists declared Jiangsi to be the independent Soviet Republic. However, by autumn of 1934, the Red Army was driven from Jiangsu, beginning a prolonged fighting retreat known as the ________. Over the course of slightly better than a year, the communists marched around 6000 miles. As the Red Army reached the dry northern reaches of Shaanxi Province, the Chinese Nationalist Army called off its chase. The new communist base of operations was in the town of ________, where they once again declared the independent Soviet Republic, this time in northern Shaanxi.

Long March Yan'an

In 1941, the highly secret ________ began, dedicated to decrypting sophisticated German codes at Bletchley Park. The first objective of Ultra was to break the German Enigma codes. Before the Second Great War, the Germans had developed a partly electrical, mechanical (with moving parts) encryption device, using a number of rotors with letters and numbers. Known as the Enigma Machine, it was portable and the only way to decipher an Enigma encryption was to use another Enigma Machine with the proper series of settings for the particular day. The British had the good fortune of capturing an Enigma and an Ultra team went to work reverse engineering it. A team led by the brilliant mathematician ________ and engineer Gordon Welchman designed a decryption machine that was like a number of Enigmas stitched together. At least that's partially what it was. Key was Turing's use of mathematical randomness and the use of a Boolean system (varying combinations of 1s and 0s) to feed information. Polish scientists, having fled the Nazis also helped with the machine's development. Indeed, it was called ________ by the Polish scientists indicating the "Cryptological Bomb."

MK-Ultra Project Alan Turing Bombe

________ wanted a new constitution for Japan and asked the Japanese provisional government to draw one up. However, the proposal offered to SCAP in early February 1946 was unacceptable. It was a barely amended version of the Meiji constitution of Imperial Japan. He gave his staff one week to draw up a new Japanese constitution. While a number of lawyers were involved in its drafting, no one on the team was a constitutional scholar. It was a tremendous task, especially within the demands of a single week. But the General said to do it and so they did. The result was a modern, democratic, and liberal constitution heavily influenced by New Dealer ideas. For the first time, Japanese women were to have the right to vote. A robust bill of rights was integral, which included specific provisions for women's rights that went well beyond the American constitution. Those were largely the product of ________, the one woman involved in SCAP's Government Section. She had actually grown up in Japan before the War, bringing that distinct perspective as well.

MacArthur Beate Sirota

The chief reason it had taken so long for Europeans to pierce and conquer the interior of Africa was tropic disease, according to class _________ was especially dangerous to would-be European conquerors. Technology removed that barrier to a high degree, such as the mass production of _________ .

Malaria Mosquito Netting

A day after the arrest of Rosa Parks in December 1955, the young minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Reverend Dr. ________, together with his friend Reverend Ralph Abernathy, established the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA.) The MIA's purpose was to organize a ________ in the black community. It proved extremely successful. A little better than a year later, in 1957, these two men and scores of other ministers gathered at Dexter Street Baptist Church, inaugurating the ________. It was to be a grassroots, activist organization, dedicated to the use of nonviolent civil disobedience to fight for civil rights.

Martin Luther King, Jr. bus boycott Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The United States reopened Tokyo to international trade back in the 1854 when the Japanese islands were under very loose, decentralized authority. The local Daimyo was impressed with Commodore Matthew Perry's ship. Following a brief period of turmoil in Japan, greater centralized authority was achieved in 1866 and the _________ sought to proactively but selectively modernize Japan. A constitutional monarchy was established around the Imperial office and they kick-started an Industrial Revolution of their own. They created a modern army and navy. Soon, Japan ventured upon its own expansionist program, similar to European empire building. During the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) they humiliated China and seized Taiwan, renaming it _________ . They also seized southern Korea. Later, Japan found itself at war with Tsarist Russia during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) over control of Port Arthur and Manchuria. The Japanese came out on top. The Russo-Japanese War was finally brought to an end with the _________ , negotiated by the American President Theodore Roosevelt. The Japanese got everything they wanted save that both sides were to withdraw from Manchuria.

