History Exam 1

Which one of the following statements accurately describes Texas for most of the eighteenth century?

Although Spain laid claim to most of the territory on paper, Indians actually controlled most of the region

The famous member of the first expedition to Texas who was held captive by Indians for a while, traveled widely across the area, and survived to write a description of his travels was

Alvar NunezCabeza de Vaca

The Athabaskan-speaking bands of hunter-gatherers who migrated from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains came to be known as

Apaches

The Comanches' primary enemy was the __________.

Apaches

The establishment of Mission San Sabá was a bold experiment by the Spanish to reach out to the __________.

Apaches

By the 1760s it had become clear that __________.

-the Nuevo Santander area was doing well economically and growing in population -the Paso del Norte area was doing well economically and growing in population -the presidio-mission system had failed to produce much growth in the main part of Texas

By the 1730s, the most successful settlement in the main part of Texas was at __________.

Béxar (San Antonio)

After the reforms of the 1790s were implemented, the missions at San Antonio de Béxar __________.

Continued their day-to-day operations with little change

The North African slave who also traveled widely through the Texas area was

Estebanico

The Catholic religious order that was responsible for the conversion of the Chichimecas was the __________.

Franciscans

The Spanish explorer who led a large expedition through the Southwest including the Texas Panhandle all the way into modern-day Kansas, in search of the legendary "Seven Cities of Gold," was

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

The versatile projectile point that is specially associated with South Texas and appeared about 11,500 years ago is known as the

Golondrina

A spanish conquistador who led an expedition across the Gulf coast from Florida to the Mississippi river, where he died a failure, was

Hernando de Soto

Norteños was a term utilized to identify __________.

Indian nations north and east of San Antonio, which included the Comanches and the Wichitas

What eventually happened to Mission San Sabá?

It was destroyed by an attack of rival Indians using weapons supplied by the French.

An enlightened Spanish official who became visitador (inspector general) of New Spain in 1765 and attempted to improve the administration of New Spain was __________.

José de Gálvez

The adelantado who led an expedition to pacify New Mexico in 1598 was __________.

Juan de Oñate

The various indigenous groups that resided in present-day southeastern New Mexico, western Texas, and northern Chihuahua were collectively known as __________.

Jumanos

The presidio that Marqués de Rubí found to be in the best condition was __________.

La Bahía

Although the Spanish experienced problems with various Indian groups, the most hostile and dangerous group in the 1720s and 1730s was the __________.

Lipan Apaches

The second French frontiersman to establish an important settlement on the border of Texas and motivate Spanish officials to pay more attention to Texas was __________.

Louis Juchereau de St. Denis

By about 2,000 years ago, some of the communities in the Southwest adopted a more sedentary way of life that included technological and cultural characteristics known as

Mogollon

During the second half of the seventeenth century, Paso del Norte was officially incorporated into the province of __________.

New Mexico

The heartland of the Caddo culture region was based along the

Sabine River

What happened as a result of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?

Several thousand Spanish colonists and about 300 Indians retreated to Paso del Norte and established settlements there.

What major factor resulted in the southern migration of the Shoshone, a portion of which came to be known as the Comanches?

The flourishing of buffalo herds in the Great Plains

Spain's acquisition of the Louisiana territory gave the Spanish __________.

a buffer zone against other European powers in the northern frontier

Successful adaptation to Texas environments during the Early Archiac period resulted in

a population boom around 5,000 years ago

When Marqués de Rubí's inspection tour arrived at Paso del Norte, he found __________.

a small community in a flourishing state

When Marqués de Rubí visited San Antonio de Béxar, he found __________.

a thriving community of 2,000 with five missions, but weak military defenses

In the late 1500s, the native peoples who were collectively known as Chichimecas __________.

actively resisted Spanish encroachment into their territory

In the eighteenth century, the economy of Paso del Norte, located in present-day West Texas, relied primarily on __________.

agriculture production

The last Ice Age affected what is now the Texas area by bringing about such physical and biological changes as

all of these -the extinction of mastodons -incredible erosion in places such as Palo Duro Canyon -the creation of barrier islands such as Padre Island

Women in Spanish Texas __________.

all of these -had the right to own separate property -could initiate a legal action against an individual and provide testimony in court -were entitled to half of all the property that was acquired during a marriage

The Clovis toolkit, which included fluted projectile points, blades, and scrapers, has been found

at several locations from the Trans-Pecos area to East Texas

As hunter-gatherer groups adapted to their local environments,temporary rock shelters and stream-side camps that they had established in the past

became more permanent homes

According to research that some consider controversial, the first humans entered Texas

between 12,000 and 40,000 years ago and had entered the North American continent through the land bridge called Beringia

