HLTH 334 quizzes

True or False: A search of scientific literature is completed while choosing a theory because we want to find out what theories others have used in similar situations and how effective / appropriate they were.

True

Which is the construct of the Theory of Reasoned Action that explains behavior based on what we think others expect of us? a. subjective norms b. attitudes c. intention d. volitional control

a. subjective norms

True or False: With reference to applying the Theory of Triadic Influence and trying to identify the role of factors at different levels, the general idea is the distal/ultimate causes predict most behavior and proximal causes explain it.

False

_______________ is the most important predictor of behavior in the Integrated Behavioral Model.

Intention

According to ELM, which two conditions are necessary for information processing to occur? a. The person receiving the message must have prior knowledge and experience with the behavior b. The person receiving the message must have a certain personality (e.g., risk taker) and attitude c. None of these is correct d. The person receiving must have their attention caught and then kept

None of these is correct

_____________________ and control beliefs make up perceived behavioral control.

Perceived power

__________________ is the weakest predictor of behavior change in HBM.

Perceived severity

True or False: An innovation has a greater likelihood of being adopted if it can be tried or sampled before a commitment to it is made.

True

True or False: If you combine information from the scientific literature about a health/behavior problem with the information gathered in a needs assessment, the results will enable you to identify possible causes for the health problem that can be addressed and will enable you to choose an appropriate theory upon which to base a program.

True

True or False: In general, it is thought that attitudes that result from central route processes tend to be stronger than those from the peripheral route processes.

True

True or False: In public health, we used health behavior theories and models because they help direct program or policy development to address major public health problems.

True

True or False: Not all of elements of TACT need to be included in every definition when using TRA/TPB.

True

True or False: Perceived benefits HBM refers that behavior change influenced by the extent of expected positive outcomes from the behavior change.

True

True or False: Perceptions that a message is too technical can decrease elaboration by affecting perceived ability to process the message.

True

True or False: The chronosystem is really just the factor of time added to the other system levels-- the multiple systems, operating over time.

True

True or False: The construct of expectations in SCT is demonstrated when people buckle up their seat belts in anticipation of reducing or avoiding injury in a car accident.

True

Which is the first step in identifying a theory that would be appropriate for a program you are developing? a. None of these is correct. b. Gather information about the issue /population c. Identify possible reasons/causes for the problem d. Identify the level of interaction under which the reason/causes most logically fit

a. None of these is correct.

According to the Transtheoretical Model, which would help people to continue their new behavior? a. Participating in self-help groups b. Having information about their health problems c. None of these is correct. d. Understanding the effect their behavior has on the environment

a. Participating in self-help groups

According to Diffusion of Innovation, what is the relationship between the attitude toward an innovation and its ultimate adoption? a. The likelihood of adoption is increased if the attitude is positive. b. Likelihood of adoption is decreased if the attitude is neutral. c. The likelihood of adoption is not affected if the attitude is negative. d. There is no relationship between the attitude toward an innovation and its ultimate adoption.

a. The likelihood of adoption is increased if the attitude is positive.

Which organization developed an Adolescent Well-Being Framework to identify factors to consider in order to monitor adolescent progress from a positive perspective, without focusing solely on negative outcomes? a. UNICEF b. CDC c. WHO d. NIH

a. UNICEF

According to HBM's essence statement, behavior results from: a. an individual's perceptions and beliefs b. intention to engage in a behavior c. modifying variables d. none of these is correct

a. an individual's perceptions and beliefs

The following is an example of what type of belief? "Eating at least five fruits and vegetables each day would improve my long-term health" a. behavioral belief b. evaluations of behavioral outcomes c. none of these is correct d. normative belief

a. behavioral belief

It is important to remember which of the following when choosing a theory for a health behavior change program? a. each health problem in each population may require a different theory. b. any theory can be used in any situation. c. none of these is correct. d. there is only one right theory for each problem and population.

a. each health problem in each population may require a different theory.