Meiji Restorationists Formosa Treaty of Portsmouth

________ was a coordinated effort by four, and eventually six, right-wing dictatorial South American governments to violently suppress left-dissent. They made use of extreme terror, with secret police and death squads operating in those respective nations. Dissidents were often " ________." The Operation had its origins in Chile, and the authoritarian regime of ________ there.

Operation Condor disappeared Augusto Pinochet

From Keylor, Chapter 16: Moving into the 1980s, the Soviet economy was a rust-bucket economy. The U.S. was also outperforming the Soviet Union in military development. The U.S. was simply able to comfortably match and even outspend the Soviets. Ronald Reagan had come into the White House in 1981, and immediately began a further build-up of American military power, while making use of sharp Cold War rhetoric. Come into this ________ as the General Secretary of the Soviet Union in 1985. He sought to end the conflict between the Soviet Union and the West, while reforming the Soviet Union internally. It was meant to be another, more meaningful "thaw," including a new political openness called ________. ________ was to be a series of programs to restructure the Soviet economy, liberalizing it.

Mikhail Gorbachev Glasnost Perestroika

From Keylor, Chapter 16: Gorbachev drew down Soviet international military involvement. For example, he drew down Soviet troops in Afghanistan in 1988 and withdrew the last Soviet troops from that country in 1989. The Soviets had been stuck in a quagmire guerilla war there, fighting against the ________ since 1979. People in the European Eastern Bloc nations thought that the time was right to throw off the Soviet yoke, and this time they were right. Gorbachev had come to see the Eastern Bloc nations as a drag on the Soviet economy, more so than necessities to counterbalance NATO. The Soviet Army was not going to save these communist regimes as it sometimes had previously. The disintegration of the Eastern Bloc communist governments moved rapidly from the opening of 1989 through 1990. These political revolutions were guided by populist uprisings. For example, a general strike brought down the hardline government in Czechoslovakia. New elections put a reform government in power under the leadership of ________. When the communist dictator of Romania, ________, attempted to put down a similar movement in his own country, he was violently deposed.

Mujahideen Vaclav Havel Nicolae Ceausescu

According to Keylor, Chapter 14 ruling white minorities in some African states refused to relinquish control for decades. Among them was the Union of South Africa, its UN mandate in South-West Africa (eventually renamed ________,) Rhodesia (eventually renamed Zimbabwe,) Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique. From the mid-1970s throughout the 1980s, that situation meaningfully changed, most of the aforementioned states coming under the control of their black African majorities. South Africa was the lone holdout by the late 1980s. Back in the 1950s and 1960s, the South African government had ruthlessly suppressed the African National Congress (ANC,) a movement party with paramilitary forces, dedicated to the liberation of the black majority in South Africa. In 1962, a radical lawyer in the ANC leadership had been arrested and sentenced to life in prison. His name was ________. By the late 1980s, South Africa was under widespread international economic sanctions to end its ________ regime, and protests within South Africa continued. In 1990, the aforementioned lawyer was released, and three years later the white supremacist regime fell, South Africa then under the direction of Prime Minister F.W. de Klerk.

Namibia Nelson Mandela Apartheid

Newly independent but economically behind, so-called "Third World" countries, in the 1950s avoided official alliances with either side of the Cold War -- the exception being North Vietnam. Emblematic of this was ________. Such countries, while dealing with both, sometimes even striking deals with the U.S. or the Soviets, attempted to maintain relative neutrality in the conflict. That is called "________." An example that Keylor offers up relates to the aforementioned country, which accepted an economic development package from the U.S. called the " ________ " in 1952. Yet, in 1953, the same country signed on to a trade agreement with the Soviets. Both the East and the West sought ways to undermine non-alignment in the following decades, in order to strengthen their respective sides.

