History of Exercise Physiology (Exam #1)
Edward Hitchcock, Sr. and E. Hitchcock, Jr.
- Amherst College - Pioneered the American sports science movement - Hitchcocks coauthored an anatomy and physiology textbook geared to college physical education. - Exercise was required of students - 30min/day, 4 days/week
Harvard Fatigue Laboratory
- Founded in 1927 Legitimized exercise physiology as an important area of research and study - Established by Lawrence J. Henderson, M.D., Harvard chemist and professor of biochemistry David Bruce Dill, a Stanford Ph.D. in physical chemistry, became the first and only scientific director of the Laboratory
Galen
- Galen emerged as the most well-known and influential physician that ever lived. - Wrote ~500 essays on human anatomy and physiology, nutrition, growth and development, benefits of exercise and deleterious consequences of sedentary living, and diverse diseases and their treatment - Taught and practiced 7 "laws of health": - Breathing fresh air, eating proper foods, drinking the right beverages, exercising, getting adequate sleep, having a daily bowel movement, and controlling one's emotions - Introduced the concept of "Polisarkia"
George Wells Fitz, MD
- Physician and pioneer exercise physiology researcher - Helped establish the Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training at Harvard University in 1891 - Developed the first formal exercise physiology laboratory - Investigated the effects of exercise on: cardiorespiratory function, muscular fatigue, metabolism, and nervous system functions
Austin Flint Jr., MD
American physician-physiologist (1812-86) who contributed significantly physiology literature. Fostered the belief among 19th century American physical education teachers that muscular exercise should be taught from a strong foundation of science and experimentation.
William Harvey
Discovered blood flows in one direction Overthrew 2000+ years of dogma
Exercise Physiology
Exercise physiology is a sub-discipline of kinesiology that addresses 1) the short-term biological responses to the stress of physical activity and 2) how the body adapts to repeated bouts of physical activity over time."
Hitchcock Jr.
First to statistically record basic anthropometric data on a large group of subjects, YEARLY Anthropometric measurements = systematic measurements of the size, shape and composition of the human body From 1861 to 1888, Hitchcock, Jr. measured all students enrolled at Amherst College for 6 measures of segmental height, weight, muscular strength and lung capacity
William Beaumont
Fort Mackinac, MI Gunshot wound to the abdomen left a natural "valve" In vivo and in vitro experiments 238 experiments with no research facilities
Thomas Thatcher
Guide to Small-Pox and Measles (1677)
Harvard's Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training
Harvard's new physical education major and exercise physiology research laboratory focused on three objectives: Prepare students, with or without subsequent training in medicine, to become directors of gymnasia or instructors in physical training 2. Provide general knowledge about the science of exercise, including systematic training to maintain health and fitness 3. Provide suitable academic preparation to enter medical school
James Lind
Surgeon's Mate First clinical trial British diet: 1 lb biscuits, 4 oz cheese (3x/day), 2lb salt beef (2x/week), 2oz dried fish and butter (3X/week), 8ox peas (4X/week), 1 gallon beer a day
