HRM 360 Exam 1 Ch. 1-2
___________ is the differences in position or opinion among group members reflecting disagreement or opposition—dissimilarity in an attitude or value, for example, especially with regard to group goals or processes.
Separation
Human Resource Management
Set of organizational activities directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining an effective workforce.
What is Cost Leadership?
Striving to be the lowest cost provider in the market. (walmart) Emphasizes "operational excellence": Maximizing efficiency of manufacturing process
Organizational behavior
Study of human behavior in organizational settings. Focuses on understanding the individual, how they behave, act and interact with other people
___________ is the observable differences in people, including race, age, ethnicity, physical abilities, physical characteristics, and gender.
Surface-level diversity
What are the 5 different types of Diversity?
Surface-level, Deep-level, Separation, Variety, and Disparity
True or False: By 2050, the population will have a 49% increase
TRUE
True or False: Non-Hispanic Whites are expected to decrease
TRUE
What is r (correlation)?
The strength of the relationship between 2 variables
What are the 4 phases of the scientific method?
Theory, Hypothesis, Data collection, Verification
What are Temp and Contingency workers?
They work for an organization but not on a permanent or full-time basis as independent contractors
When one group of an organization's workforce has a contractual arrangement with the organization objectively different from another group performing the same jobs.
Tiered Workforce
What happens during the Verification stage of the scientific method?
Using empirical data, observation, test or experiment to confirm the truth or rational justification of a hypothesis.
____________ is the differences in a certain type or category, including group members' expertise, knowledge, or functional background.
Variety diversity
What is Offshoring?
When work is moved overseas. This outsources workers to another country.
What are some examples of Organizational Citizenship?
Willingness to train new hires, work late/overtime, Good attendance, Represents the organization well, Personal values consistent with the organization
What is Hypothesis in the scientific method?
A written prediction specifying expected relationships between certain variables
What are some examples of counterproductive/dysfunctional behaviors?
Absenteeism, Turnover, Theft, Sabotage, Harassment, Bulling, Rudeness
Define Competitive Advantage
Anything that gives a firm an edge over rivals in attracting customers and defending itself against competition
____________ is the differences in the concentration of valuable social assets or resources—dissimilarity in rank, pay, decision making authority, or status, for example.
Disparity
____________ focuses on the makeup of your workforce — demographics such as gender, race/ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, and etc.
Diversity
_____________ is the variety of observable and unobservable similarities and differences among people?
Diversity
What are "Knowledge workers" and what is an example?
Employees that add value because of what they know. Example: Computer scientists, product designers
True or False: Proportion of Blacks, Asians and Hispanics will increase
FALSE; decrease*
True or False: The trend right now is that the population is projected to. become younger
FALSE; older*
True or False: Talent shortages are forecast to lower globally
FALSE; rise globally*
Define Strategy
Firm's theory about how to gain competitive advantage
What is Specialization?
Focusing on a narrow market segment or niche and pursuing either a differentiation or cost leadership strategy within that market segment. (Chuck E Cheese) Emphasizes "customer loyalty": Delivering unique and customizable products
__________ is the internationalization of business activities and the shift toward an integrated global economy.
Globalization
What are the 5 environmental factors that impact an organization?
Globalization, Diversity, Technology, Ethics and Corporate Governance, and Employment Relationships
Why do we study OB?
Helps predict and explain how people and groups interpret events, react and behave in organizations
Is the unemployment rate high or low?
High
___________ is the measure of culture that enables diversity to thrive
Inclusion
Identify the independent and dependent variable and the type of relationship in this example: "Higher autonomy relates to higher performance."
Independent: Autonomy Dependent: Job Performance Positive Relationship
Identify the independent and dependent variable and the type of relationship in this example: "Conscientiousness leads to higher job performance."
Independent: Conscientiousness Dependent: Job performance Positive Relationship
What are the different dimensions in Hofsted's cultural model?
Individualism Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity Long-term values Short-term values
What are the 3 components of the Kinicki and Fugate Model?
Input, Processes and Outcomes
What is the dependent variable in the data collection process of the scientific method?
It is the variable predicted to be affected by something
What is the independent variable in the data collection process of the scientific method?
It is the variable that is predicted to affect something else
What does the Kinicki and Fugate model examine?
Organizational behavior from the perspective of the organization, group, and individual levels.
What is the practice of hiring other firms to do work previously performed by the organization itself?
Outsourcing
What are the 4 types of assets that make an organization?
Physical, Financial, Intellectual, and Human
What are the basic managerial functions when dealing with the 4 assets? (physical, financial, intellectual, human assets)
Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling. PLANNING: Determining the organizations desired future position and how to get there ORGANIZING: designing jobs, grouping jobs into units, and establishing patterns LEADING: motivating members of the organization to work together CONTROLLING: monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization
What are 4 behaviors that make Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management useful to a business strategy?
Productivity, Performance, Commitment and Organizational Citizenship
What is a person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization, in return, will provide to the individual.
Psychological Contract
How do some cultures differ in cross-cultural differences and similarities?
- Cultural and national boundaries may not coincide - Behavior in organizational settings varies across cultures - Cultural diversity can be an important source of synergy in enhancing effectiveness
What are some barriers to inclusion?
- The "like me" bias (people prefer to associate with others that seem similar to them) - Stereotypes (belief that ind. or group has some characteristics) - Prejudice (outright intolerance for other groups) - Perceived threat of loss (protecting one's prospects by impeding diversity efforts due to a direct threat to their career) - Ethnocentrism (Belief that one's one language/culture is superior to others) - Unequal access to organizational networks (Women and minorities are usually excluded from networks)
How can organizations manage diversity?
- Top management support - Reciprocal Mentoring - Older adults benefiting from self paced environments
What numbers does correlation range between?
-1 and +1 -1 is a perfect negative relationship +1 is a perfect positive relationship 0 means no relationship
What age is the protection of ageism?
40 years old
What is Theory in the scientific method?
Collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why 2 or more variables are related. Theories describe the relationships that are proposed to exist among certain variables, when and under what conditions
What are 3 types of business strategies?
Cost Leadership, Differentiation, Specialization
____________ is the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures.
Cultural Competence
____________ is the set of shared values, often taken for granted, that help people in a group, organization, or society understand which actions are considered acceptable and which are deemed unacceptable.
Culture
____________ is the individual differences that cannot be seen directly, including goals, values, personalities, decision-making styles, knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes.
Deep-level diversity
What is Differentiation?
Developing a product or service that has unique characteristics valued by customers. (Spirit Airlines offering a different strategy)