Nehru's India non-alignment Four Points

When JFK came into Office he was briefed on the plan to send counter-revolutionary Cubans into Cuba. There were multiple plans, in fact, but he approved ________. That was the plan to send Pro-Batista Cubans ashore at the ________. Before landing, Cuban counter-revolutionaries were to fly B-26 bombers from Nicaragua to attack and destroy Castro's small air force. The bombers were repainted to look Cuban. JFK actually wasn't too crazy about the idea of supporting pro-Batista Cubans in their bid to retake the island. He didn't approve of Castro but he didn't approve of Batista either. He really folded to the pressure of organizational momentum, this plan that was already culminating. In April of 1961, the operation kicked off but there were signs of failure right away. The B-26 bombers hit the airfield where Castro had been keeping his planes but there were no planes. He had moved them out of harm's way. That strongly suggested Castro had found out about the impending invasion (and he had.) On April 17th the invasion of Cuban beaches commenced and... it was a disaster. Cuban Revolutionary forces were prepared and the invasion force was quickly pinned down on the beach. Castro's small air force took to the sky and sank supply boats. Kennedy refused to use acknowledged American aircraft to prevent it. After a day of fighting, the counter-revolutionaries surrendered. The operation was an embarrassing failure.

Operation Zapata Bay of Pigs

In 1871, the Northern German Confederation became a unified Germany, called the "German Empire." Prussia was the cultural and political nexus of this new state, and the Prussian King became the Emperor of unified Germany, ruling from Berlin. The man most responsible for German unification was _________ . His willingness to ruthlessly and pragmatically manipulate the board of play in the name of aggrandizing Prussian power was at the heart of Germany's creation. He called his political approach _________ , meaning "politics as they are."

Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik

Adolf Hitler lost his electoral bid for the German Presidency in 1932, losing to ________. However, due to the electoral ascent of the Nazi Party in the German Reichstag and political wrangling, Hitler was able to secure an appointment to the ________ in January 1933. Four weeks after the appointment the ________. Whether the Nazis perpetrated this as a false flag or not, they certainly seized on the event, blaming German communists.

Paul von Hindenburg Chancellorship German Reichstag building burned

Keylor tells you that the brief peace in the west, following British and French declarations of war, is called the ________. From modules: Allied troops marched into the Low Country to await a likely German attack. As it turned out, the Allies made a mistake by waiting for a German attack, simply giving the Wehrmacht more time to prepare and choose their approach. The Germans launched Operation Weserubung first, invading Denmark on April 9th. That Operation aimed at the conquest of both Denmark and ________. On May 10th the Wehrmacht began Fell Gelb, the operational name for the invasion of the Low Countries and France. The Germans attacked the Allied Army with blinding ferocity and speed, quickly seizing control of both the Dutch Netherlands and Belgium. Moving afterward around the stronger part of the Maginot Line, the Wehrmacht poured into France. The movement of tank columns through the difficult terrain of the ________ was especially surprising for the Allied Army, throwing Allied defenses into disarray.

Quasi-War Norway Ardennes

The sinking of the ________ by a German U-boat in 1915 shifted a lot of American opinions against the Empire of Germany. Still, it took much more than that to convince Americans that they should go to war with Germany. The ________ was a scandalous communication sent by the German Foreign Minister to the Mexican government. The Germans proposed that Mexico go to war against the U.S. if war broke out between Germany and the U.S. In return, when the peace finally came, Germany would support Mexican claims on territory in the American South-west. It exacerbated anti-German sentiment among Americans. Yet, the main cause for Americans wanting to go to war with Germany in 1917 was unrestricted ________ warfare in the North Atlantic, leading to the sinking of American ships.

RMS Lusitania Zimmerman Telegram u-boat

Stalin had the Bomb as of 1949 and in 1950 an international Soviet spy ring was busted. Julius ________, an electrical engineer who had worked for the U.S. Army, and his wife ________, were arrested in the U.S. for espionage. They were given up by a family member who had already confessed to spying for the Soviets. The larger spy ring included the physicist, ________ who was arrested in Great Britain. It was found that they had passed classified weapons information to the Soviets, including information about the Manhattan Project previously. Both Julius and his wife were convicted on federal espionage charges and sentenced to death -- executed in 1953. To this day, they are the only American civilians to be executed for espionage, and the execution remains controversial.

