History Final Exam

Messiah-

"God's anointed one"

5 Pillars of Islam (def and importance)

1. belief in one God, Allah, and Muhammad his prophet 2. daily prayer; pray 5 times a day facing Mecca- mosques- Jewish places for worship 3. alms (offering) for the poor 4. fasting (sunrise to sunset) during Ramadan (September-October) 5. hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime (and visit Kaaba). Important because it is important to their religion.

Apostles-

12 disciples whom Jesus chose to receive special training.

Sunni-

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad.

Mosque-

A building for Muslim prayer. Important because it is symbolic, and it is a place to gain Islamic worship and knowledge.

Jerusalem

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

Phalanx-

A group of warriors who stood close together in a square.

Pilgrimage (def and importance)

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. Important because it will help the person on the journey develop spiritually and be blessed.

vassal

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

On what type of landform is Mainland Greece located?

A peninsula

serf

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

Feudalism

A system of promises that governed the relationships between lords and vassals

Pax Romana (def and importance)

A time of general peace and prosperity. There were no major wars or rebellions in the empire. Important because this caused trade to increase and population to grow.

Columbian Exchange-

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Muhammad (def and importance)

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. Important because he was the founder of Islam.

Constantinople importance

Became the capital of the eastern Roman empire.

Hellenistic Culture (def and importance)

Blended cultures. Important because it combined Greek culture and ideas with Persian, egyptian, Syrian, and macedonian. It shaped our culture to what it is today.

Sir Isaac Newton (importance and contributions)

British scientist that developed the four laws of motion and gravity.

Where did Cabot explore?

Canada

Crusaders

Christian warriors sent to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims that controlled

Chivalry

Code of conduct

Plebeians (def and importance)

Common people. Important because they formed a council and elected their own officials which made the patricians nervous. The plebeians were then allowed to hold office.

Monasteries

Communities of monks

Maya (importance and contributions)

Created the concept of 0, advanced math skills, created calendar

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.

Mansa Musa (importance and contribution)

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Galileo Galilei (importance and contributions)

First person to study the sky with a telescope. Saw craters and mountains on the moon.

Why was Marco Polo's trip to China significant?

First time anyone had traveled there and brought back spices and silk. His trip caused people to realize there was more to life.

Ferdinand Magellan (importance and contributions)

First to circumnavigate the globe

Ghana (importance and contributions)

Ghana became an important trading center and cultural crossroads. Ancient Ghana was a society with a complex court system, military organization and gold and salt trade.

Mythology (def and importance)

Group of stories about gods and heroes that explains the way something in the world works. Important because each myth explained natural or historical events.

Legions (def and importance)

Groups of up to 6,000 soldiers. Important because this organization allowed the army to be very flexible. Their flexibility allowed them to defeat most enemies.

What was Alexander the Great's view of Greek culture?

He admired Greek culture and wanted to spread it.

Where did Diaz explore?

He explored the tip of Africa, and he named it the Cape of Storms.

Where did Columbus explore?

He thought he found India but instead he was on the islands in the Bahamas.

Where did Da Gama explore?

He was the first person to sail directly from Europe to India.

Why did many become followers of Jesus?

Jesus traveled and taught ideas to people, so he was followed around.

How did ancient Greeks influence our language?

Lots of English words are derived from Greek words. We took some of their language and applied it to ours.

Medieval

Middle Ages

Patricians (def and importance)

Nobles. Important because they held all political power.

Who was the most powerful Roman general?

Octavian (Julius's son)

What are the reasons for the fall of the Roman empire?

Poor communication, population decreased, prices went up and everyone became poor, and sickness swept through Rome.

Ptolemy (importance and contributions)

Roman geographer-astronomer and author of a book which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.

Who were the Punic Wars between?

Rome and Carthage

The Forum (def and importance)

Rome's public meeting place. Important because it was a good place for business, entertainment, and more. It brought the people of Rome together.

Who were the three best known ancient Greek philosophers?

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

What caused the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta was threatened by the growing power of Athens, so Sparta declared war on them.

Mali (importance and contributions)

The Mali Empire was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language, laws and customs.

What did knights receive in exchange for their pledge of loyalty to a lord?

fiefs

Missionaries

people who work to spread their religious beliefs

fiefs

pieces of land

Monks

religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities

Roles

the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

Shia-

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad.

heretics

those who hold to a belief opposed to the established teachings of a church

Where did Magellan explore?

was the leader/captain of the first people to circumnavigate the world, led Spanish expedition to Philippines. South America.

What effect did merchant families have on the Renissance?

They wanted to out do eachother using art.

Why did the Romans make payments to the Goths?

To keep the Goths from attacking Rome.

Why did ancient Greeks turn to the sea?

Travel across the mountains were difficult.

knights

Warriors who fought on horseback

Representative Democracy-

When citizens elect officials to represent them ina government.

Songhai (importance and contributions)

a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade.

Incas (importance and contributions)

a bit more peaceful, worshipped animals. Kids would go to school to learn about them.

Magna Carta

a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

Manor

a large estate owned by a knight or lord

peasant

a person who does farm work for wealthy landowners

Caravel

a ship that used square or triangular sails to travel long distances swiftly

Prince Henry the Navigator (importance and contributions)

built an observatory and navigation school to teach sailors how to find their way on the ocean.

Excommunicate

cast out from the church

Aztecs (importance and contributions)

They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. Ruthless, made sacrifices, built large pyramids and temples.

What are the two earliest cultural groups to develop in Greece?

The Minoans and the Mycenaeans

How were the Mycenaeans different from the Minoans?

The Mycenaeans spoke Greek and the Minoans didn't. The Mycenaeans spent much of their time on land and the Minoans at sea.

What is the difference between the Old and the New Testament?

The Old Testament tells the history and ideas of the Hebrew and Jewish people. The New Testament contains accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus and the early history of Christianity.

Why did the Roman trade network grow?

The Romans needed to bring in food from other parts of the Mediterranean

Animism-

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

Mecca (def and importance)

The holiest city for Muslims, also where Muhammad was born. Important because it is vital to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at some point in Muslims' life.

Quran (def and importance)

The holy book of Islam. It is important because it guides muslim religion.

who was most important in spreading Christianity throughout Europe?

The monk, missionaries and the Pope.

What did Romans who were Magistrates and Romans who took part in assemblies have in common?

They both had to approve laws before they went into effect. They were both powerful.

How did the plague change life for surviving peasants and serfs?

They demanded wages when their skills were in high demand for their labor. Some also fled.