History Practices of WW2

Battle of the Bulge

(16 December 1944 - 25 January 1945):German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg on the Western Front. Hitler's goal was to recapture Antwerp (a harbor). The surprise attack caught the Allied forces off guard. US played major portion (took largest casualties out of any battle in the war). The battle devastated Germany's armored forces (hard to recover with the high production of the allied nations).

Iwo Jima

(19 February - 26 March 1945) Note: also called Operation Detachment. This was a major battle where the US fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese Empire. The allied goal was to capture the entire island, in addition to its three airfields. This was a five-week battle which represented some of the bloodiest fighting of the War in the Pacific theatre.

Battle of Okinawa

82 days, 76,000 US casualties - used to convince Truman to drop atomic bomb - "To save 500, 000 lives . . ." - idea that dropping an atomic bomb would save 500,000 American lives - derived from this example of a prolonged war with huge amounts of casualties.

Operation Overlord

Also called the Battle of Normandy. The fighting began on June 6, 1944, when Allied forces landed on Normandy, which is now known as D-Day. Allied troops sent 120000 planes first in an aerial assault, followed by a naval force

Battle of the Atlantic

Atlantic Germany Use submarines (U-Boat) to sink Allied supply ships into Britain U-boat was really powerful and ahead of US naval power at the time - naval power was so important because the US is surrounded by all water rather than the landlocked countries in Europe Fight bigger navies of Allies indirectly Fight in "wolfpacks" - groups of submarines that gang up one one enemy ship Sink Allied ships across the Atlantic, esp. in "Atlantic Gap" Europe Battle of the Atlantic was about controlling supplies and controlling resources across the Atlantic and to the battlefield Allies Use of convoys, blackouts, and radio silence Improvements in intelligence, air support, and training in tactics of defense against wolfpacks Better radar & "Leigh Light" alone increase U-boat losses by 4x Britain British adopt offensive strategies against U-boats, paired with long-range bombers and improved technology End of war in Atlantic 31 May 1943