Rosenberg Ethel Klaus Fuchs

_________ "thought that chronic poverty, chronic criminality and mental instability were an effect of bad genes. If a civilization didn't want to decline it should limit the natural increase of persons with said attributes, otherwise the genetic makeup of a population would become increasingly unfit over time." _________ was a theory of social engineering that aimed "to guide the gene pool of a civilization to prevent its decline or even improve it." The Brit _________ is held to be the father of this modern theory.

Social Darwinists Eugenics Francis Galton

_________ is "Any philosophy or sensibility that would place the means of production into the hands of the general community, or at least the much large part of the general community, which is the _________." _________ and Friedrich Engels are commonly held to be the fathers of the wholly secular "scientific" version.

Socialism Working class Karl Marx

From Keylor, Chapter 16: Throughout the 1970s, the U.S. and the Soviets had been engaged in arms talks to limit the growth of their respective nuclear weapons arsenals ( ________ .) After being stalled for years, arms talks renewed in 1986. Talks between U.S. President Reagan and Soviet Premier Gorbachev proved remarkably fruitful, resulting in the ________. The agreement eliminated all ________ from Europe.

SALT I and SALT II INF treaty intermediate nuclear missiles

From modules: During the Holocaust, as many as 11 million people were systematically murdered by the Nazis and their allies over the course of four years, better than half of them Jewish -- 6 million Jews. While the special focus of extermination was on Jewish people, Romani, homosexuals, the disabled, and political dissidents, especially Leftists, were also targets of extermination. Some Jewish people do not especially prefer the term "holocaust," whereas others do use it. The word has Greek and Latin roots and means "burnt offering," invoking sacrificial religious imagery. For some of them, the preferred term tends to be ________, coming from Yiddish meaning "The Catastrophe." Yet others prefer "Hurban" from the Hebrew, meaning "The Destruction." All three are acceptable terms. Mobile death squads used in the east were known as ________. Concentration death camps established in central Europe made use of gas chambers for mass exterminations. The "father of the gas chambers" is generally held to be ________.

Shoah SS Einsatzgruppen Heydrich Reinhard

In February 1956, Khrushchev delivered a speech to a closed session of the ________, condemning Joseph Stalin and his atrocities. It surprised a lot of people in the session and in the party, generally. Doubtless, Khrushchev wanted to attack the Cult of Stalin in order to sideline persons who had been closely associated with Stalin's administration (such as Malenkov.) What commenced after this was what is commonly called ________. Stalin's body was moved from Lenin's Tomb, where it had been in repose, and eventually interred elsewhere. Statues of Stalin began getting pulled down and references to him in patriotic songs were removed. Public school books were rewritten, downplaying his importance. The press continued to be vigorously controlled, (Pravda being the chief state newspaper) but greater allowances were made for the high arts. Political imprisonment still occurred, but not like before. The violent mass purges of Stalin's time were to become a thing of the past. Under Khrushchev's leadership, the Soviet state shifted its focus from heavy industry to developing both diversified small industry and ________.

Supreme Soviet De-Stalinization agriculture

In the East, Russian troops mobilized more quickly than the Germans had expected, but did so by sacrificing preparedness. The Germans trounced the Russians in the Battle of ________. The Russian commander ________ was so humiliated he committed suicide. The Great War continued to go badly for the Russians in the East. Through 1916, the Russian Army was pushed back across traditional ________, losing that previously Russian-controlled territory to the Germans.

Tannenberg Alexander Samsonov Poland

Often called the War for Independence by Israelis, the Arab-Israeli War, 1947-1949 is called ________ by Arabic people. The first phase was a civil war between Palestinian-Arabs and Jewish people, while the second phase was an international war. Fledgling Israel was attacked by Lebanon, ________, Transjordan, Iraq (via Transjordan), and Egypt. The chief civilian leader of the Israelis was ________.