Although an individual child does not interact directly with the ______, the child's development is directly affected because this system includes structures and units such as the workplace, social services, and health services that have an effect on the child's well-being. a. exosystem b. macrosystem c. mesosytem d. chronosystem

a. exosystem

The Integrated Behavior Model is an expansion of which theory? a. Social Cognitive Theory b. Social Ecological Model c. None of these is correct d. Health Belief Model

c. None of these is correct

One of the responsibilities of your position as a health education specialist at the local school district is to visit elementary schools in the school district and teach children about healthy behavior. You want to use observational learning to encourage students to choose fruit over candy as a snack. Which reflects this approach? a. none of these is correct b. Have a police officer visit and "arrest the candy" because it's not good. c. Show a video of a "super hero figure" choosing an apple instead of a candy bar. d. Offer the children a choice of a candy bar or an apple and reward those who chose the apple.

c. Show a video of a "super hero figure" choosing an apple instead of a candy bar.

Which is the most accurate statement about the available empirical evidence about the effectiveness of the DOI? a. The DOI has been shown to be ineffective in promoting one-time or occasional behaviors. b. There is not much research on the efficacy of DOI. c. The DOI has been efficaciously used with multiple behaviors in varied populations across disciplines. d. None of these is correct.

c. The DOI has been efficaciously used with multiple behaviors in varied populations across disciplines.

Which is true about using community level theories? a. understanding interpersonal factors is a key component b. none of these is correct c. behavior change is based on addressing factors within social systems d. assessing knowledge of individuals within the population is paramount

c. behavior change is based on addressing factors within social systems

In terms of the Transtheoretical Model, watching a documentary about the importance of sleep in people's lives is an example of

consciousness raising

According to the Integrated Behavioral Model, behavioral beliefs directly influence which construct? a. Personal agency b. Salience of behavior c. Perceived norm d. Attitude

d. Attitude

True or False: Perceived threat is an individual's fear of dying from a disease.

False

The ________ is the theory that is most similar to the Integrated Behavioral Model

Theory of Planned Behavior

The ________________ involves the thoughtful consideration of the message's content.

central route

The following is an example of what type of belief? "For me, using sunscreen every two hours when I am outdoors would be hard" a. normative belief b. behavioral belief c. evaluation of behavioral outcome d. none of these is correct

d. none of these is correct

As a health educator, you used Diffusion of Innovation to develop a campus wide walking program aimed at increasing physical activity among the faculty and staff. During the _________________ phase of the innovation-decision process, you would expect to begin seeing more people walking on campus.

implementation

Fill in the blank. The statement "My close friends would approve of me getting the COVID-19 vaccination when it is widely available" is an example of ____________________.

injunctive norm

Health behavior models and theories at the ___________level focus on the assumption that other people in our lives affect our health decisions and our health behavior.

interpersonal

In Social Cognitive Theory __________ explains that a behavior is learned by watching other people perform that behavior.

observational learning

Step ___ of choosing a theory focuses on categorizing factors leading to the problem based on intrapersonal, interpersonal and community.

4

The difference between TRA and TPB is the construct ________

Behavioral control

True or False: According to Diffusion of Innovation, a social system is a group of people with very diverse characteristics, values and goals all of whom decide if they will pass information along about an innovation.

False

True or False: During the preparation stage of the Transtheoretical Model is when people make plans for how they are going to avoid relapse.

False

True or False: Health Belief Model was developed after observations about substance addiction and dependence.

False

True or False: Low elaboration likelihood often occurs when people are motivated and able to think carefully about the message.

False

True or False: People in the preparation stage of the Transtheoretical Model, are actively changing their behavior and preparing ways to sustain it once the change is complete.

False

True or False: People with internal locus of control would believe that they can't do anything about whether they develop lung cancer in the future.

False

True or False: Perceived behavioral control is the extent of control we believe we have over what happens to us.

False

True or False: The best theory to use for changing behavior is the one that you, the public health professional, is most comfortable using.

False

In choosing a theory, searching the scientific literature as part of the process is helpful because: a. none of these is correct. b. substantial program development time will be saved. c. the correct theory for the program can be found. d. it is best to just repeat a program using the same theory as someone else rather than develop a new one.

a. none of these is correct.