All of cold war terms

Causes of World War II Content Terms Peter Cuetara, Antonio Perales, Jamison Rowles Use as a Study Guide for Content-Based Summatives, as a guide to assist timed writings, and to keep for May IB Exams. Should be a simple exercise if you have kept up with your readings and reading guide. PLEASE BE AWARE: We've examined this in Arab-Israeli, you are at a level where a simple definition does not count as knowing a content term. You need to know the term AND THE SIGNIFICANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TOPIC BEING STUDIED. ALSO NOW A CASUAL RELATIONSHIP (Cause-Effect) SHOULD ALSO BE INCLUDED (In this case the Causes of World War II.) http://ibhistory.wikidot.com/foreign-policy-in-la#toc12 Left (Liberal) Right (Conservative) Communism/Socialism ("group ownership Fascism (one dude in control)(Industrailized under "state control") 35-45 Naval. battle of midway. Franklin D. Roosevelt (1945) - "Roosevelt and the Shadow of War (33-41). Would dedicate US to Good Neighbor policy, becasue he was tired of the negative feelings that built up from Latin American nations due to the U.S. intervening. 1933, endorses non-intervention at Seventh Pan-American Conference. US troops left Cuba in 1934, and Platt Amendment was repealed after Batista came into power. In 1936, US relaxes iron grip on Panama. In 1938, Mexico nationalized oil fields and US oil companies wanted armed intervention, FDR permitted a settlement. Good Neighborism - US lowered tariffs (by 50%) + opened up trade Neville Chamberlain - Prime Minister of Great Britain during the first few months of WW2 and before. He was replaced by Sir Winston Churchill. Joseph Stalin- Leader of the USSR during WWII. He originally sided with Hitler, but after he was betrayed, he joined England and later the US against the Nazis Benito Mussolini- Leader of Italy during WWII, supported Hitler. Founder of Fascist Party in 1919 - elected himself dictator. Was a socialist as a youth. Expelled by the party for supporting World War I. He overextended his forces in WWII and his people killed him. Criticized Italian gov. for weakness at the Treaty of Versailles. Organized a para-military unit known as the "Black Shirts", who terrorized political opponents (of Fascism). In 1935, he flexed into Ethiopia, with tanks/airplanes. Supported Fascists in Spain during their Civil War (1936-1939). In 1939, he signed a "Pact of Steel"with Hitler. He the initiated discrimination policies against Jews in Italy, also invaded Greece with some initial success. At 1942 Casablanca Conference, Churchill + Roosevelt try to take Italy out of the war picture, and get Germany to move its troops to Eastern Front up on the Soviet Union. Adolf Hitler- Leader of Nazi Germany When Hitler invaded Poland and warred on Britain and France, it forced Italy into war and showed its weakness. Greece and Northern Africa fell, and German intervention saved Mussolini ass from a military coup. Hideki Tojo - He was the general of the IJA (Imperial Japanese Army), the leader of IRAA (Imperial Rule assistance Association), and also the Prime Minister of Japan during most of WWII. He was culpable for the Pearl Harbor attack. He was hanged for Japanese War Crimes. Admiral Yamamoto - Was the Japanese Marshal Admiral, and Commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during WWII. He was responsible for the major battles in the "Pacific War", such as Midway. Emperor Hirohito - He was the Emperor of Japan (1926-1989). Treaty of Versailles (a lenthy one) --Ended state of war between Germans and Allied Powers, in 1919. Took six months of negotiating at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference. Treaty was registered by the League of Nations. League of Nations - Founded in 1920 - as a result of Paris Peace Conference that ended WWI. "maintain world peace, prevent wars through collective security + disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration". Was a complete flop, as it turned out. Weimar Republic - Representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. Named after city of Weimar, where the constitutional assembly took place. The republic emerged from the German Revolution in 1918. Little Entente - Alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia to form a common defense against Hungarian revision and prevention of a Habsburg restoration. France supported the alliance by signing treaties with each member country. Locarno Pact -7 agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland (1925), during time when Allied powers and the news states of Central + Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (at the time the Weimar Republic). Essentially, germany would accept the border with France and Belgium that were from the Treaty of Versailles. Also, Britain and Italy agreed to protect France if the Germans invaded. Germany would accept Rhineland as the demilitarized zone. Also, if any conflict were to arrise, France and Germany would settle the conflict through the League of nations. The Germans were granted entry to the League in 1926. The Soviets were not in it. Lausanne 1932 - The Lausanne Conference took place in 1932, was a meeting of representatives from Great Britain, Germany, and France that all agreed to "suspend" WWI reparations payments, that were placed upon defeated countries under the Treaty of Versailles. It was in Lausanne, Swtizerland. Neutrality Acts Passed by Congress (1930), responding to growing turmoil in Europe + Asia that led to World War II. They were spurred by growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. It limited the US gov's ability to aid Britain/France against Nazi Germany. Acts were repealed in 1941, because of Pearl Harbor. Dawes Plan - loans to Germany so they could pay of war reparations - Attempt for Triple Entente to compromise and collect war reparations debt from Germany. Tried to solve reparations problem, which bedeviled international politics following World War I + Treaty of Versailles. Circular Money Cycle - Germans using American money to pay Britain and France, who then could pay off their debts to the US from the war. This was used so that Germany could fulfill its end of the Treaty of Versailles. Philippe Petain - Was a French general, Marshal, and Chief of State of Vichy France, was the head of state. National hero of France... and after the fall of France in June 1940, he was promoted.... and tried to make peace with Germany. Maginot Line- France's large defense line which was built after WWI to prevent Germany from invading, was thought to be "impenetrable". Line of concrete fortifications, obstacles, and weapons before border wit Switzerland and with Germany and Lexembourg during 1930s. Was a response to World War I... and a runner up to WWII, and happened shortly after the Locarno Conference Washington Naval Conference - Also known as the Washington Arm Conference, or the Washington Disarmament Conference, was called by Pres. Harding, in 1921 to 1922. It was out of the League of Nation's circle, but attended by 9 nations: US, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal. It was the first arms control conference in history. Spanish Civil War - (1936 -1939) - between Republicans, that were loyal to the democratic "Spanish Republic", and the Nationalist, which was led by Fascist leader Francisco Franco. Nationalists ruled Spain until 36 years. Has infamously been called the "dress rehearsal" for World War II. Fascism- The belief in the need for a totalitarian regime led by a vanguard party responsible for aligning the state with Fascist principles. Fascism is opposed to all forms of Communism, Socialism, and Liberal Democracy. Fascism incorporated some principles of Socialism, but replaced class conflict with conflict amongst nations. Fascism advocated for one consolidated totalitarian state that progressed as one. Italian Fascism- Original fascist ideology. Mussolini ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943... when its Grand Council of Fascism fired him as a party leader. It was rooted in Italian nationalism... but back to Italian history... it originated way back to the Roman empire, had the desire to restore and expand Italian territories + African Colonies. Claimed that modern Italy is the heir Ovra - "Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism" - Was the secret police under the Kingdom of Italy, 1927, under Mussolini (fascist). The German Gestapo were equal to the OVRA. These police had the mission of destroying any ant-Fascist activity. It was led by Arturo Bocchini. ONB - Stands for Opera Nazionale Balilla, and was an Italian Fascist youth organization. It was in addition to schooling. It was started after a Genoese boy named Giovan Battista Perasso, who started a revolt in 1746 against the Habsburg forces that occupied the city during the War of the Austrian Succession. Black Shirts- Italian military force that originally started as a militia, but Mussolini developed it into an actual military force Abyssinian Crisis - Crisis during interwar period, stemming from "Walwal incident". Was a result of the Kingdom of Italy's struggle with the Empire of Ethiopia, but was called Abyssinia in Europe. It aimed to sap credibility from the League of Nations, and encourage Fascist Italy to ally with Nazi Germany. By 1937, the world saw the division on the continent. Duce - Is the Italian cognate of the word Duke. Mussolini was called the II Duce. Nazism/ NSDAP- another name for the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei). It is also known as National Socialism, and represents the ideology and practice of the German Nazi Party and state. It is often categorized as a form of fascism that also integrates a blend of "scientific racism" and "antisemitism". The main theories that it believed were "Social darwinism", wanted to eradicate social divisions. Mein Kampf- My Struggle, book that Hitler wrote about his life Brown Shirts (SA)- The German Storm troopers. They were the main fighting force for Germany before Hitler disbanded them and put the SS in place. Beer Hall Putsch - Hitler's failed attempt to take control in Munich, Bavaria, 1923. Hitler was found guilty to treason. SS- Schutzstaffel- most powerful organization of the Third Reich, led by Heinrich Himmler. It was an elite corp with their own special insignia, and they felt superior to the stormtroopers, or SA (brownshirts). After Hitler rose to power and shutdown the SA, he divided the SS into two different groups, both of which answered directly to him via HImmler. The first was made up of the various different police forces, like the criminal police, security police, and the gestapo. The second group was further divided and had roles such as being Hitler's personal bodyguard, running the concentration camps, and the elite combat troops. Gestapo- German Secret State Police - Was the police of Nazi Germany... formed in 1933. Its national leader, Heinrich Himmler (1936) was the Chief of German Police. Himmler was primarily responsible for the Holocaust Hermann Goering - German politician, military leader, and leading member of the Nazis (NSDAP). Was a WWI veteran. Joseph Goebbels- German politician (1933 - 1945). Was one of Hitler's closest followers. He was strongly anti-semitic, and greatly supported the Final Solution. Three Sides of the Nazi Triangle (Nazi Ideology) -1) The Dictatorship in Germany which dissolved all labor unions and everything else that was not dominated by the Nazi's 2)The development of a society based on a racial basis 3)The instant preparations of another war "Night of Long Knives"- In a single night, most if not all of the nazi's political opponents disspeared/were murdered, therefore having the Nazi's win by pretty much default. Lebensraum- The German ideology about rapid expansion and taking over continental Europe. In this new country, the Germans would be the elite "master race", and everyone else would be below them. This idea formed long before Hitler came to power, but his rampage in the late 30's came very close to achieving their ideology. He adopted Lebensraum into his Nazi ideology. The Molotov Ribbentrop pact slightly changed this ideology and allowed Russia to retain what it controlled in Europe due to improved relations with Russia. "Ein reich, ein volk, ein fuher"- One State, One People, One Leader, Nazi political slogan Nuremberg Laws- Anti-semitic laws which banned Jews from public places, forced them into Ghetto's, and required them to wear the Star of David; passed in all of the Nazi-occupied land Kristallnacht- Night of Broken Glass- in one night, the German Secret Police broke into the homes of Jewish people and kidnapped all of them and relocated them into the Concentration camps Remilitarization of Germany - Austria... - by the German Army took place in 1935, when German military entered Rhineland, Germany. It was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties, caused aggression in Eastern Europe. It tipped the balance of power in europe from France to Germany. According to the Treaty of Versailles, the Germans were not allowed to maintain/construct any fortification either on the Left bank of the Rhine or on the Right bank to the west of the line. Anglo-German Naval Agreement- an agreement in which the German navy force would always be 35% in weight of the Royal Navy. This limited the size of the German navy in hopes that they would never be able to wage another world war. It was renounced by Hitler in 1939 Rhineland - Was the area that was deemed a "demilitarized zone" after the Treaty of Versailles. However this was broken by the German Army between 1935 and 1936, and it was remilitarized. It also violated the Locarno Treaties. Anschluss- Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938. Laws created after World War 1 prevented the two from uniting into one country, but Hitler took it over anyway in his conquest of Europe. Sudetenland - This refers to north, south east and west areas of Czechoslovakia, with primarily German speakers. After WWI, when the german-controlled Austria-Hungary was broken down, and the Sudeten Germans were then living in an area run by the Czechs. After WWII, the Sudeten Germans were kicked out. Czechoslovakia - Considered a "sovereign state" in Central Europe that got its official independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. A "peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia happened in 1993. Anti-Comintern Pact - This was an "Anti-communist" pact between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, which would then be joined later by many fascist governements in 1936. It was an event leading to WWII. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact- non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia, named after Soviet foreign minister, and german foreign minister. It was signed in August 23, 1939, and stated intentions were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other and a commitment that neither party would ally itself to or aid an enemy of the other party. It divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, etc. into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". But Germany invades Poland on 1 Sept. 1939. Pact of Steel - Was also called the Pact of Friendship and Alliance, and it was between Germany and Italy. It was supposed to be a triple military alliance (Japan, Italy, and Germany), but Japan wanted the entirety of the pact to be targeted against the Soviet Union, where as Italy and Germany wanted its entirety to be aimed at Britain and France. As a result, it was signed without Japan. Mukden Incident - aka the Manchurian Incident, staged event engineered by Japanese militaries as a "pretext" for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria (northeast China, 1931). Dynamite was detonated near Japanese railroad, and then they accused the Chinese of this and full on invaded and occupied Manchuria, which led to Japan's puppet state called Manchukuo. Manchuria - In 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan by invading the Japanese-occupied Manchuria with over one million Soviet-soldiers. The Japanese army was 700,000 strong Japanese army. "Co-Prosperity Sphere" - was imperial propaganda, for occupied Asian populations by the Empire of Japan. It pronounced the idea of creating "self-sufficient" Asian nations that were led by the Japanese and by the Western powers. Meiji Government - Was the early government of the Empire of Japan. The Meiji period aka the Meiji era wenth from 1898 to 1912, and represented teh first half of the Empire of Japan transitioning from a feudal society to a modern one. The 1947 Constitution of Japan put an end to its Empire, and modernized it. From the Meiji Restoration (1868 - 1912), many traditional rights and perks of the Samurai Class were taken out. Samurai Culture - The samurai followed rules called the bushido. Some policies used by the WWII Japanese army were along the lines of the Bushido. Examples are stringent loyalty to the emperor, honor till the death, and suicidal warfare. ABD Encirclement - This was the set of campaigns by the Chinese Nationalist Government against the Communist Party of China during the Chinese Civil War. They were initiated between the late 1920s to the mid 1930s, and had the explicit goal of eradicating the Chinese Red Army. Japanese Imperialism - Japanese imperialism was different from Western imperialims because it was the first non-Western imperial power, that rose even after being confronted with Western colonization. It was also driven by social darwinism and rascism. The imperial expansion represented the last chance to earn West, and also secure Japan's independence and to bring civilization to other Asian countries. There were changes in Japanese society, economy, and policy, especially receiving Western values (civilization, industrialization, no feudalism, and constitutional government). Rape of Nanking - There was mass murder and mass rape by Japanese troops against Nanking during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Between 40,000 and 300,000 Chinese civilians were murdered. These were then classified as war crimes, and found guilty under the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. Munich Agreement - This was a settlement allowing Nazi Germany to annex portions of Czechoslovakia. It was a settlement reached by Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland in west Czechoslovakia. After his success in absorbing Austria into Germany proper in March 1938, Hitler drafted a plan to occupy Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovaks were relying heavy on military assistance from France. "Appeasement"- A quote from British journalist Davies in 1936, "Our government is much more afraid of Communism than it is of Fascism". The policy of appeasement references making sacrifices to dictatorial powers in order to avoid any conflict, and it was governed by Anglo-French foreign policy. Winston Churchill (the man and his views on Appeasement) - Churchill superceded Chamberlain. Churchill would absolutely not consider Hitler's peace offfer, when in 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. Britain was coupled by France against Germany. Sudeten Germans - The Sudeten Germans occupied the region of Czechoslovakia, and after Austria-Hungary broke down as a result of the defeat in WWI, these Germans were kicked out of the Sudetenland region. Why war with the east? - Hitler annexed a great deal of land in Czechoslovakia in the Munich Agreement. Then, europe is basically forced into world war II soon after power balances tip. "A Peace in Our Time" - Phrase was derived from Chamberlain's speech about the Munich Agreement. It is remembered because, less than a year after the Munich agreement, Hitler invades Poland, pushing Europe into WWII. Causes of World War II Content Terms Use as a Study Guide for Content-Based Summatives, as a guide to assist timed writings, and to keep for May IB Exams. Should be a simple exercise if you have kept up with your readings and reading guide. AS ALWAYS: You need to know the term definition AND THE SIGNIFICANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TOPIC BEING STUDIED. ALSO NOW A CASUAL RELATIONSHIP (Cause-Effect) SHOULD ALSO BE INCLUDED (In this case the Practices of World War II.) Carl von Clausewitz - theorist on war as an extension of morals and political policy "war is simply an extension of policy" A war is fought to further one's political goals - it is a means to an end (a tool to get a job done). the "Wondrous Trinity" It is composed of: 1) primordial violence, hatred, and enmity (regarded as a blind natural force) 2) the play of chance and probability within which the creative spirit is free to roam 3) war's element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason. Total War - goal was unconditional surrender - the means was the most severe level of violence - the method was society would completely support this and aid in the efforts by creating the necessary materials - the end would be the opposing force doing the same until one side submits to the other. "Society vs Society" summation of steps above Theaters of World War II: a large area of mainly military operations and activity (i.e., Pacific Theater, European Theater) General Eisenhower - (October 14, 1890 - March 28, 1969) the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He supervised the invasion of North Africa (operation torch), invasion of France and Germany. He became the first supreme commander of NATO in 1951. General