The Catastrophe Syria David Ben Gurion

________, was introduced to Congress in February of 1937. It called for up to ________ more justices to be added to the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS,) which would have brought their number up to fifteen. It also called for a micromanaging of how the SCOTUS did business, decreasing the voting power of those who had served for more than ten years and those who were older than seventy. It immediately became known as the ________. Fortunately, for the tradition of an independent American judiciary, the Bill failed in Congress.

The Judicial Proceedings Reform Bill six Court Packing Scheme

Italy did not live up to its alliance agreements, initially refusing to enter into the Great War, only to later enter on the opposing side. ________ effectively replaced Italy in the Triple Alliance. Bulgaria joined to create a Quadruple Alliance. Altogether they were known as the ________ because of the geographic position of two of these member states in Europe. The Triple Entente became the nucleus of a vastly larger alliance system called the ________.

The Ottoman Empire Central Powers Allied Powers

A new rash of race riots exploded in American cities in the hot "Red Summer" of 1919. Two years later, in 1921, a massive race riot exploded in ________. It was really more of a massacre. A prosperous black community with a robust business economy had been built in the Greenwood District of the city. Some called it " ________ " Yet, there was also a large Ku Klux Klan presence, with a membership of thousands. At the end of May 1921, an immense white mob attacked the neighborhood in a frenzy of murderous violence and destroyed the Greenwood District. Some of the rioters even commandeered ________ from a nearby airfield to drop firebombs on Greenwood. Nearly 300 people, mostly black Americans were killed in the violence and then the conflagration that burned the community to the ground. Around 10, 000 were left homeless and threadbare.

Tulsa, Oklahoma Black Wall Street bi-planes

Progressing through 1950, 1951, and 1952, ________ continued to have successes in guerilla combat. Soon, Viet Minh forces were strong enough to engage in conventional combat, too. In 1953, the Viet Minh surprised the French by expanding the war into neighboring, French-controlled ________. The expanded war saw its culmination at ________. In March of that year, the Viet Minh attacked and besieged the French stronghold. About three thousand French troops and 15,000 indigenous conscripts defended the position. However, the Viet Minh had numerical superiority with around 40, 000 troops, cutting off supply routes (and the route of possible withdrawal.) The French parachuted in supplies for the defense but it wasn't enough. In May, the defenses fell and the Viet Minh were victorious.

Vo Nguyen Giap Laos Dien Bien Phu

The ________ involved a German invasion of northern France, largely moving through Belgium. The goal was to knock France out of the War quickly and then transport German troops by rail quickly back East to meet the Russian threat. That German strategy was foiled when their advance was slowed to a halt and then pushed back during the ________. After being pushed back the Germans began digging in, as did the Allies. They dug trench works as they also attempted and failed to outflank each other moving towards the North Sea. This is usually called the ________. Coming out of these developments the war on the Western Front became a protracted war along a 300-mile front.

Von Schlieffen Plan First Battle of the Marne Race to the Sea

Following the successful Meuse-Argonne Offensives (September - November 1918,) the Germans realized that they would soon be fighting on German soil if the war went on much longer. Under the shadow of a successful coup in Germany, the German Kaiser, ________ was compelled to abdicate on November 9th, 1918 and then flee. At the heart of the November Revolution, as it is sometimes called, were mutineers in the officer corps of the German Navy and the German Army, as well as the ________. The provisional German republic quickly arranged an armistice. The armistice, ending the fighting on the Western Front, was set for ________ on 11, 11, 1918.

Wilhelm (William) II SPD 11am

The "Large Policy" in the United States embraced many aspects of the New Imperialism. America extended its economic, political, and military influence outside continental North America. The New Imperialist Age for the United States is normally thought to have its beginnings with President William McKinley in the 1890s. However, the Large Policy did have earlier predictors: To expand American influence in the Pacific, American Secretary of State _________ sought to buy up Pacific coastline. In 1867, he managed the purchase of _________ from the Tsarist Russians. The United States also became involved in Hawaii at an early date, though that island chain wouldn't be annexed until 1898. The U.S. became involved in two civil wars in the Samoan Islands, beginning in the 1880s, finishing up in 1899 with the U.S. officially gaining new territory. American Samoa would be categorized as an _________.

