History of Nursing

- The word nursing is derived from the Latin nutrire - The word nurse from Latin nutrix

- "to nourish" - "nurse mother"

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

- 1854: the Crimean War began and Nightingale learned that the mortality rate for British troops was 41 percent - Most troops died from disease rather than their injuries from combat

Politics, Power and Control

- 1928: ANA formed a legislative committee representing nursing through depression and World War II - 1965: ANA published a position paper Educational Preparation for Nurse Practitioners and Assistants to Nurses that stated nursing education should occur in institutions of higher education, rather than in hospitals and the baccalaureate degree should be the minimum preparation

Research Era

- 1940-1950: research was the driving force - Nurses were on the move to conduct research and to begin developing a specialized body of knowledge - This era saw the development of scholarly activity and the publication of the first nursing journal Nursing Research

Graduate Education Era

- 1960-1970: curricula for master's level preparation were proposed by regional groups and then standardized at national meeting of the National League for Nursing (NLN). - 1970: 21 nursing doctoral programs existed

Theory Era

- 1978: A Nurse Educator Conference in New York was held with Nursing Theory as the theme - 1980-1990: nursing theory development noted to be the cornerstone of the development of the discipline of nursing

Harriet Tubman (1822-1913) "Moses"

Underground Railroad operator leading over 300 slaves to freedom, an abolitionist, a Civil War spy, and a nurse

Harriet Tubman

- Born 1822 on the plantation of Anthony Thompson, south of Madison in Dorchester County, Maryland - She was an Underground Railroad operator leading over 300 slaves to freedom, an abolitionist, a Civil War spy, and a nurse - After escaping from enslavement in 1849, Tubman dedicated herself to fighting for freedom and justice for the remainder of her life, earning her the name "Moses"

Dorothea Lynde (1802-1887)

- Born in Hampden, Maine 1802 - Reformer of Mental Hospitals - Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army - Formed an Army of Nursing Corps - Organized hundreds of women volunteers into the corps during the civil war

Clara Barton

- Clara Barton's civil war work began in April 1861. After the Battle of Bull Run, she established an agency to obtain and distribute supplies to wounded soldiers - In July 1862, she obtained permission to travel behind the lines, eventually reaching some of the grimmest battlefields. - Barton delivered aid to soldiers of both the North and South - In 1881 she established the American Red Cross and in 1882 worked to ratify the treaty so Red Cross could perform humanitarian efforts in times of peace

Early Modern Europe

- During the Protestant Reformation monasteries and convents were closed and seized by the government - Care of the sick fell to "common women" who often were too old or ill to find any other type of work - "Nurses" often were drunk while on duty, extorted money from patients, used foul language, and lacked little knowledge of actual care of the sick

Curriculum Era

- Efforts to understand the nature of the knowledge needed for the practice of nursing was emphasized on curricular content and the progression toward standardizing curricula. - Curricula moved beyond just physiological and pathophysiological knowledge to include social sciences, pharmacology, and formal classes of nursing procedure

Origin of Professional Nursing

- Florence Nightingale: laid the foundation for nursing as a profession - Educated in Greek, Latin, German, French, Italian, mathematics, ancient and modern literature, and natural science - From a very wealthy British family who chose to dedicate her life to the service of humanity

Florence Nightingale 3

- Founded the Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas Hospital in London for the education of professional nurses - This was different than any education nurses had received before: they had classes in theory and clinical experiences in hospital wards

Isabel Hampton Robb

- Graduated from Bellevue Hospital Training school in 1883 - Appointed superintendent of nurses at the Illinois Training School for Nurses at Cook County Hospital in Chicago - While there, she abolished the practice of student nurses doing private duty nursing - She broadened the curriculum and established affiliations with other hospitals - She established the first grading policy in a nursing school - Wrote the classic text Nursing: It's Principles and Practice published in 1894

Ancient Times

- No formal education for the care of the sick - Early caregivers learned their art through oral traditions passed down through the generations - People were very closely tied to nature and were mystical in their thinking of what caused illness - They used herbs, rituals, and torture to rid the person of illness

Early Christian Era

- Nurses or caregivers first formed themselves into organized groups during the early Christian era - Nursing ideals of charity, service to others, and self-sacrifice were in harmony with the teachings of the early Christian church - The role of Deaconess was created in Kaiserwerth Germany. Deaconesses were Roman matrons or widows with some educational background who were selected by the church to care for the ill in their own homes

Lillian Wald (1867-1940)

- Pioneered the concept of "public health nursing" - Public School Nursing Service: Henry Street nurses provided care at public schools to increase attendance

Mary Ann Ball Continued

- She risked enemy fire, especially through Grant's Western Campaign and Sherman's Georgia Campaign, to rescue suffering men, often going out at night to hunt for the fallen - When the victorious armies of the North were reviewed in Washington at the war's end, "Mother Bickerdyke" road her faithful white horse beside the generals and colonels

Mary Ann Ball Bickerdyke (1817-1901)

- She served throughout the war in the West - When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Mary at the age of 45 went to the soldiers' aid - Ignoring rank, protocol, and allegiance, she pursued fearlessly and with inexhaustible energy her mission to care for the sick and wounded - Rebel, Union, and black soldiers all received the same attention

Primitive Care

- Some primitive people made the decision of who was to be a caregiver long before the person could decide for themselves: In the Zuni tribe if an infant was born with part of the placenta covering the face it was taken as a sign that he or she had been marked as one who is destined to become a caregiver - In other societies women were assigned the task of care giving while other groups assigned the role to medicine men, shamans, or other male tribesman

Mary Adelaide Nutting

- The World's First Nursing Professor - As a superintendent she worked for nursing school reforms - more education less practical training or ward work

Nursing: United States

- The civil war was the forum for some memorable nurses to lay the foundation for professional nursing in the United States - Volunteer nurses soon came to realize the value of formal education in the care of the sick and became instrumental in establishing the first nurse training school in the U. S.

Mary Mahoney Continued: Training in the United States

- The first permanent training school of nursing in the United States was opened in 1872: Nurse Training School of Women's Hospital of Philadelphia - Female physicians who sought to better the field of nursing following the Nightingale model - They had a set curriculum, paid instructors, equipment for practice, and a nurse's library

Florence Nightingale

- Was the first to study how "dirt" affected healing. - She let sunshine and fresh air in. The number of deaths dropped dramatically in the following months - This laid the foundation for modern evidence-based practice

Early Ministries

Florence Nightingale Practiced: - Holistic Healing: Mind, Body, Soul - Environmental Health - Education and Reform during the Crimean War

Early Christian Era 3

Hotel-Dieu was founded by the Augustinian sisters in Paris in the year 651 A.D.

Early Modern Europe 2

In 1840 Elizabeth Fry founded the Protestant Sisters of Charity in response to the pleas of British Social Reformers

Early Christian Era 4

Patients were often placed two in a bed (with the feet of the patient opposite the face of the other). They often received no diagnosis on admission, so a Small Pox or Tuberculosis patient could be put in the bed with a leg fracture

Isabel Hampton Robb (1860-1910)

Served as president of both the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses which eventually became the National League for Nursing, and the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada, which became the American Nurses Association.

Florence Nightingale 2

She was known as the "Lady with the Lamp" to the soldiers she was caring for

Clara Barton (1821-1912)

The Angel of the Battlefield

Mary Mahoney (1845-1926)

The First African American Graduate Nurse

Early Christian Era 2

The first hospitals were also founded by members of religious communities: Nuns and monks who devoted their lives to care for the sick