Montgomery - Commander of the Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord. Commanded the 21st Army Group in the North West Europe campaign. May 4th 1945, he lead the troops that made the German's surrender Lüneburg Heath in northern Germany. Field Marshal Zhukov - most decorated officer in Soviet Union and Russian history, led the Red Army as the tactical and strategic commander during many decisive battles, including the Battle of Britain General Rommel - Nazi commander of the 7th panzer division and the most skilled at desert combat. His unit was one of the only Nazi units not accused of war crimes. He treated all of the prisoners he captured humanely. He ignored orders to kill Jewish people, civilians, and commandos. Part of the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler, who forced him to commit suicide using a cyanide tablet Ground Forces - 1 of the three major military branches. Consisted of troops that would fight battles on the ground. Mechanized Forces - infantry with armored vehicle support (tanks and other carrier vehicles that increased power of ground forces) Naval Forces- Battleships and transport ships mainly. Large boats could ferry large numbers of troops across the sea. The Nazis, however, also had the U-boats, or submarines, which devastated the allied naval forces. They also cut off Allied supply boats, and the Allies could do little about it. Air Forces- Consisted mainly of bombers and fighter planes. The bombers were powerful but very inaccurate at the start of the war, but as technology improved, so did their accuracy. They also could carry more fuel and go on longer missions. Fighter planes were equipped to take out aerial targets such as bombers and other fighter planes. They were lighter and carried less fuel, and could not cross the english channel with the bombers. Combined Arms The use of two or more military branches to fight in unison (air/army/navy) WWI: basically soldiers in trenches with guns Some "aerial" and "tanks New technology throughout the war WWII: "evolution" of tanks, planes, and other technologies Bringing all new military assets together in a concerted and effective way Blitzkrieg- All out attack strategy used by the Nazi army Invasion of Poland- Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Poland saying they would not attack Poland in 1934. After the remilitarization of the Rhineland and Hitler's annexation of Austria, he said that he wanted Czechoslovakia, which Britain and France agreed to. They did not have enough military power to do anything else. In 1939, after signing a treaty with the Soviet Union that split Poland between the two, Hitler invaded Poland. The Polish army had horses against the tanks and air power of the Nazi Army. Poland fell within 2 weeks. Fall of France- Germany pushed through the Maginot Line and occupied France. Unlike the occupation of the eastern European countries, the French were treated with a semblance of dignity because they had similar racial origins. In the minds of the Nazis, the French were not the best race, but did have Aryan blood so they were better than the Eastern Europeans. Battle of Britain- German air raid on England. It was the first battle fought primarily in the air. The German Luftwaffe bombed England at several key locations, including seaports, air bases, and then political places as a terror bombing strategy. However, the Germans failed to make Britain surrender or even come to peace talks, which ruined Hitler's plans for Operation Sea Lion. This is considered the turning point in the war in the European theater. Operation Barbarossa- Hitler betrayed Stalin and invaded Russia. At the time, the two were allies. Hitler believed that it would be a quick defeat, and his soldiers were not well prepared. However, Stalin's forces were more resilient that Hitler anticipated and the Nazi army was not equipped for fighting in the Russian winter. The weather favored the Russian army, who were used to the cold, combined with the lack of winter supplies in the Nazi army, Hitler was defeated. He also lost an ally in the Soviet Union, who joined the Allied forces against Hitler. Operation Torch- Opening of a second European front in North Africa. The British, in an effort to help the Soviet Union by relieving them of some of the pressure of the Nazi army, attacked through French North Africa and up through Italy. This took much longer than Stalin wanted it to because the Soviet army was putting considerable pressure on the USSR. Operation Avalanche- Britain's invasion of Italy, one of the primary supporters of Hitler. Britain invaded Italy through North Africa, and moved through Sicily into the Italian mainland. The main force landed in Salerno on the western coast of Italy. Operation Overlord- Also called the Battle of Normandy. The fighting began on June 6, 1944, when Allied forces landed on Normandy, which is now known as D-Day. Allied troops sent 120000 planes first in an aerial assault, followed by a naval force Operation Bagration- Soviet attack on Poland after Hitler took it over. Ended in complete victory for the Soviet Union, who wiped out the Nazi's 4th army, 9th army, and the 3rd panzer army Operation Market Garden - (17-25 September 1944) It was an unsuccessful Allied military operation in Netherlands and Germany. Montgomery's goal was to force an entry into Germany over the Lower Rhine through the use of air power. The goal was to avoid Siegfried Line which required the allied forces to take the bridges across the Meuse River, the Rhine, and other important locations. Battle of the Bulge - (16 December 1944 - 25 January 1945):German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg on the Western Front. Hitler's goal was to recapture Antwerp (a harbor). The surprise attack caught the Allied forces off guard. US played major portion (took largest casualties out of any battle in the war). The battle devastated Germany's armored forces (hard to recover with the high production of the allied nations). Battle of Berlin- last major Allied offensive campaign in the European theater in WWII. Soviet Union invaded Germany and split into 3 forces to defeat Hitler and take over Berlin, one shelled the city, one attacked from the south, and a final larger one took the city from the north, which was unexpected. Hitler and a number of his top followers committed suicide shortly before the battle ended Admiral Donitz- a grand admiral of the Nazi army and commander in chief of the Nazi naval forces. He was the one that came up with the wolf pack tactic. Replaced Hitler as the leader of Germany and was the one that ordered the surrender of the Nazi army. Admiral Horton- British submarine captain and led England in the Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic Atlantic Germany Unrestricted Sub warfare (atlantic) Use submarines (U-Boat) to sink Allied supply ships into Britain U-boat was really powerful and ahead of US naval power at the time - naval power was so important because the US is surrounded by all water rather than the landlocked countries in Europe Fight bigger navies of Allies indirectly Fight in "wolfpacks" - groups of submarines that gang up on one enemy ship Sink