Which HBM construct is most likely to inhibit behavior change? a. perceived barriers b. none of these is correct c. perceived susceptibility d. perceived seriousness

a. perceived barriers

Subjective norms have utility in explaining behavior because they consider: a. someone's perceptions of how much others feel about a behavior b. the potential outcomes of engaging in a behavior c. how much control someone feels they have about engaging in a behavior d. none of these is correct

a. someone's perceptions of how much others feel about a behavior

When a health educator is using Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior to change behavior, which would be your their focus? a. improving perception of risk b. increasing willingness to engage in a behavior c. none of these is correct d. increasing awareness of a health behavior

b. increasing willingness to engage in a behavior

When a young adult shares he is uncomfortable joining a gym because people will watch him exercise and will laugh at how out of shape he is, this is consistent with which of the following processes of change in the Transtheoretical Model? a. Environmental Reevaluation b. Dramatic relief c. None of these is correct d. Counter-conditioning

b. Dramatic relief

What is true about the central route of persuasion? a. It commonly uses heuristics b. If the receiver is not motivated, it is unlikely attitudes will change c. All of these are correct d. Eliciting emotional responses are important

b. If the receiver is not motivated, it is unlikely attitudes will change

The childhood obesity epidemic has garnered substantial attention in the public health arena with much attention on weight control through the adoption of healthier diets and increased exercise in children. However, according to SCT construct of behavioral capability, behavior can change which of the following has to happen? a. Individual, realistic outcomes must first be established b. People need to know what behavior they have to change and how to change it c. None of these is correct d. The consequences of not changing need to be threatening

b. People need to know what behavior they have to change and how to change it

Which is accurate about reinforcement management in the Transtheoretical Model? a. Fear of punishment for failing to maintain a new behavior is the most effective approach for helping people maintain a newly adopted behavior. b. Rewards in general are more effective in helping people maintain new behaviors than are punishments for failing to maintain the behavior c. Inconsistent, unexpected punishment for failure to maintain a behavior change is what helps people maintain their new behavior. d. None of these is correct.

b. Rewards in general are more effective in helping people maintain new behaviors than are punishments for failing to maintain the behavior

Health behavior models and theories are used as the basis for public health programs or interventions because they lay out: a. the reason why a health problem exists b. a potential explanation for why people are behaving in certain ways c. none of these is correct d. specifics on disease causality

b. a potential explanation for why people are behaving in certain ways

If you were implementing a program to address the transportation needs of non-driving older adults in SLO county, based on the idea that "It Takes a Village" it would be important to get the "Innovators" in your town interested in it first because they a. are the community leaders who set the tone for others b. are the risk takers who try everything as soon as possible c. have a large circle of friends at all levels of socioeconomic status d. none of these is correct

b. are the risk takers who try everything as soon as possible

Health behavior models differ from health behavior theories in that they: a. are derived from concepts from different theories rather than just one theory. b. contain many more constructs than do theories c. none of these are correct d. are only used in a specific setting for a specific priority population

b. contain many more constructs than do theories

While you are identifying possible causes of a health / behavior problem in the process of choosing an appropriate theory it is helpful to remember that theory a. provide answers as to why the health problem exists. b. explain why some people engage in certain behaviors and other do not, relative to their health. c. give clear direction as to how a problem health behavior can be changed to one that is health enhancing. d. none of these is correct

b. explain why some people engage in certain behaviors and other do not, relative to their health

In using reciprocal determinism to elicit behavior change, you would focus on: a. the relationship between doing the most amount of good with limited resources b. none of these is correct c. the effect the changed behavior has on the person's perception of self d. the process of determining what should be given in return for adopting a health behavior

b. none of these is correct

The HBM construct of perceived barriers is best described as: a. Any rules or policies that may interfere with changing behavior. b. the things an individual sees as obstacles to behavior change. c. An individual's lack of understanding about the severity of a specific disease/illness. d. None of these is correct.

b. the things an individual sees as obstacles to behavior change.

When motivation is low, a person receiving a message would likely: a. none of these is correct b. use the peripheral route to process the information in the message c. use the central route to process the information in the message d. not influence attitudes, as high motivation is necessary to change attitudes

b. use the peripheral route to process the information in the message

The HBM construct of perceived seriousness is best describe as: a. Social norms toward the extent of disability caused by a specific illness or disease. b. The official definition of the illness and its effects on an individual. c. A person's perception of the negative effects of a specific disease. d. None of these is correct.

c. A person's perception of the negative effects of a specific disease.