William Seward Alaska an unincorporated territory

FDR considered the ________ to be the cornerstone of the First New Deal. It attempted to create a semi-centralized economy in the United States. The program was struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1935 with ________. A gaping hole was left in the New Deal apparatus and New Dealers scrambled to draw up a new series of programs. Beginning the Second New Deal was the passage of the Wagner Act, the creation of the W.P.A., the passage of the Revenue Act of 1935, and the passage of the ________ of 1935. The latter created a supplementary pension system for retirees, unemployment insurance, and sent grants to the states for public works and poor relief payments to the unemployable.

Works Progress Administration (WPA) Schechter Poultry Corporation v. the United States Social Security Act

Before the Six-Day War, Palestinians in the West Bank had been under Jordanian authority. After the Six-Day War, they were under the authority of Israel. Palestinians in Gaza were also cut off from Egypt. Their conditions predictably worsened. The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) had been founded back in 1964 under the auspices of the Arab League, however, the PLO and its paramilitary arm, the Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA,) became even more important after the Six-Day War. The PLO was a multi-party and chiefly secular organization, which sought the liberation of Palestine and the Palestinian People. The Pan-Arab political leader, ________ achieved the chairmanship of the PLO in 1969. He re-organized operations and made the PLO more efficient. In 1970, the PLO headquartered itself in Lebanon, orchestrating anti-occupation operations in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as attempts to infiltrate the Israeli state itself. After Egypt failed to drive Israel from the Sinai during the ________ (1973,) peace was orchestrated between Egypt and Israel by U.S. President Jimmy Carter in 1978. Following this, other Arab states began to make unofficial peace with Israel, increasingly leaving the Palestinians to their own devices. The PLO grew in importance. Yet, while the PLO had originally been a militant anti-Israel organization, its attitude mellowed over the decades. In exchange for recognition of Israel's right to exist, the PLO was eventually granted its own recognized Palestinian government in the West Bank and Gaza, known simply as the Palestinian authority. Nonetheless, Palestinians continued to be a repressed population with their land holdings gradually eroded by Israeli colonization. Ultimately, the result of that was a fracturing of the Palestinian resistance front. A more militant and Islamic fundamentalist Palestinian organization formed in Gaza, which it still dominates, called ________. They have broken with the PLO, seeing the older organization as too secular and too moderate.

Yasser Arafat Yom Kippur War Hamas

According to Keylor, Chapter 14, the OAU failed in a lot of its goals. There was never a pan-continental plan for economic development and regional poverty continued to be a severe difficulty. While many parts of the continent were, and are, rich in natural resources the nations of the African continent continued to be poor in ________, notes Keylor. That, in turn, made these newly independent nations figurative sitting ducks for predatory governments and business interests outside of Africa. Western nations in particular leveraged that to maintain preferential trade relations, as well as interrelated military and business insinuations, altogether understood as " ________ ." Early on, in the 1960s and 1970s the non-African country of ________ was especially aggressive in that regard. Keylor cites involvement in numerous African nations.

financial capital neo-colonialism France

By 1914, some European elites were angling for a war in Europe, especially in Germany. There were two great armed camps in Europe at that point. The older of the two was the Triple Alliance, consisting of the Empire of Germany, _______, and Italy. Then there was the Franco-Russian Entente. As war loomed, _______ joined with France and Russia in a Triple Entente. A series of events led to war between the two camps beginning with the assassination of _______.

the Austro-Hungarian Empire Great Britain the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

By 1914, some European elites were angling for a war in Europe, especially in Germany. There were two great armed camps in Europe at that point. The older of the two was the Triple Alliance, consisting of the Empire of Germany, ________, and Italy. Then there was the Franco-Russian Entente. As war loomed, ________ joined with France and Russia in a Triple Entente. A series of events led to war between the two camps beginning with ________.