Allied ships across the Atlantic, esp. in "Atlantic Gap" Europe Battle of the Atlantic was about controlling supplies and controlling resources across the Atlantic and to the battlefield Allies Use of convoys, blackouts, and radio silence Improvements in intelligence, air support, and training in tactics of defense against wolfpacks Better radar & "Leigh Light" alone increase U-boat losses by 4x Britain British adopt offensive strategies against U-boats, paired with long-range bombers and improved technology End of war in Atlantic 31 May 1943 Pacific Strategy Target SW Pacific islands and Midway for complete control of Pacific Points to know Japan losses: 4 carriers, 2 cruiser, 248 aircraft, 3057 killed USA losses: 1 carrier, 1 destroyer, 150 aircraft, 307 killed Note: Japanese naval production cannot keep up with Allied destruction after Midway Unrestricted submarine warfare (Pacific) More vigorous Geography (jungle, amphibious warfare) Japanese culture of fighting until the death U-boat: U-boat was really powerful and ahead of US naval power at the time - naval power was so important because the US is surrounded by all water rather than the landlocked countries in Europe Convoy System - merchant ships travelling together to deliver supplies - They had specific routes to travel in which other naval convoy protectors would patrol to lessen the German U-boat threat. Hunter-Killer Groups - escort carrier and several escorts. The escorts would protect the carrier which was usually a battleship of sorts. The escorts would hunt down German U-boats and eliminate potential threats. "Atlantic Gap"- an area outside of the range of coastal defense of land based aircraft, wolf packs were very active in this area because the Allies could not defend this area as well Wolf packs: Fight in "wolfpacks" - groups of submarines that gang up on one enemy ship Radar development: Better radar & "Leigh Light" alone increase U-boat losses by 4x Admiral Nimitz: Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-chief of the Pacific fleet General MacArthur: General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the Allied forces in the South west Pacific Pearl Harbor- Japanese bombed the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, which ultimately brought the US into the war in both theaters. Doolittle's Raid - (Tokyo Raid) On april 18 1942, the US led an air raid on Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu island. This was the first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands. It 1. demonstrated that Japan was vulnerable to US air power 2. was a retaliatory "vengeance" act for pearl harbor and 3. provided an important boost to U.S. morale while damaging Japanese morale (led by Doolittle which is why it has this name) Battle of Coral Sea - one of the major battles of the pacific theater in which no ships actually fired. Instead, fighter planes brought on carriers were the main fighting force. The US technically lost, but they took out 2 of the main Japanese carriers, which prevented them from being a part of the Battle of Midway, resulting in overall strategic advantage for the US in the Pacific. Battle of Midway - The Battle of Midway took place in the Pacific Theater (US vs Japanese with Japanese goal of eliminating allied naval power). June 4-7 1942 the United States Navy lead by Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondo on Midway Atoll. This battle was decisive in eliminating a large portion of the Japanese naval power. Battle of Leyte Gulf - The largest naval battle of World War II. Fought in the Philippine islands of Leyte, Samar and Luzon from 23-26 October 1944. The US and Australian forces fought the Imperial Japanese Navy. On 20 October, United States troops invaded the island of Leyte. They tried to isolate Japan from countries it had occupied in Southeast Asia, blocking them off from aid and supplies. The Japanese mobilized all remaining naval vessels to fend off the Allied forces, but failed. The Japanese failed and suffered a crippling defeat that nearly wiped out all of their navy. Island Hopping: strategy used by the United States to gain military bases and secure the Pacific islands. The attack was lead by General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the Allied forces in the South west Pacific Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-chief of the Pacific fleet The US troops targeted the islands that were not as strongly defended by the Japanese. They took control of those islands, and quickly constructed landing strips and small military bases. Then they proceeded to attack other islands from the bases they had established. The goal was to move towards the heart of Japan and end the war. Guadalcanal- The first major US offensive in the Pacific theater. Japanese troops were stationed in the Solomon Islands. U.S. marines launched a surprise attack on August 1942 and took control of a Japanese air base which was being constructed. Reinforcements were funneled to the island for an extended battle that led to heavy losses to both sides. However, the Japanese suffered a lot more losses. They withdrew from Guadalcanal by February 1943. Iwo Jima - (19 February - 26 March 1945) Note: also called Operation Detachment. This was a major battle where the US fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese Empire. The allied goal was to capture the entire island, in addition to its three airfields. This was a five-week battle which represented some of the bloodiest fighting of the War in the Pacific theatre. Battle of Okinawa - 82 days, 76,000 US casualties - used to convince Truman to drop atomic bomb - "To save 500, 000 lives . . ." - idea that dropping an atomic bomb would save 500,000 American lives - derived from this example of a prolonged war with huge amounts of casualties. "Fighting Mean" - the most vicious fighting ever recorded was on between the Japanese and the Americans during WWII because of the honor code. Also, there was no room for tanks in the jungle, so there was a lot of infantry combat. Mitchell - 1. Believed a land-based attack (not air-craft carrier) 2. Believed air bombers (and long-range bombers) could sink battle ships Douhet - Italian general who developed the theory of strategic air power: The Command of the Air (1920) -1. Air power can render an army useless 2. Strategic bombing could cripple an enemy 3. The offensive attack of a powerful air force would dramatically change the tide of war Tactical Airpower- Mitchell - Mitchell has been titled the "father of the modern Air Force", and strongly believed that a country's air force should be completely independent of the other branches of military, yet the branches should be unified. Strategic Airpower- Douhet - Douhet was an Italian general who stated that air power was "revolutionary" to a war's success. He understood that technological advances were underrated and so the US Army Air Force implemented his strategies in WWII. Also, he believed in leveraging air power against the enemy's vital points, while maintaining effective attack through ground war. Reconnaissance Airpower - using planes specifically for obtaining information about terrain, enemy army size, and other things to help gain an advantage in a battle. Strategic Bombing - using aircraft to bomb strategic political and military locations. Different from terror bombing in that there are specific targets and reasons for launching a strategic bombing campaign Operation Gomorrah - Numerous strategic bombing missions/raids. Hamburg was a large industrial centre. Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attacked throughout the war with the hope of taking out aid to the war efforts of Germany. Bombing of Dresden - Four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945. US and Britain air forces dropped more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices on the city. The bombing and the resulting firestorm destroyed over 1,600 acres of the city. An estimated 22,700 to 25,000 people were killed. Three more raids followed. This brings up the morality of bombings during WW2. Firebombing of Tokyo - more deadly than either atomic bomb drop. The US used napalm on the city of Tokyo as a terror bombing tactic to strike at the political center of the country and demoralize them. Operation Meetinghouse- Code name for the firebombing of Tokyo To save 500,000 lives: reference to using the atomic bomb in place of conventional invasion. It would save 500,000 American lives. Atomic Bombs: Secret weapon developed during World War 2 that ended the war in the Pacific. It caused massive amounts of destruction and loss of civilian lives in Japan. It has only been used twice throughout history, both times during WWII. Enola Gay- name of the plane that dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima- first atomic bomb drop Nagasaki- second atomic bomb drop Effects of World War II Content Terms Use as a Study Guide for Content-Based Summatives, as a guide to assist timed writings, and to keep for May IB Exams. Should be a simple exercise if you have kept up with your readings and reading guide. AS ALWAYS: You need to know the term definition AND THE SIGNIFICANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE TOPIC BEING STUDIED. ALSO NOW A CAUSUAL RELATIONSHIP (Cause-Effect) SHOULD ALSO BE INCLUDED (In this case the Effects of World War II.) Holocaust- event in history where Hitler killed and imprisoned all people that did not fit in his "perfect society" "Final Solution"- Hitler's plan of eradicating all people he believed inadequate, such as political opponents, Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals and physically or mentally disabled people. Concentration Camps- Work camps that non-Aryan people were sent to in Nazi countries. The purpose of these camps was to force people to produce war products for the Nazis Extermination Camps- Concentration camps with the specific purpose of killing off people in mass numbers. Auschwitz- One of the most deadly extermination camps. Dachau- first concentration camp set up for political prisoners. It was the model for all other concentration and extermination camps. Lend-Lease Program- Signed by FDR in 1941 and officially called the Plan to Further Promote the Defense of the United States. It was a plan to supply all of the allied countries with food, oil and supplies during the war. Casablanca Conference- Meeting between FDR and Churchill at which the end goal of unconditional surrender became the Allied powers policy. Stalin was invited but could not attend Tehran Conference- meeting between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin at which the three leaders worked to determine the fate of Europe and Asia. It focused on international cooperation Yalta Conference- Meeting between the leaders of US, GB, and USSR to determine what will happen in Europe when the war ends. At this point, the war was basically decided, and they were only waiting on the surrender. Most of the meetings were about what to do with Poland, since that was the country that everyone wanted. Potsdam Conference- A meeting between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin about the end of the war. Each leader wanted specific things that benefitted their country, but Truman would not accept anything unless he got 85% of what he wanted. Germany was divided, and Truman hinted that the US had a major weapon (atomic bomb) Katyn Forest Massacre- execution of top Polish government officials by the Soviet Secret police in 1940 Nazi Treatment of East vs. West- Western Europe was treated with some respect because they had similar origins as a people. Eastern Europe received much harsher treatment Displaced Persons/ Workers Vichy France- official name of the French government during German occupation. It was based in Vichy, although the capital was still Paris Economic Impact in Europe/ US- The economy was very bad after WWII. Everyone was in debt from the cost of the war, and the Axis powers had to pay money because they were defeated on top of that. England especially was struggling economically. The US lent financial aid to its allies, which was used to pay back the US as well as for reconstruction in their own countries. Human Impact of Axis and Allieds (death toll)- estimated between 50 million and 80 million (~3-5% of the world population at the time). Impact on European Colonialism- Most of Britain's colonies were taken away after the war, either in treaties or by revolution Women (Gender Effects) Women's Land Army- british civilian organization that recruited women to work farms as men got called up to fight in the military Auxiliary Territorial Service- women's branch of the british army Women's Royal Naval Service- women's branch of the british navy Women's Auxiliary Air Force- women's branch of the british air force Rosie the Riveter- propaganda about a woman doing a man's job to show that men and women were equal "Sex-Typing" in jobs in WWII- Giving women jobs that were similar to things they were already doing "Watershed" Impact of WWII on Women's Rights Victory Gardens- Growing vegetable gardens at home so they did not take as many resources that could go to troops overseas. Rationing- Government-implemented policy that allowed the bulk Racial Impact Double V Campaign- a campaign started by newspapers and government to raise black morale and encourage them to help their troops A. Philip Randolph- leader of the socialist party in America. He created several black union groups Tuskegee Airmen- an air force unit with all black pilots Executive Order 8802- prohibited racial discrimination in all army units Watershed Impact of WWII of African American Civil Rights Japanese Internment- concentration camps for Japanese citizens in America. The camps were not as bad as the german concentration camps Executive Order 9066- gave the secretary of war power to declare certain places as military zones. This allowed the deportation of American citizens that were Japanese, German or Italian. Zoot Suit Riots- conflicts in America between soldiers and Hispanic citizens in many major cities Cold War Implications (Political Effects)- The development of the atomic bomb paved the way for the nuclear arms race. Stalin going back on his promises at Yalta set Truman against him, which caused initial tension between the two countries, which developed into the Cold War.