The Comanches' political economy depended on two principal items: __________.

buffalo and horses

One common misconception about the Karankawas is that they were

cannibals

José Escandón's colonization efforts were built around the establishment of __________.

civilian settlements (villas)

In the early 1770s, the missions of San Antonio __________.

controlled some of the best grazing lands in the region and had built a sophisticated acequia system

Spaniards who had been born in the Americas but could trace all of their family lines back to Europe were known as __________.

criollos

The end of the Archaic period marked the

end of purely hunter-gatherer societies

In addition to Columbus's discovery of the Americas, another important development that took place in 1492 was the

expulsion of the Jews from Spain, unless the converted to Christianity

Spain's first attempt to establish a permanent settlement in the province of Texas was a __________.

failure when the priests ran out of gifts for the Tejas Indians, who then lost interest in mission activities

In 1493 Pope Alexander IV issued a papal decree called the Inter Caetera, which

granted the Catholic Kings of Spain dominion over most of the newly discovered lands in Americas

Owners of large amounts of livestock were known as __________

hacendados

Most of the women who resided in Spanish Texas settlements __________.

had been born on the frontier, and their "Spanish" status was often based on social convention rather than biological grounds

New Spain's northern frontier in the 1750s and 1760s __________

had been mostly neglected by Spain

One reason the Comanches posed such a challenge for other Indian peoples as well as the Spanish was their __________.

highly decentralized sociopolitical organization

France transferred Louisiana to Spain during the eighteenth-century __________.

in order to keep it away from Great Britain

In the 1740s and 1750s, José Escandón y Elguera succeeded in greatly expanding Spanish settlements __________.

in the area between the Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers (Nuevo Santander)

the various Indian groups identified by sixteenth century Spaniards as Jumanos lived mostly in the

in the southern plains and parts of the Trans-Pecos region

The occupation of New Mexico became important to the Spanish because __________.

it was a strategic location and offered the opportunity to convert the natives to Christianity

Some of the major problems that Spanish officials identified as barriers to colonization of the Texas area were the

lack of precious metals and the difficulty of assimilating the primitive people living there

The early Archaic period is marked by the greater reliance on

locally available resources

Despite some of the physical advantages that the missions had achieved, their greatest challenge was __________.

maintaining adequate Indian populations

Unbranded livestock was known as __________.

mesteñas

Residents of Spanish-claimed lands in the Americas who were of mixed Spanish and indigenous parentage were known as __________.

mestizos

The first Europeans to arrive in Texas and make contact with Indians were members of an expedition led by

panfilo de Narvaez

Spaniards who had been born in Europe and migrated to the New World were known as __________.

peninsulares

After his visit to Texas, the Marqués de Rubí recommended several changes in policy for the area, which proved to be especially beneficial to the __________.

presidios of Béxar and La Bahía

Coastal Coahuiltecans, Karankawas, and Galveston bay peoples made extensive use of

small mammals, freshwater fish, and shellfish for the meat portion of their diet

Because of the area's great distance from other Spanish settlements, the principal commercial activity of the soldiers and civilian settlers in the Los Adaes area of East Texas was __________.

smuggling contraband

The efforts of the Texas missions to develop large herds of cattle __________.

succeeded quite well in several locations

The ranching system, environmental circumstances, and land laws in Texas created a society __________.

that was land rich but money poor

In order to increase the civilian population of the San Antonio (Béxar), Spanish officials in 1731 successfully recruited new settlers from __________.

the Canary Islands

In the early 1720s the Spanish reestablished missions and presidios in East Texas under the efficient leadership of __________.

the Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo

The results of the various expeditions exploring the Texas area from 1528 to about 1543 convinced Spanish officials that

the area was not promising and that their efforts would be more profitable if directed to other parts of the New World

The failure of the San Sabá experiment demonstrated __________.

the inadequacy of the presidio-mission complex and Spain's inability to prevent the French from selling weapons and other supplies to the Norteños

One distinctive feature of caddo society was that

there social organization was matrilineal, meaning that descent was traced on the mother's side

Another distinctive characteristic of Caddo society was that

they were prolific mound builders

Spanish officials managed to keep the Comanches from raiding settlements __________.

through the use of the policy known as "peace by purchase"

In their dealings with Indian groups during the 1770s and 1780s, Spanish officials favored __________.

war against the Apaches, but peace with the Comanches

As of 1800, ranching __________.

was the most important economic activity in Texas