the Austro-Hungarian Empire Great Britain the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

From Keylor, Chapter 16: In the unfolding environment of the 1990s, with the Soviet economy worsening rapidly, nationalist elements within the Soviet Union itself began to assert themselves. Numerous states in the Union announced their intention to become independent nations. Gorbachev found his limit when ________ declared their independence. He sent in the Soviet Army to suppress the insurrections, which he insisted represented subversive minorities. There was no putting the figurative genie back in the bottle, however. As of 1989, two-thirds of the membership of the Supreme Soviet was being elected in actual open elections. There was real political competition and Gorbachev's chief competitors were taking highly liberal and democratic positions. In 1991, Gorbachev allowed plebiscites (referenda) in the states, asking voters of the various states if they wanted to remain in the Soviet Union or leave it. He seemed to be confident that majorities would vote to stay in, and most did vote to stay in at the time, even as large minorities voted to leave. Majorities in the Baltic States voted to ________. ________ had been the head of the Supreme Soviet and was elected President in June 1991. He was an arch advocate of democratization, free markets, and independence for the ethnically distinctive states. His popular election was an undeniable mandate. Hard-liners attempted a military coup. Following a very brief success, a popular uprising erupted and gained the support of the majority of the Soviet military. The new liberal government was preserved and the Soviet Union soon evaporated.

the Baltic States leave the Soviet Union Boris Yeltsin

Germany's ally ________ initially did quite well, repelling Allied assaults against the Dardanelles. The British wanted to begin by taking the Peninsula of ________. If they had been successful they would have moved on to dominate the Sea of Marmara and then the Bosporus (taking Constantinople.) To the mortification of Allied command and their invasion troops, the Allies couldn't take the fortified peninsular heights. The failure of the Dardanelles Campaign caused the British to redouble their efforts toward Palestine, and eventually in Mesopotamia. At the same time, their adversaries had gotten war heroes out of the successful defense of the aforementioned peninsular heights, most important being an officer named ________.

the Ottoman Empire Gallipoli Mustafa Kemal

The U.S. began its route to becoming an international power with the Spanish-American War (1898.) In 1895 the Cubans had risen up in a massive revolt against Spanish imperial domination, and a pro-Cuban-independence movement sprang up in the U.S. Cuban exiles in the U.S. promoted it. Newspaper men also sensationalized the war, but it was the destruction of _________ in Havana harbor that finally pushed the U.S. to war with Spain. McKinley's Assistant Secretary of the Navy, _________ ordered the American Asiatic Fleet to position itself close to Manila in the Philippines, and instructed them to attack the Spanish fleet there as soon as they heard of war being declared. He then stepped down to personally fight in the war in Cuba. It was a brief and popular war that the U.S. won handily. Cuba became nominally independent, though the Cuban constitution was to have clauses in it allowing for American military bases and American intervention in the island. The U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and almost all of the Philippines. However, Filipino revolutionaries who had helped American forces take the interior of their islands turned on American troops once they realized that the U.S. had no intention of leaving them with independence. The supreme leader of the Filipino resistance during the American-Philippines War (late 1898-1902) was _________ . It was a protracted conflict and highly unpopular in the U.S.

the USS Maine Theodore Roosevelt Emilio Aguinaldo

Improved versions of weaponry were mass-produced for the Great War and new weaponry was deployed. Poison gas, modern tanks, portable accelerant flamethrowers, and aerial weaponry were newcomers to the battlefield. The Germans used ________ for distance bombing raids, altogether killing 500 plus people, mostly in the British homeland. Both the Central Powers and the Allies made use of propeller planes, chiefly biplanes. A new kind of fighting developed in the air between weaponized airplanes. These were the aerial "dogfights." Every nation that had planes in the air had their favorites and their best. Pilots who had taken down five or more enemy aircraft were called ________. Consensus holds that the most accomplished aerial dogfighter in the Great War was ________.

zeppelins Flying Aces Manfred von Richthofen