Invasion of Poland

Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Poland saying they would not attack Poland in 1934. After the remilitarization of the Rhineland and Hitler's annexation of Austria, he said that he wanted Czechoslovakia, which Britain and France agreed to. They did not have enough military power to do anything else. In 1939, after signing a treaty with the Soviet Union that split Poland between the two, Hitler invaded Poland. The Polish army had horses against the tanks and air power of the Nazi Army. Poland fell within 2 weeks.

Battle of Britain

German air raid on England. It was the first battle fought primarily in the air. The German Luftwaffe bombed England at several key locations, including seaports, air bases, and then political places as a terror bombing strategy. However, the Germans failed to make Britain surrender or even come to peace talks, which ruined Hitler's plans for Operation Sea Lion. This is considered the turning point in the war in the European theater.

Operation Barbarossa

Hitler betrayed Stalin and invaded Russia. At the time, the two were allies. Hitler believed that it would be a quick defeat, and his soldiers were not well prepared. However, Stalin's forces were more resilient that Hitler anticipated and the Nazi army was not equipped for fighting in the Russian winter. The weather favored the Russian army, who were used to the cold, combined with the lack of winter supplies in the Nazi army, Hitler was defeated. He also lost an ally in the Soviet Union, who joined the Allied forces against Hitler.

Operation Torch

Opening of a second European front in North Africa. The British, in an effort to help the Soviet Union by relieving them of some of the pressure of the Nazi army, attacked through French North Africa and up through Italy. This took much longer than Stalin wanted it to because the Soviet army was putting considerable pressure on the USSR.

The Battle of Midway

The Battle of Midway took place in the Pacific Theater (US vs Japanese with Japanese goal of eliminating allied naval power). June 4-7 1942 the United States Navy lead by Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondo on Midway Atoll. This battle was decisive in eliminating a large portion of the Japanese naval power.

Guadalcanal

The first major US offensive in the Pacific theater. Japanese troops were stationed in the Solomon Islands. U.S. marines launched a surprise attack on August 1942 and took control of a Japanese air base which was being constructed. Reinforcements were funneled to the island for an extended battle that led to heavy losses to both sides. However, the Japanese suffered a lot more losses. They withdrew from Guadalcanal by February 1943.

Total War

The goal was unconditional surrender - the means was the most severe level of violence - the method was society would completely support this and aid in the efforts by creating the necessary materials - the end would be the opposing force doing the same until one side submits to the other.

Island Hopping:

strategy used by the United States to gain military bases and secure the Pacific islands.