Which is true about the Social System construct? a. A social system includes beliefs, attitudes and norms that people in the social system have in common b. When opinion leaders in a social system model a new behavior, they change what is considered "the norm" c. All of these are correct d. A social system can be a formal grouping of people or organizations

c. All of these are correct

Which is true of the HBM? a. None of these is correct. b. It examines behavior from an interpersonal perspective. c. It is the most commonly utilized theory in health education. d. It was initially developed to explain why people didn't get free flu shots.

c. It is the most commonly utilized theory in health education.

In general, people over 65 years old in Atascadero do not participate in the annual flu vaccination program. After discussion with the more vocal citizens among this group, it was found that they do not believe it is worth the risk of getting sick from the vaccine itself, which sometimes happens. To counter this concern, which construct of SCT would be consistent with this approach to behavior change? a. observational learning b. reinforcement c. expectancies d. reinforcement

c. expectancies

According to Diffusion of Innovation, in order for an innovation to ultimately be adopted it has to be: a. easily accessed b. none of these is correct c. observable d. inexpensive

c. observable

In the Diffusion of Innovations, Confirmation is a phase in ________________. a. the social system b. the adoption curve c. the innovation-decision process d. none of these is correct

c. the innovation-decision process

The inspiration behind the development of the Transtheoretical Model was a. the need for an all-encompassing theory to address health behavior change b. a way to fill a void for a means to change behavior at the individual level c. the want to explain how people with addictive behaviors change d. none of these is correct

c. the want to explain how people with addictive behaviors change

Which of the following is an example of the stimulus control process of change in the Transtheoretical Model for someone who changes to a vegetarian diet? a. None of these is correct b. Cutting the portion size of meat eaten in half c. Ignoring what others have to say about their decision d. Donating meat based food items previously purchased to a food bank

d. Donating meat based food items previously purchased to a food bank

Which came out of a view that the most commonly used theoretical approaches and resulting health promotion interventions address only pieces of the puzzle? a. the IBM b. the CDC/WHO model c. the Adolescent Well-Being Framework d. Flay's Theory of Triadic Influence

d. Flay's Theory of Triadic Influence

In an effort to move people from the contemplation stage of the Transtheoretical Model to the next stage, which of the following processes would be appropriate to use? a. Counter-conditioning b. Reinforcement management c. Stimulus control d. None of these is correct

d. None of these is correct

What is the second to last step in choosing a theory to use as the basis for an program? a. Conduct a literature search to find the theory used for a similar intervention. b. Present the proposed theory to a focus group for their opinion of the likelihood the intervention would be successful if used. c. Collect education level data on the population. d. None of these is correct.

d. None of these is correct.

Based on scientific research, ELM: a. has not effectively identified variables such as source expertise b. has not shown evidence of effectiveness for message tailoring c. none of these are correct d. assumes that central processing routes forms stronger attitudes

d. assumes that central processing routes forms stronger attitudes

Which is not an element in communication theory? a. receiver b. sender c. encodes information d. changes attitude

d. changes attitude

The Theory of Reasoned Action explains behavior based on ___________ factors. a. all of these is correct b. social c. environmental d. intrapersonal

d. intrapersonal

Keeping track of your food intake with a food journal is an example of the construct ___________. a. locus of control b. behavioral capability c. decisional balance d. self-regulation

d. self-regulation

Cal Poly posted "healthy sleep" flyers on bulletin boards in residence halls. However, since these bulletin boards are usually in highly trafficked areas and are heavily used with other postings, these flyers may not be effective since they may suffer from too many ___________.

distractions

In the Diffusion of Innovations, people who are seen as opinion leaders in a community are labeled _______________.

early adopters

According to determinants of health, the inability to pay for fresh fruits and vegetables is a(n) __________ factor that can influence your health.

economic

Women ages 50 and older who avoid having mammograms often indicate that they don't want to know if they have cancer, (i.e., ignorance is bliss). The SCT construct of ______________ would explain this behavior.

emotional arousal

An alcoholic being able to reflect on the effects of her alcohol use on the rest of her family is an example of

environmental reevaluation

It is particularly important to address issues with the construct _________________ when having people learn and adopt complicated behaviors. a. self-efficacy b. none of these is correct c. locus of control d. self-regulation

self-efficacy

The _________________ tool provides you information about which theory/theories may be appropriate for a specific situation.

theory picker